Biology EOC Practice Questions (Practice Mode)

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| Attempts: 229 | Questions: 96 | Updated: Mar 19, 2025
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1. The presence of what cellular structure distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell?

Explanation

Animal Cells do NOT have = chloroplasts, cell walls, & large central vacuoles
Both Animal Cells & Plant Cells are Eukaryotes = nucleus & membrane bound organelles

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About This Quiz
Biology EOC Practice Questions (Practice Mode) - Quiz

This Biology EOC Practice Questions quiz in practice mode assesses knowledge in biology, focusing on ecological relationships, energy flow, species interactions, and evolutionary taxonomy. It's designed to test comprehension and application of biological concepts.

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2. In addition to the reproductive system, which body system is most directly essential to the production of gametes and offspring?

Explanation

Endocrine system produces hormones that are needed to produce gametes (ex: testosterone & estrogen).

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3. During what phase of meiosis does nondisjunction occur?

Explanation

Nondisjunction = can occur when chromosomes SEPARATE (anaphase I or II)

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4. Lions and tigers both belong to genus Panthera., Cheetahs belong to the genus Achinonyx. Scientists group these 3 types of cats together at the next taxonomic level. What is the most specific taxonomic level that lions, cheetahs, and tigers share?

Explanation

Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> FAMILY -> Genus -> Species

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5. Which group(s) contain organsims that can be classified as primary producers?

Explanation

In addition to plants, algae (protists) and some bacteria (monerans) are autotrophs (a.k.a. producers).

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6. Hummingbirds transfer pollen from one flower to another while feeding. What plant structure contains the pollen?

Explanation

Pistil = female part which produces the ovum
Stamen = male part which produces the sperm contained in pollen

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7. These diagrams represent different stages of animal cell division. From start to finish, what is the correct order of the stages?

Explanation

Prophase (chromosomes condense & nuclear membrane disappears)
Metaphase (chromosomes line up in the MIDDLE)
Anaphase (chromosomes are pulled APART)
Telophase (2 nuclear membranes form & cytokinesis occurs

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8. The graph represents the average fastest speed of 5 animals recorded in one study. Based on the graph, which species is approximately 1/3 as fast as the cheetah?

Explanation

25 is 1/3 of 75 so 25 (elephant speed) is approximately 1/3 of 70 (cheetah speed)

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9. Which group(s) contain organsims that can be classified as primary producers?

Explanation

In addition to plants, algae (protists) and some bacteria (monerans) are autotrophs (a.k.a. producers).

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10. A scientist found that the results of an experiment did not support her hypothesis. If she is following proper scientific procedure, what should she do next?

Explanation

If the data does not support the hypothesis, it should be rejected. A new experiment should be designed to test a revised hypothesis.
f the data does support the hypothesis, it should be accepted but the experiment should be repeated to ensure accuracy. The experimental design, results, & conclusion should be published so that other scientists can confirm the work.

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11. This graph illustrates 4 different chemical reactions. Which reaction has the fastest initial reaction rate?

Explanation

Reaction 1 (black circles) has the steepest rate of increase (slope) at the beginning of the experiment.

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12. This molecule is an example of which substance?

Explanation

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are made of a central Carbon & Hydrogen, an Amino group (-NH2), a Carboxyl group (-COOH), and an R group (variable)

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13. A researcher counted the number of eggs a single fruit fly laid in 24 hrs for 5 days and recorded the findings in this table. What is the average number of eggs laid per day over the 5 days?

Explanation

add number of eggs from each day (50) and divide by the number of days (5)
50 / 5 = 10

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14. Which solution has the greatest concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-)?

Explanation

When a solution becomes more acidic, the concentration of H+ ions increases (by a factor of 10).
When a solution becomes more of a base, the concentration of OH- ions increases (by a factor of 10).

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15. A flagellated protozoan lives within the intestines of a termite and helps it digest wood. What type of relationship most likely exists between the protozoan and the termite?

Explanation

Mutualism = both benefit
Commensalism = one benefits & the other is unaffected
Parasitisim = one benefits & the other is harmed

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16. Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur both performed experiments hoping to disprove spontaneous generation. What conditions existed in Pasteur's experiment that did not exist in Spallanzani's?

Explanation

Spallanzani = straight necked flasks
Pasteur = S-shaped flasks that allowed air in but trapped dust in the neck

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17. After learning about viruses in Biology class, Sam decides to have his cat vaccinated against feline leukemia virus. According to cell theory, are viruses, such as feline leukemia, considered living things?

Explanation

Cell theory = ALL living things are made of cells
Viruses are made of proteins & nucleic acids but they are NOT cells (no cell membrane, cytoplasm, or ribosomes)

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18. When a new volcanic island forms, the pioneer species is the first species to successfully inhabit the island. Which organism is the most likely candidate for a pioneer species?

Explanation

Lichen can live on bare rock so they are a pioneer species for Primary Succession
Primary Succession = bare rock, no soil
Secondary Succession = bare soil, no plants

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19. What characteristic of early autotrophs gave them an advantage over early heterotrophs?

Explanation

autotroph = means it makes its own food (producers)
heterotroph = consumers

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20. If a football field in the taiga is abandoned, which group of organisms will most likely be part of the resulting climax community?

Explanation

Taiga = coniferous forest (most of Canada is part of the Taiga)

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21. Cosmetics often contain glycerol (C3H8O3), which has three identical functional groups. Which type of bond holds these functional groups together?

Explanation

Glycerol is Organic because it contains Carbon (C3H8O3). Carbon ALWAYS forms Covalent bonds.

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22. What is the RNA sequence for a section of protein composed of Val-Glu-Ser?

Explanation

Valine could be any GU_ codon (GUG)
Glutamine could be GAG or GAA
Serine could be AGU, AGC, or any UC_ codon

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23. In the following food chain, assuming that the producer contains 180,000 J of energy, how much energy would be able to be transferred to the tertiary consumer? Plant --> Mouse --> Snake --> Owl --> Fungus

Explanation

10% of energy is stored & transferred to the next trophic level (move the decimal place)
90% is used or lost as heat

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24. Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a sex-linked recessive trait that affects the nervous system. In one family, the father, mother, daughter, and elder son do not have ALD, while the younger son has ALD. Who must be a carrier of the ALD allele?

Explanation

If it is Sex-Linked it is on the X-chromosome. That means that females can be carriers (heterozygous) but males can NOT be carriers. (Females = XX Males = XY)
In order for the disorder to be passed to the younger son, he had to inherit that allele from mom because that is where the X chromosome came from. (He inherited the Y from dad)
SO, mother is the carrier.

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25. Dr. Hansen performs an experiment testing the effectiveness of different cough syrups. Identify the independent variable in the experiment.

Explanation

Independent variable = the cause that is purposely changed in the experiment (different cough syrups)
Dependent variable = the effect that is measured in the experiment (effectiveness/# of days sick)

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26. Plant cells contain both a cell wall and a cell membrane. What is the composition of the cell wall and where is it located in relation to the cell membrane?

Explanation

Plant cells have cell walls made of cellulose
Cell Walls are ALWAYS outside of the cell membrane

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27. Keisha passes a local dairy farm that has many brown cows, but only a few white cows. A dominant allele produces brown hair in cows and a recessive allele produces white hair. Which characteristic of any brown cow can Keisha identify?

Explanation

Phenotype = physical characteristic (observable)
Genotype can only be determined through tracing traits through generations (pedigree or punnett squares)

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28. The graph provides information about the size of 1 rabbit population over 30 generations. What most likely happened shortly after the 10th generation to cause the change in population between Points A and B?

Explanation

The only answer choice above that would cause the rabbit population to decrease would be a disease. The temperature & rainfall changes are not drastic, therefore not significant. The coyotes are predators, so killing coyotes would cause the rabbit population to increase

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29. What key factor distinguishes organic compounds from inorganic compounds?

Explanation

Organic compounds ALWAYS contain carbon. Inorganic compounds do NOT contain carbon.

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30.                   Alkaptonuria is a genetic disorder of protein metabolism. The disorder is determined by 2 alleles at 1 locus.   What is the genotype for Individual 1 in the diagram?  

Explanation

If both parents have the same phenotype (black), the only way you can get offspring that have a different phenotype from BOTH of their parents (white) is if the parents both CARRY the recessive allele but it is not expressed because they also have the dominant allele. This means they are heterozygous

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31. What is the purpose of mitosis?

Explanation

Mitosis produces 2 identical diploid body cells
Diploid = a complete set of chromosomes (2 alleles for every gene)

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32. What is the purpose of meiosis?

Explanation

Meiosis produces 4 genetically different haploid sex cells (gametes)
haploid = half the number of chromosomes (1 allele for every gene)

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33. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease in which mucus accumulates in the lungs and digestive system of affected individuals. Males and females must inherit 2 alleles with this mutation to have the disease. What is the mode of inheritance of cystic fibrosis?

Explanation

Autosomal = NOT on sex chromosomes (X or Y) so the chance of males and females getting it would be the same
Recessive = MUST have 2 alleles for the disorder in order for it to be expressed
Dominant = would have disorder if heterozygous (2 different alleles)

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34. Ella told her sister the sun would set at 6:30 p.m. and there would be a full moon on Thursday night. Under which basic assumption of science is she operating?

Explanation

The assumption that Ella is operating under is that nature is orderly. This means that she believes that there is a predictable pattern and regularity in the natural world, such as the timing of the sunset and the occurrence of a full moon. This assumption is a fundamental principle of science, as it allows scientists to make predictions and understand the world based on consistent patterns and laws.

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35. How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

Explanation

Enzymes lower the amount of activation energy needed which speeds up the rate of the reaction.
Enzymes are like coupons for the cost (activation energy) of the reaction.

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36. DNA and RNA have many structural similarities. Which structure in DNA and RNA is similar?

Explanation

SAME Purines = G & A (both DNA & RNA have these)
Different Sugars = DNA (deoxyribose) & RNA (ribose
Different Pyrimidines = C (both DNA & RNA have cytosine), T (only in DNA), & U (only in RNA)

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37. In pea plants, purple flowers are dominant to white flowers and tall stems are dominant to short stems. If two heterozygotes for both height and flower color are crossed, what is the probability of having short stemmed pea plants with purple flowers?

Explanation

PpTt x PpTt (factor using foil or window method)
set up dyhibrid punett square (16 blocks)
Phenotypic ratio should be:
9 = Purple & Tall
3 = Purple & Short
3 = White & Tall
1 = White & Short

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38. Which criterion is NOT necessarily true of a trait that has evolved through natural selection?

Explanation

Natural Selection = makes organism better able to leave offspring in next generation NOT necessarily a longer life

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39. What process of natural selection favors the extreme phenotypes of a trait and eliminates intermediate phenotypes?

Explanation

Disruptive = intermediates die out
Stabilizing = extremes die out
Directional = one phenotype preferred

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40. What trait of an ATP molecule enables it to store energy for use by cells?

Explanation

Energy is stored in chemical bonds. Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from ATP (bond is broken). Energy is stored when a phosphate group is added to ADP (bond is formed).

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41. Which is the LEAST likely trait of an organic molecule?

Explanation

Organic compounds contain Carbon. Carbon ALWAYS form covalent bonds.

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42. What accounts for genetic biodiversity existing in modern multicellular organisms?

Explanation

During Meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up & crossing over occurs. This increases genetic diversity.

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43. Red blood cells have a salt content of 0.9%. When a microbiologist places red blood cells in pure water, osmosis occurs. What net movement of a substance occurs in this instance of osmosis?

Explanation

Pure water is ALWAYS hypotonic to cells SO water will move in to the cell causing the cell to swell.
Osmosis = water moves from where there is a lot of water to where there is a little water
Hypotonic = more water, less solutes
Hypertonic = less water, more solutes

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44. A scientist studies the effects that barnyard grass, a weed, has on the growth of rice, other weeds, and insects. The barnyard grass and other weeds, rice, and insects make up whihc level of biological organization?

Explanation

Community = more than 1 species of organism in the same area OR all biotic factors in an area

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45. Megan examines a liver cell and observes an organelle with many smooth-sided channels. Which activity would identify this organelle as the Golgi apparatus?

Explanation

The Golgi apparatus packages proteins in vesicles (small membranes) which then fuse with the cell membrane for exocytosis (export).

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46. Which process generates most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration?

Explanation

ETC produces the MOST ATP
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP (net gain)
Fermentation produces 0 ATP
Krebs Cycle produces 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain produces 32 ATP

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47. Persons A and B have similar mRNA sequences with the exception of 1 nucleotide.         Person A: AUGGUUACUAAGGGCUGA         Person B: AUGGUUACUGAGGGCUGA The genetic code chart to determine how this difference affects the sequence of amino acids in the resulting protein.

Explanation

Person A: AUGGUUACUaagGGCUGA
Person B: AUGGUUACUgagGGCUGA
AAG = Lysine
GAG = Glutamine

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48. What combine with sugar and a phosphate group to form a nucleotide?

Explanation

Nucleotide = monomer of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
Made of = Pentose Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), 1 phosphate group, and a Nitrogen base (G, C, A, T or U)

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49. After Harrison adds a chemical to cells growing in a test tube, proteins accumulate in the cells' endoplasmic reticula. The chemical prevents movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to which organelle?

Explanation

After being modified by the Rough ER, proteins are SUPPOSED to go to the Golgi Apparatus to be packaged & shipped out of the cell through Exocytosis.

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50. Despite the diversity of nature, most organisms contain the same 4 DNA bases. This table shows the DNA composition of 3 organisms as reported in a classic 1950s experiment. Based on this study, what did scientists conclude about the DNA composition of all organisms?

Explanation

In DNA, A bonds to T & G bonds to C
SO there would be the SAME amount of A as T & the SAME amount of G as C

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51. Two black guinea pigs bred and produced 3 black offspring and 2 albino offspring. Assuming no mutations, which guinea pigs must be heterozygous?
 
 
 
 

Explanation

If both parents have the same phenotype (black), the only way you can get offspring that have a different phenotype from BOTH of their parents (white) is if the parents both CARRY the recessive allele but it is not expressed because they also have the dominant allele. This means they are heterozygous

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52. Thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts. How are the processes occurring within the Calvin cycle and the thylakoid membrane connected?

Explanation

Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes because the chlorophyll absorbs the light energy & it is converted into energy molecules (ATP & electron carriers) to be used during the Calvin Cycle to make glucose.
Light Dependent = uses light energy to split water to make oxygen; stores chemical energy
Calvin Cycle = uses chemical energy to combine CO2 & Hydrogens to make glucose

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53. According to fossil evidence, whales evolved from 4-legged ancestors. The modern baleen whale has forelimbs, but inspection of its skeleton reveals only tiny vestigial hind limbs. What is the best explanation for this loss of hind limbs in the baleen whale?

Explanation

Vestigial structures are structures that have been minimized over time & no longer have a useful function.
Natural Selection would cause each generation to have slightly shorter hind limbs because the ones with longer hind limbs would DIE because they are not as adapted to the environment SO they would not be able to pass those genes on to the next generation.

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54. Which sequence is in order from the simplest level of organization to the most complex?

Explanation

Atom -> molecule -> organelle -> cell -> tissue
examples = carbon -> lipid -> mitochondria -> erythrocyte -> muscle

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55. Jenna's favorite breakfast food, papaya, contains significant amounts of the enzyme papain (a protease). What substances does papain help digest?

Explanation

ase = enzyme
PROTEase = enzyme that affects PROTEins

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56. The diagram shows a cell membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer with a channel protein. Each X represents the same type of molecule inside or outside the cell. Facilitated diffusion moves these molecules across the cell membrane. In what direction do these molecules move and through which structure?

Explanation

facilitated diffusion is PASSIVE so molecules will move from high concentration (crowded) to low concentration (uncrowded) so they will be moving inside the cell.
Facilitated diffusion requires a protein channel or carrier protein because large/polar molecules cannot pass through the lipid bilayer.

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57. Chan wants to determine how much the mass of fungus growing on a nutrient agar plate changes over an 8 hr period. What is the most appropriate unit of measure for him to use?

Explanation

A gram is a measurement of mass. Kilograms are used for very large things (1000 grams). Milligrams are used for very small things (0.001 gram)

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58. A Paramecium lives in an environment that is hypotonic to its cytoplasm. How does the Paramecium maintain homeostasis under these conditions?

Explanation

Hypotonic solution = the cell will swell because water is moving from the solution (a lot of water) to the cell (little water)
Paramecia have contractile vacuoles, which are specialized organelles that collect the extra water from the cytoplasm and force it out of the cell.

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59. Scientists collected data on the height and weight of individuals in a population. They recorded their results in this scatterplot. What is the most accurate conclusion regarding the relationship between height and weight?

Explanation

In general, the line of best fit shows us that as weight increases, height increases. That is a positive relationship.
If it was a negative relationship, one factor would be increasing & the other would be decreasing.
If it was random, there would be no discernable pattern in the data.

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60. Naomi adds cyclohexamide to cells grown in a test tube. Within minutes, she identifies short incomplete segments of proteins in the cells. On which organelle does cyclohexamide act?

Explanation

If INCOMPLETE PROTEINS are being produced, that means the chemical (cyclohexamide) is affecting whatever produces the proteins.
Proteins are made by the ribosome.

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61. When the pH in a stomach increases from 2 to 4, how does the hydrogen ion concentration change?

Explanation

When a solution becomes more acidic, the concentration of H+ ions increases (by a factor of 10) & the OH- ions decrease.
When a solution becomes more of a base, the concentration of OH- ions increases (by a factor of 10) & the H+ ions decrease.
Move 2 steps up on pH scale = move decimal 2 places to the left (divide by 100)

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62. During aerobic cellular respiration, where do ATP molecules form?

Explanation

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm but is considered anaerobic (it can happen even if O2 is not present)
Krebs cycle (produces 2 ATP) occurs in the matrix (fluid filled space) of the mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain (produces 32 ATP) occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Nothing happens in the outer mitochondrial membrane

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63. What process of natural selection favors the intermediate phenotypes of a trait and eliminates extreme phenotypes?

Explanation

Disruptive = intermediates die out
Stabilizing = extremes die out
Directional = one phenotype preferred

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64. What is the best definition of a scientific theory?

Explanation

Scientific theories are well tested with lots of data to support them. It is not just a hypothesis!

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65. Paul and Simon want to determine who is more fit. They decide to run in place for 5 minutes and then measure their blood pressures to see whose returns to notrmal most quickly. They record the data in this table.   Paul told Simon that the heart pumps more blood during exercise than at rest. How do the experiment's results support Paul's statement?

Explanation

Systolic blood pressure & pulse both increase significantly during exercise, but the diastolic basically stays close to the same value.

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66. Sunee and Jamila grow 2 distinct strains of E. coli bacteria following appropriate lab procedures. In Experiment 1, they use a new culture of Strain X and a 30-day old culture of Strain Y. In Experiment 2, they use a new culture of Strain Y and a 30-day old culture of Strain X. Sunee and Jamila measure the number of bacterial colonies and record the data in these graphs. What is the most accurate conclusion about the growth rate of the bacteria?

Explanation

The most accurate conclusion about the growth rate of the bacteria is that the 30-day old culture grows faster regardless of the strain. This can be inferred from the information provided in the question, where in both experiments, the 30-day old culture consistently resulted in a higher number of bacterial colonies compared to the new culture. This indicates that the older culture has a higher growth rate, regardless of the specific strain used.

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67. Which experimental design would provide scientists with the best data for investigating which type of feed yields the greatest gain in lean muscle mass in cattle?

Explanation

Only change 1 independent variable (type of food) with multiple trials & measure the dependent variable (weight gain/muscle mass); type of cow & amount of food should be constant

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68. In humans, pigmented skin is dominant to non-pigmented skin (albinism). What is the genotype of an individual with albinism?

Explanation

An individual with albinism has a genotype of homozygous recessive. This means that both of their alleles for the pigmentation gene are recessive, resulting in the absence of pigmentation in their skin.

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69. Shown below is a growth curve for Paramecium grown in a 1.0 L flask containing pond water at 20oC. The pond water is continually filtered to remove waste products, and nutrients are added at a constant rate. How could the experiment be modified to determine whether the temperature influences the population size of Paramecium?

Explanation

Change 1 independent variable (temperature) and measure the dependent variable (population size)

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70. A scientist places a cell in a solution, and over time the cell gains mass and swells. What is the most likely explanation for the cell's gain in mass?

Explanation

Cells swell in a hypotonic solution because of osmosis. They shrink in a hypertonic solution because they are loosing water.

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71. The areobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration REQUIRE which products of glycolysis?

Explanation

Glycolysis produces ATP, pyruvate, & NADH (an electron carrier) BUT that is not what the question is asking.
It says what do the next steps REQUIRE.
Fermentation & Krebs cycle must have Pyruvate
ETC must have NADH
ATP is NOT USED (required) for the next steps

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72. The genotype of F1 individuals from a dihybrid cross is AaBb x AaBB. What is the expected ratio of AaBb individuals in the F2 generation?  

Explanation

must factor alleles & then set up a dihybrid punnett square (16 block)
you get 4 that are heterozygous for both traits

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73. In a classic study of population growth, G.F. Gause obtained data on growth rates of 2 species of Paramecium, a common ciliate protozoan. The 2 species grew in separate cultures. The graph shows his results. According to these data, which is the most accurate comparison of the 2 species' growth rates.

Explanation

Logistic = levels off (shows carrying capacity)
Exponential = grows at a constant rate of increase (never levels off)

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74. What occurs during metaphase I of meiosis?

Explanation

Metaphase I = homologous chromosomes are pulled to the middle of the cell

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75. As part of an experiment, a student adds 10 mL of 5% hydrochloric acid solution to 100 mL of a non-buffered, colorless solution of sugar. What is the most likely result?

Explanation

When a solution becomes more acidic, the concentration of H+ ions increases (by a factor of 10).
When a solution becomes more of a base, the concentration of OH- ions increases (by a factor of 10).

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76. A student wants to determine whether temperature affects the rate at which mold grows on bread. The student puts one piece of bread inside a Petri dish, closes the lid, and places the Petri dish in the refrigerator. Which treatment would be the best comparison for this experiment?

Explanation

The best comparison for the experiment would be placing another piece of bread in a closed Petri dish on the countertop. This is because the student wants to determine whether temperature affects the rate of mold growth on bread. By placing another piece of bread in a closed Petri dish on the countertop, the student can compare the mold growth in the refrigerator (low temperature) to the mold growth on the countertop (room temperature). This will allow the student to observe the difference in mold growth rates under different temperature conditions.

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77. The presence of which structure indicates that cells are NOT photosynthetic bacteria?

Explanation

Bacteria = prokaryotes
Prokaryotes NEVER have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (organelles with membranes around them)
Chloroplasts have membranes around them AND are ONLY found in plant cells

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78. When comparing 2 populations of animals, which statement most likely indicates that they are the same species?

Explanation

biological definition of species = must be able to mate & produce FERTILE offspring (can basically have grandkids)

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79. Jeanine inherited 2 alleles for round eye shape and has round eye shape. Her brother inherited 1 allele for round eye shape and 1 allele for almond eye shape and has almond eye shape. What type of trait is round eye shape?

Explanation

Codominant would mean that one eye was almond and the other eye was round
Incomplete dominant would be eyes were intermediate (oval) between the 2 phenotypes
Dominant means that it would overpower the other allele and be expressed in the heterozygote (brother)
Recessive = you must have 2 recessive alleles
Boys cannot be heterozygous for sex linked traits because they only have 1 allele (on the X not Y)

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80. Most male crickets produce a mating song by rubbing together their curved wings. In a certain geographic area, parasitic flies detected male crickets singing and deposited their larvae into them, which killed the crickets. Eighteen generations later, the number of males with flat wings has increased to 90%. The flat-winged crickets do not sing, but are still able to mate with females, and parasitic flies cannot detect them. Which type of selection is occurring in this cricket population?

Explanation

Disruptive = intermediates die out
Stabilizing = extremes die out
Directional = one phenotype preferred

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81. Which example best illustrates the process of natural selection?

Explanation

natural selection = change in allele frequencies over generations of time because certain alleles are more advantageous (longer neck)

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82. Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope used to determine the age of ancient objects composed of organic matter. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are other isotopes of carbon. The number of what subatomic particles varies among these carbon isotopes?

Explanation

Isotopes have the same number of protons (atomic number) but they have different numbers of neutrons. This changes the atomic mass.

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83. In pea plants, purple flowers are dominant to white flowers and tall stems are dominant to short stems. If two heterozygotes for both height and flower color are crossed, what is the probability of having tall stemmed pea plants with purple flowers?

Explanation

PpTt x PpTt (factor using foil or window method)
set up dyhibrid punett square (16 blocks)
Phenotypic ratio should be:
9 = Purple & Tall
3 = Purple & Short
3 = White & Tall
1 = White & Short

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84. Lydia works in a flower shop after school. She notices that the hydrangeas in Container 1 have pink blossoms, while the hydrangeas in Container 2 have blue blossoms. She makes sure they all recieve the same amount of light and water. Her boss tells her that the flowers were all grown from the same seed variety. Lydia discovers, after testing the soil, that although the same type of soil was used, the soil in Container 1 has a pH of 6.0, and the soil in Container 2 has a pH of 5.0. Lydia most likely conducted her investigation to answer what question about hydrangeas?

Explanation

Because she is changing the pH and measuring the color of the flowers; her question should reflect that.

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85. Ming is having trouble sleeping and decides to participate in a study to determine whether a certain medication helps people sleep. There are 30 volunteers, each of whom is assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Volunteers in group 1 are given the medication, and volunters in group 2 are given a placebo (a pill with no medication). Which step is important in order to ensure scientifically valid results?

Explanation

Assigning the subjects to groups at random is important in order to ensure scientifically valid results because it helps to eliminate bias and ensure that the groups are comparable. Random assignment helps to distribute the potential confounding variables equally among the groups, making the comparison between the medication group and the placebo group more reliable. This increases the internal validity of the study and allows for more accurate conclusions to be drawn about the effectiveness of the medication in helping people sleep.

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86. Edison studies the effects of temperature on starch digestion in a test tube. He adds 2 g of starch and 1 mL of enzyme suspension to a test tube and incubates it at 25oC for 20 min. To accurately test the effects of temperature, Edison should begin a second test with 2 g of starch in a test tube and continue with which set of conditions?

Explanation

In order to accurately test the effects of temperature on starch digestion, Edison should begin a second test with the same amount of starch (2 g) but vary the temperature and enzyme concentration. The given answer suggests using 1 mL of enzyme suspension, which keeps the enzyme concentration constant, but increasing the temperature to 37oC. This allows Edison to compare the effects of different temperatures on starch digestion while keeping other factors constant. The longer incubation time of 20 minutes ensures sufficient time for the reaction to occur.

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87. Which example best illustrates Mendel's law of independent assortment?

Explanation

Independent assortment can only be shown if you are looking at 2 different TRAITS at the same time (dihybrid cross) BECAUSE independent assortment says that different genes will separate independently of one another

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88. Which event of meiosis reveals the mechanism for understanding Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment?

Explanation

Homologous chromosomes pair up during Prophase I of Meioisis but how they line up on the spindle is RANDOM (during Metaphase I)

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89. While investigating yeast respiration, a researcher detects ethanol in the yeast culture. Which molecules does the yeast culture also contain?

Explanation

Glycoiysis produces ATP and pyruvate
Fermentation breaks down pyruvate and produces NADH (an electron carrier) and harmful byproducts
Lactic Acid Fermentation (only happens in animal cells) produces lactic acid (which is why muscles hurt after anaerobic exercise)
Alcoholic fermentation (yeast & other fungi) produce ethanol & CO2 (which is why bread rises)

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90. In humans, red-green color blindness is a recessive, sex-linked trait. The chromosomes and alleles associated with color blindness are represented in this chart.   Which child could NOT be born to these parents; a female (XBXb) and a male (XBY)?  

Explanation

DO THE PUNNETT SQUARE.
The only way to have a daughter with a sex linked recessive disorder is for the dad to have it and the mom has to be a carrier (or have the disorder herself). The daughter has to get the recessive X from mom and whatever X dad has. If he has the recessive disorder, all of his daughters will automatically be at least carriers because they inherit that X.

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91. Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme in the human stomach. Antacids cause the pH of the stomach to increase and protein digestion becomes less efficient. What occurs to reduce the efficiency of protein digestion?

Explanation

Enzymes & substrates must have complementary shapes so that they fit together at the active site. If you change environmental conditions (pH or temperature), it can change the shape of the active site (denature) so that the enzyme will not work anymore.

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92. A science teacher performs an experiment to measure the CO2 uptake of the green algae Chlorella under light conditions. He prepares a suspension of Chlorella and places it in a growth chamber near a lamp. A student disrupts the experiment by turning off the lamp, creating dark conditions. Why is there a negative uptake (release) of CO2 under dark conditions?

Explanation

CO2 normally is absorbed (positive uptake) during cellular respiration. Plants go through photosynthesis to make glucose BUT it still must be broken down during cellular respiration in order to make ATP.
Plants would be producing CO2 during Cellular Respiration so it will be released (negative uptake).

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93. Horse skeleton fossils indicate that the size of horses increased over time. Which statement best explains this fossil record?

Explanation

natural selection = change in allele frequencies over generations of time because certain alleles are more advantageous (larger horse)

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94. The hydrolysis of which molecule provides energy for muscle contraction?

Explanation

ATP is the energy molecule of the cell. Hydrolysis of ATP is when you break the bond between the last 2 phosphates, which releases energy.

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95. Which functional group found in amino acids is absent from monosaccharides, polysaccharides, fatty acids, and glycerol?

Explanation

Nitrogen is only found in nucleic acids & proteins.
Carbohydrates (mono & polysaccharides) have Carbon, Hydrogen, & Osygen (1:2:1 ratio)
Lipids (fatty acids & glycerol) are mostly VERY long chains of Carbon & Hydrogen (sometimes called hydrocarbons)

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96. How does the regulation of gene expression lead to cell specialization?

Explanation

methylation (adding a CH3 group) stops certain proteins from being made. This is why the cells in your eyes do not make insulin but the cells in your pancreas do

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