Exam One: Native American Art History

According to Dr. Baldia, the Pacific Coast did not provide trade items found in the Hopewell Interaction Sphere. This suggests that the trade items from the Mississippi River, Atlantic Coast, and Great Lakes regions were present in the Hopewell Interaction Sphere, but not those from the Pacific Coast.

Algonkian is spoken in the southeast region.

The Seminole tribe is indeed composed of various culturally related tribes who migrated into Florida around 1750. This migration resulted in the formation of the Seminole tribe, which is a combination of different tribes with similar cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the statement is true.

The Graves Creek Mound in West Virginia is the largest known conical Adena mound still in existence. This means that it is the biggest conical mound that was built by the Adena people and is still standing today. The other options, Fort Ancient in Ohio, Oneota in Minnesota, and Moundville in Alabama, may also have conical mounds, but they are not as large as the Graves Creek Mound.

Iroquoian is spoken in the southeast.

Muskogean is spoken in the northeast.

Siouan is spoken in the Great Lakes region. This region is home to several Native American tribes that speak Siouan languages, such as the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota tribes. The Great Lakes region includes states like Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. These tribes have a rich cultural heritage and their languages are an important part of their identity and history.

The Seminole follow a matrilineal system to trace their family heritage. This means that descent and inheritance are traced through the mother's line. In this system, children belong to the mother's clan and inherit property and social status from their mother's side of the family. This is in contrast to a patrilineal system, where descent and inheritance are traced through the father's line.

The correct answer is interviews with Seminole women. This is because the question asks for a method that is not used to reconstruct early clothing styles of the Seminole people. While studying early paintings, examining surviving items, and looking at the outfits of other southeastern tribes can all provide valuable information, interviews with Seminole women may not necessarily provide accurate or reliable information about early clothing styles.

The stone point found embedded in the pelvis convinced Chatters that he was looking at a very early skeleton and not an individual from the nineteenth century. This is because the presence of a stone point suggests that the individual lived during a time when stone tools were used, which is characteristic of early civilizations. This piece of evidence helps to establish the age and historical context of the skeleton.

The visual arts have long played the role of carriers of culture within Native American societies. Native American art forms such as pottery, beadwork, and basketry have been used to convey cultural traditions, beliefs, and stories from one generation to another. These art forms serve as a visual representation of Native American identity, history, and heritage, making them an essential part of their cultural expression and preservation.

The "almost universally accepted" explanation for how people came to be in the Western Hemisphere, according to Jacobs in The Paleoamericans, is that they migrated across the Beringia.

The correct answer is "middle mississippian" because Cahokia refers to a pre-Columbian Native American city located in the Mississippi River Valley. The term "middle mississippian" is used to describe the cultural and historical period during which Cahokia thrived, between 900 and 1450 CE. This period was characterized by the development of complex societies, large-scale agriculture, and the construction of monumental earthwork mounds, all of which were prominent features of Cahokia.

Etowah is from the south Appalachian region. This means that Etowah is located in the southern part of the Appalachian region. The Appalachian region is a mountainous area that stretches across several states in the eastern United States, including parts of Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. The south Appalachian region specifically refers to the southern portion of this mountain range. Therefore, Etowah is from the south Appalachian region.

Pine boughs are not materials used in the construction of the Seminole chickee. The Seminole chickee is a traditional Native American structure made primarily from cypress logs, palm thatch leaves, and paletto branches. Pine boughs are not mentioned as a material used in the construction process.

Moundville is from the south Appalachian region because it is located in the state of Alabama, which is part of the Appalachian Mountains. The south Appalachian region refers to the southern portion of the Appalachian Mountains, which stretches from northern Alabama to northeastern Georgia. Moundville, being in Alabama, falls within this region.

The authors' working definition of art includes objects whose form is elaborated, objects that provide visual and tactile pleasure, and objects that enhance rhetorical power as a visual representation.

The authors of this book have multiple intentions in writing it. Firstly, they aim to introduce readers to the richness of Native American art forms, showcasing the diverse and unique art forms created by Native American artists. Additionally, they seek to make readers aware of the problems of representation in museums, highlighting the issues of how Native American art is displayed and interpreted in museum settings. Lastly, they also aim to make readers aware of the problems of representation in scholarly writing, addressing the biases and limitations that can be present in academic discussions of Native American art.

According to Jacobs, there have been a limited number of skeletons found in North America that date earlier than 9,000 years ago, with only 37 of them being discovered. Additionally, out of those 37 skeletons, only 11 had intact skulls. This information suggests that the statement is true, as it accurately reflects the findings presented by Jacobs.

According to Jacobs, there have been at least three major migrations from Asia to the western hemisphere, ancestral to modern native peoples. This suggests that there is evidence supporting the claim that modern native peoples in the western hemisphere have Asian ancestry. Therefore, the statement is true.

Aboriginal oral history is characterized by being chronological and eventful narratives, as it presents stories in a sequential and dramatic manner. It also explains the origins of present realities, providing insights into the historical and cultural context of the present. Additionally, it is based on inherited and transmitted truth that carries moral significance, emphasizing the importance of passing down cultural knowledge and values through generations.

According to Ken Masters, Cherokee weavers commonly use the double-weave technique for river cane baskets today.

The correct answer is sweetgrass. This is because the author, Ken Masters, states that all of the mentioned materials (river cane, honeysuckle, oak, and buckbrush) are used by basket weavers in Cherokee Images: Baskets. However, there is no mention of sweetgrass being used by basket weavers in the webpage.

Before the Trail of Tears, the most commonly used material by Cherokee basket weavers was river cane. This information is based on the statement made by Ken Masters, the author of the webpage "Cherokee Images: Baskets."

According to Ken Masters, the author of the webpage "Cherokee Images: Baskets," the newest material used by Cherokee weavers to make baskets is honeysuckle.

According to the author of the webpage, approximately 90% of Choctaw still speak their native language. This indicates that a large majority of the Choctaw community has retained their language, highlighting the significance and resilience of their cultural heritage.

In 1838, the Chrokee, Choctaw, and Creek peoples were "removed" to Oklahoma. This information is provided by Rion Wilhelm, author of the webpage "Five Civilized Tribes."

The explanation for the given correct answer, which is "True," is that the webpage specifically focuses on the crafts of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw, indicating that it does not discuss the crafts of Oklahoma's Choctaw. Therefore, the statement is true as it accurately reflects the content of the webpage.

The given statement is true. According to Western belief, there was a migration of paleoamericans between 14000 BCE and 8000 BCE, which led to the population of the North American continent. This migration is believed to have occurred through the Bering Strait land bridge, connecting Asia and North America. This theory is supported by archaeological evidence and genetic studies that suggest the presence of early human populations in the Americas during this time period.

The correct answer is Shawnee. According to Rion Wilhelm, author of the webpage "Five Civilized Tribes," the Shawnee tribe is not considered one of the "Five Civilized Tribes."

Interviews with modern peoples are not a line of evidence for tracing the ancestry of native peoples in the Western hemisphere. While radiocarbon dates of diagnostic artifacts, linguistic data, mitochondrial DNA, dental morphology, and adaptation can provide valuable information about ancestry, interviews with modern peoples do not directly contribute to tracing ancestry as they only provide information about the present and recent history.

According to Berlo and Phillips, the Mississippian cultures developed and expanded upon the achievements and practices of the Archaic and Woodland era peoples. They were also influenced and inspired by renewed connections and interactions with Mesoamerican civilizations. Therefore, the statement that Mississippian cultures were stimulated by renewed contacts with Mesoamerica is true.

According to Dr. Knight, the people who built and lived at the Moundville site in Alabama were divided into two classes: nobles and commoners. This suggests that there was a social hierarchy within the community, with some individuals holding higher status and power compared to others.

The given statement suggests that the authors believe that the definition of authenticity in native art contributes to a romanticized view of Native peoples' past, which in turn neglects their present reality. This implies that the authors agree with the idea that there is a tendency to idealize Native peoples' history while disregarding their current circumstances. Therefore, the answer is true.

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The timeline provided indicates that the Eastern Archaic period lasted from 8000 BCE to 1000 BCE. This means that the cultures of Glacial Kame and Red Ochre existed during this time period.

Stone points are best used to date sites because they are archaeological artifacts commonly found at archaeological sites. Stone points are tools made from stone that were used by ancient humans for various purposes such as hunting, cutting, or scraping. These artifacts can provide valuable information about the time period in which they were used, including the technology and techniques employed by ancient societies. Therefore, by analyzing the characteristics and context of stone points found at a site, archaeologists can determine the approximate age of the site and gain insights into the activities and lifestyles of the people who once inhabited it.

Clovis points are the first type of projectile points to be found. These points are typically associated with the Clovis culture, which existed approximately 13,000 years ago. Clovis points are known for their distinctive fluted shape, which allowed them to be securely attached to a spear or arrow shaft. They were used by early Native American hunters, particularly in hunting large game such as mammoths. The fact that the points mentioned in the question are from a Mammoth kill site suggests that they are Clovis points.

The timeline for the Hopewell culture is from 200 BCE to 500 CE. This period refers to the time when the Hopewell people thrived in North America, specifically in the Eastern Woodlands region. The Hopewell culture is known for its impressive earthworks, elaborate burial mounds, and extensive trade networks. During this time, the Hopewell people engaged in long-distance trade, exchanging goods such as copper, shells, and exotic materials. The Hopewell culture declined around 500 CE, possibly due to environmental changes or social factors.

Folsom points are the second type of points to be found. They were discovered in a bison kill site.

Stone points, such as Clovis and Folsom, were tied to rods using sinew. Sinew is a strong and flexible material made from tendons or ligaments of animals, typically deer or bison. It was commonly used by ancient civilizations for various purposes, including tying and binding objects together. In this case, sinew was used to securely attach stone points to rods, creating effective hunting and weapon tools. Leather, roots or grass, and cloth were not as suitable or durable for this purpose.

The "busk" or Green Corn Ceremony is indeed a thanksgiving celebration for the harvest and a ritual of renewal. This ceremony is practiced by various Native American tribes, particularly those from the Southeastern United States. It typically involves fasting, purification rituals, feasting, and communal activities. The purpose of the ceremony is to express gratitude for the corn harvest, seek blessings for the upcoming year, and renew social and spiritual ties within the community. Therefore, the statement "The 'busk' or Green Corn Ceremony was a thanksgiving for the harvest and a rite of renewal" is true.

The statement is true because the historic-period Creeks, Muscogulges, Chickasaws, and Choctaws were indeed confederations of remnant Mississippian peoples. These Native American tribes were descendants of the Mississippian culture that thrived in the southeastern United States from around 800 to 1600 AD. They formed confederations for various reasons, including protection, trade, and cultural preservation.

Stone points such as Clovis and Folsom are considered diagnostic artifacts because they are distinctive and indicative of a specific time period or cultural group. These artifacts are used by archaeologists to identify and date archaeological sites, as they are associated with particular prehistoric cultures in North America. The presence of Clovis or Folsom points at a site can provide valuable information about the people who lived there and the time period in which they existed. Therefore, the statement that stone points like Clovis and Folsom are used as diagnostic artifacts is true.

According to John Jameson and Seth Johnstone in their webpage about Mississippian and Late Prehistoric cultures, the "proto-Mississippian" culture is the Weeden Island culture.

The Eastern Woodlands is defined by several natural features, including the Mississippi River system, the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. These geographical elements play a significant role in shaping the region's climate, ecosystems, and cultural practices of the indigenous peoples who have historically inhabited the area.

Irene, GA was not a major Mississippian center because there is no historical evidence or archaeological findings that suggest it was a significant settlement during the Mississippian period. On the other hand, Cahokia, IL, Moundville, AL, and Fort Ancient, OH are well-documented and recognized as major Mississippian centers, known for their large populations, complex social structures, and monumental architecture.

The statement suggests that the invention of the bannerstone was a technological development that correlated with the AtlAtl, a throwing tool. The bannerstone allowed the thrower to gain a mechanical advantage over their prey, more so than they would have had with stone point spears. This implies that the invention of the bannerstone improved the efficiency and effectiveness of hunting, supporting the idea that there was a technological development in this context. Therefore, the answer is true.

The examples of Native American art mentioned in the introduction encompass various messages and characteristics. Native American art can be considered sacred, as it often holds spiritual or religious significance. It can also be secular, representing everyday life and cultural traditions. Additionally, Native American art can have political undertones, expressing social and political issues within the community. It can also be domestic, depicting scenes from daily life or domestic activities. Native American art is often used in ceremonial contexts, reflecting cultural rituals and traditions. Lastly, Native American art can have commercial value, being bought and sold in the market.

According to Dr. Baldia, the purpose for the clusters of mounds the Hopewell constructed within geometric enclosures may have been ritual centers for dispersed hamlets. This suggests that these mounds were not just random structures, but rather intentional gathering places for communities that were spread out across the area. It implies that these sites held cultural and religious significance, serving as focal points for communal activities and ceremonies.