Nmt Final Part 1

According to the NRC, records of surveys must be retained for 3 years. This means that any documentation or data collected during surveys conducted by the NRC or related to the facility's compliance with regulations must be kept for a period of three years. This allows for proper record-keeping and ensures that the information is available for future reference or audits.

Tungsten is recommended for shielding syringes containing positron-emitting radionuclides because it has a high atomic number and density, which allows it to effectively absorb and attenuate the radiation. This helps to minimize the exposure of individuals handling the syringes to the harmful radiation emitted by the radionuclides. Lead and steel do not have as high atomic numbers or densities as tungsten, making them less effective for shielding purposes. Plastic-lined lead may provide some shielding, but it is not as effective as tungsten due to the lower density of the plastic.

The first step that a technologist should initiate when an adult patient experiences cardiac arrest is to call for help. This is because cardiac arrest is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate medical intervention. By calling for help, the technologist can ensure that additional medical personnel and equipment are available to provide the necessary support and treatment. Once help has been summoned, the technologist can then proceed with other appropriate actions such as performing chest compressions, establishing an airway, and performing rescue breathing if necessary.

In a lung perfusion study, the standard views that are performed include anterior (ANT), posterior (POST), lateral (LAT), and obliques. These views are necessary to obtain a comprehensive assessment of the lung perfusion and to identify any abnormalities or blockages in the blood flow. By examining the lung from different angles, the radiologist can gather more information and make a more accurate diagnosis. Therefore, the correct answer is ANT, POST, LAT, and OBLIQUES.

The technologist confirms a referring physician's request for a nuclear medicine procedure for a hospitalized patient by locating the order for the test in the patient's medical record. This is the correct answer because the technologist needs to verify that there is a valid order for the procedure before proceeding. The medical record is the official documentation of the patient's medical history and treatment, so finding the order in the record ensures that the procedure is authorized and necessary for the patient's care.

A gastric-emptying study is a diagnostic test used to evaluate the rate at which food empties from the stomach. Tc99m-sulfur colloid is the radiopharmaceutical used in this study. It is injected into the patient and then tracked using a gamma camera to monitor the movement of the radiopharmaceutical through the digestive system. This helps to assess the function of the stomach and diagnose any abnormalities or delays in gastric emptying. Tc99m-medronate, Tc99m-disida, and Tc99m-MAA are not commonly used in gastric-emptying studies and are more commonly associated with other diagnostic procedures.

Dipyridamole is the correct answer because it has a longer half-life compared to the other agents listed. This means that it remains in the plasma for a longer duration, allowing for a more prolonged stress testing effect. Dobutamine, adenosine, and nitroglycerin have shorter half-lives and are therefore eliminated from the plasma more quickly.

A charcoal filter in a xenon delivery unit is used to absorb xenon gas. Charcoal is known for its ability to adsorb gases and impurities, making it an effective filter material. In this case, the charcoal filter helps to remove xenon gas from the delivery unit, ensuring that only purified xenon is delivered to the desired location. By removing xenon gas, the filter helps to maintain the purity and quality of the delivered xenon, which is important for various applications such as medical imaging.

Cs-137 is the most appropriate source for assessing dose calibrator constancy because it is a long-lived gamma-emitting radionuclide that has a half-life of 30.1 years. This makes it an ideal source for calibrating dose calibrators, as its long half-life ensures that it will not decay significantly over short periods of time, allowing for accurate and consistent measurements. Additionally, Cs-137 emits gamma radiation, which is the type of radiation that dose calibrators are designed to measure.

Static bone imaging is routinely performed 2-3 hours after tracer administration to an adult. This time period allows for sufficient uptake of the tracer by the bones, providing clear and accurate images. Waiting longer than 2-3 hours may result in decreased tracer uptake and compromised image quality. Conversely, imaging too soon after tracer administration may not allow enough time for the tracer to distribute throughout the bones. Therefore, the optimal time for static bone imaging is typically 2-3 hours after tracer administration.

Fasting before hepatobiliary imaging is necessary to avoid stimulating the gallbladder. When a person eats, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile into the small intestine to aid in digestion. However, during hepatobiliary imaging, the goal is to visualize the gallbladder and biliary system in a resting state. By fasting, the gallbladder remains inactive, allowing for better visualization and accurate interpretation of the imaging results.

The kidneys are normally visualized on a Ga67 image acquired 72 hours after tracer administration. This is because Ga67 is a radiopharmaceutical that accumulates in areas of inflammation or infection, and the kidneys can show increased uptake in these conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is "kidneys are normally visualized on a Ga67 image acquired 72 hr after tracer administration."

Significantly increased serum bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction, which can lead to impaired excretion of bilirubin. In hepatobiliary imaging, the kidneys are visualized because the excreted bilirubin is eliminated through the urine, which is produced by the kidneys. Therefore, if there are high levels of bilirubin in the serum, it is likely that the kidneys will be visualized on hepatobiliary images.

Methylene blue solution is omitted from the preparation of 99mTc exametazime when labeling white blood cells. This is because methylene blue is not involved in the labeling process and is not necessary for the desired outcome. The other reagents listed, Tc99 - pertechnetate, 0.9% sodium chloride, and ACD solution, are all likely to be included in the preparation as they play a role in the labeling process or serve as a necessary component.

During a cisternogram, a radioactive tracer is administered to the patient. The technologist's responsibility is to ensure that both personnel and the surroundings are not contaminated with radioactivity. This involves taking necessary precautions such as wearing protective gear, handling the radioactive material properly, and maintaining a clean and safe environment. Contamination can pose health risks to both the staff and other patients, so it is crucial for the technologist to prevent any spread of radioactivity.

Tc99m pertechnetate is used for the localization of a Meckel's diverticulum. Meckel's diverticulum is a small pouch in the wall of the small intestine that is present at birth. It can sometimes cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bleeding, or intestinal obstruction. Tc99m pertechnetate is a radiopharmaceutical that is taken up by the gastric mucosa, which is present in Meckel's diverticulum. By administering Tc99m pertechnetate and using imaging techniques such as scintigraphy, the diverticulum can be visualized and localized. Ga67 Citrate, Tc99m pentetate, and Tc99m sulfur colloid are not specifically used for the localization of Meckel's diverticulum.

The Department of Transportation (DOT) regulates the packaging and transportation of radioactive materials in the United States. They enforce regulations that ensure the safe handling and transportation of these materials to protect public health and safety. The DOT sets standards for packaging, labeling, and documentation to minimize the risk of accidents or incidents during transportation. They also provide training and certification programs for individuals involved in the transportation of radioactive materials.

The correct answer is "on a reasonable schedule". This means that wipe tests of areas where radiopharmaceuticals are prepared or administered should be performed regularly, but the exact frequency may vary depending on factors such as the type and amount of radiopharmaceuticals used, the level of contamination risk, and any applicable regulations or guidelines. Performing these tests on a reasonable schedule helps ensure that any potential contamination is detected and addressed in a timely manner, promoting safety and preventing unnecessary exposure to radiation.

F18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a radiopharmaceutical that is commonly used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. It is taken up by cells in the body that have a high metabolic rate, such as the brain. Therefore, when an image is performed with FDG, the brain is typically visualized. The other structures listed (thyroid, pituitary gland, pancreas) do not have as high of a metabolic rate as the brain and would not typically show significant FDG uptake.

The C14 urea breath test is a diagnostic test that is used to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in the stomach. This bacteria is known to cause various gastrointestinal conditions, such as peptic ulcers. Therefore, by detecting the presence of H. pylori, the test can indirectly indicate the presence of peptic ulcers. However, the primary purpose of the C14 urea breath test is to specifically identify the presence of H. pylori bacteria. It is not used to identify gastric cancers or rule out Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

If cystic duct obstruction is present during heptobiliary imaging, the gallbladder will not be visualized. This is because the cystic duct is responsible for transporting bile from the gallbladder to the common bile duct. If there is an obstruction in the cystic duct, the bile cannot flow out of the gallbladder, leading to its non-visualization during imaging. The common hepatic duct and common bile duct may still be visualized as they are upstream of the cystic duct, while the small intestine is not directly related to the cystic duct obstruction and can still be visualized.

Pentetreotide is a radiopharmaceutical that is used in nuclear medicine imaging. It is labeled with 99m-Tc, which is a commonly used radioisotope for diagnostic imaging. The statement that it exhibits no human antimurine antibody (HAMA) effect means that it does not cause an immune response in humans against the murine (mouse) antibodies used in its production. This is an important characteristic as it reduces the risk of adverse reactions in patients. The option stating that it is excreted exclusively through the kidneys is not correct as pentetreotide is primarily excreted through the liver and the kidneys.

The first-pass method is a technique used to evaluate left-to-right cardiac shunts. It involves injecting a radiopharmaceutical into the bloodstream and monitoring its passage through the heart. Sulfur colloid is not suitable for this examination because it is primarily used for imaging the liver and spleen, not for assessing cardiac shunts. On the other hand, pentetate, sestamibi, and tetrofosmin are commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for performing left-to-right cardiac shunt examinations using the first-pass method.

Patients are instructed to fast before a Tl-201 stress test in order to minimize tracer uptake in the gastrointestinal tract. Fasting helps to reduce the amount of activity in the digestive system, which can interfere with the accuracy of the test results. By minimizing tracer uptake in the gastrointestinal tract, the test can focus more accurately on the myocardium, allowing for a more reliable assessment of heart function. Additionally, fasting helps to standardize test conditions among patients, as it ensures that everyone is undergoing the test under similar conditions.

The correct answer is 10-15 mins. After the administration of Tc99 sulfur colloid, SPECT liver imaging is performed within 10-15 minutes. This time frame allows for the tracer to distribute and accumulate in the liver, providing optimal imaging of the liver. Waiting longer than 10-15 minutes may result in decreased tracer uptake and poorer image quality.

During parathyroid imaging, images of the chest as well as the neck are obtained in order to visualize ectopic parathyroid tissue. Ectopic parathyroid tissue refers to parathyroid glands that are located outside their normal anatomical position. These glands can be found in various locations, such as the chest, mediastinum, or even within the thyroid gland itself. By obtaining images of both the chest and the neck, it allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the parathyroid glands and increases the chances of detecting any ectopic tissue that may be present.

According to NRC regulations, records of written directives must be maintained for a period of 3 years. This means that organizations or individuals who are subject to NRC regulations must keep these records for a minimum of 3 years. This requirement ensures that there is a documented record of any written directives issued and allows for future reference if needed. Keeping records for this duration also helps in compliance and accountability purposes.

A biohazard warning label would not appear on a unit of blood released for clinical use because the blood has already been tested and determined to be safe for use. The other options, such as a contaminated sharps container, refrigerator containing potentially infectious material, and receptacle for contaminated laundry, are all places where biohazard warning labels would be necessary to indicate the presence of potentially harmful biological substances.

The protocol specifies a centrifugation force of 5000 g for 5 minutes, but the maximum force that can be obtained is only 2500 g. Since the force is directly proportional to the centrifugation time, we can calculate the minimal time needed by using the formula: (5000 g * 5 min) / 2500 g = 10 min. Therefore, the minimal centrifugation time needed is 10 minutes.

Personnel must wear a rotation monitoring device during work hours if they are likely to exceed 10% of the annual maximum allowable occupational exposure. This means that if there is a possibility that their radiation exposure will reach or surpass 10% of the maximum allowable limit over the course of the year, they must wear the monitoring device. This device helps track and measure their radiation exposure levels to ensure they are within safe limits and to take necessary precautions if the levels are exceeded.

A nebulizer is a device used to convert liquid medication into a fine mist that can be inhaled into the lungs. Tc-99m pentetate is a radiopharmaceutical that is commonly used in lung ventilation imaging studies. It is administered through a nebulizer to allow the patient to inhale the radioactive particles, which then distribute throughout the lungs, allowing for visualization and assessment of lung ventilation.

One of the antithyroid drugs that may need to be discontinued before a thyroid uptake test is proptlythiouracil. This medication is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones. Discontinuing this medication prior to the test allows for accurate measurement of the thyroid's ability to take up radioactive iodine, which is used in the test. Synthroid, potassium perchlorate, and thyroxine are not antithyroid drugs, and therefore would not need to be discontinued for the test.

The correct answer is to return the vial to storage. This is because the reading on the survey meter is only twice the background level, which indicates a low level of radioactivity. It is safe to return the vial to storage as it does not pose a significant risk. Removing radiation symbols, disposing of it as biohazardous waste, or venting the radioactivity into the fume hood are unnecessary actions for the given scenario.

Heparin should be injected into the infusion set tubing to maintain its patency. Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents blood from clotting, thus preventing blockage in the tubing. This ensures that the infusion set remains open and allows the free flow of fluids or medications into the patient's vein. Normal saline, ACD solution, and bacteriostatic water do not have anticoagulant properties and therefore would not be effective in maintaining the patency of the infusion set tubing.

After total thyroidectomy, total-body imaging with radioiodine normally demonstrates tracer concentration in the salivary glands, stomach, and bladder. This is because the salivary glands, stomach, and bladder are the major sites of iodine excretion in the body. The radioiodine is taken up by these organs and excreted through saliva, gastric juices, and urine. The presence of tracer concentration in these areas indicates normal iodine metabolism and excretion.

Patient preparation for breast imaging with Tc99m-sestamibi includes explanation of the procedure. This is important to ensure that the patient understands what will happen during the imaging test, any potential risks or discomforts involved, and what is expected of them during the procedure. It helps to alleviate any anxiety or confusion the patient may have and allows them to actively participate in their own healthcare. This preparation step also allows the healthcare provider to address any concerns or questions the patient may have prior to the imaging test.

The correct answer is kBq/mL because kBq/mL is a unit of radioactivity concentration, not specific activity. Specific activity is defined as the amount of radioactivity per unit mass or mole of a substance. The other units listed (uCi/mg, Ci/g, and MBq/mole) are all expressions of specific activity because they relate the amount of radioactivity to the mass or mole of the radiopharmaceutical.

Imaging with In-111 pentetreotide routinely includes the head to upper femus. This means that the imaging procedure using In-111 pentetreotide is performed to visualize and evaluate areas of the body from the head down to the upper femus. It is a comprehensive scan that covers a large portion of the body, allowing for the detection and assessment of any abnormalities or conditions in these areas.

The elution efficiency of the generator can be calculated by dividing the amount of Tc99m assayed in the elution vial (342 mCi) by the total amount of Tc99m present on the column (375 mCi) and multiplying by 100. This gives us (342/375) * 100 = 91%. Therefore, the approximate elution efficiency of the generator is 91%.

3 or 4 phrase bone imaging is particularly useful when osteomyelitis is suspected. This imaging technique allows for the detection of inflammation or infection in the bone, which is characteristic of osteomyelitis. By visualizing the affected area, healthcare professionals can accurately diagnose and treat the condition.

In infants, 24-hr images are sometimes performed over the lung fields to demonstrate gastroesophageal reflux. This is because gastroesophageal reflux can sometimes cause aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs, leading to respiratory symptoms. By imaging the lung fields, doctors can identify any abnormalities or signs of aspiration, which can help in diagnosing and managing gastroesophageal reflux in infants.

The correct answer is subtracting the decimal hematocrit from 1. This is because the plasmacrit represents the percentage of the blood volume that is composed of plasma. Since the hematocrit represents the percentage of red blood cells in the blood, subtracting it from 1 will give us the percentage of plasma in the blood.

Proper placement of the urine collection bag involves hanging it from the imaging table so that it is lower than the level of the bladder. This positioning allows gravity to assist in the flow of urine from the bladder into the bag. Hanging the bag from the IV pole and raising it above the level of the bladder would create a barrier to urine flow. Placing it across the patient's lower legs or on the stretcher near the patient's foot does not take advantage of gravity and may impede urine drainage.

Tc99m-sestamibi is a radiotracer used in stress-rest myocardial imaging. It is taken up by the myocardium and remains there without redistributing. This is why two administrations of the tracer are required - one during stress and another during rest. The tracer doesn't wash out rapidly from the myocardium and has a longer half-life, allowing delayed imaging if needed. It doesn't need to be administered immediately after preparation as it remains in the myocardium once taken up.

The correct answer is "all of the above". The anterior iliac crests, glenoid fossa, and sternoclavicular joints are all structures that normally appear as areas of increased activity on bone images of adults. This is because these areas are commonly involved in weight-bearing and movement, leading to increased bone density and activity.

The patient's complaint of dizziness and feeling faint after sitting up quickly suggests that they may be experiencing orthostatic hypotension, which is a sudden drop in blood pressure upon changing positions. In such cases, talking with the patient and having them breathe slowly and deeply can help alleviate symptoms by increasing blood flow and oxygenation to the brain. Checking vital signs would also be important to confirm the diagnosis and monitor the patient's condition. Having the patient lie down again or stand and walk around the room may exacerbate their symptoms and should be avoided.

The correct answer is that the number of injected particles blocks only a small number of precaillary arterioles. This suggests that blocking a portion of the pulmonary circulation with MAA particles is safe because only a small number of arterioles are affected. This implies that the blockage caused by the particles is minimal and unlikely to cause significant harm or complications.

The exposure rate of a radioactive contamination decreases by half with each half-life. In this question, the exposure rate needs to drop from 3 mR/hr to 0.05 mR/hr, which is a decrease of 60 times (3/0.05 = 60). Since each half-life reduces the exposure rate by half, it would take 6 half-lives to achieve a decrease of 60 times (2^6 = 64). Therefore, the correct answer is 6 half-lives.

The exposure from the X-ray examination must not be included in the occupational exposure record because X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation, which is different from the radiation that is typically monitored by a dosimeter. Dosimeters are designed to measure the amount of radiation exposure from sources such as radioactive materials, not X-rays. Therefore, the X-ray exposure should be recorded separately, but not included in the occupational exposure record.

The most likely explanation for the visualization of tracer concentration in the skeleton, stomach, thyroid, and salivary glands on a bone image is that the radiopharmaceutical contained excess free Tc99m pertechnetate. This is because Tc99m pertechnetate is known to accumulate in these areas, and an excess amount of it in the radiopharmaceutical would result in increased uptake in these organs.