Example Exam 3

1. MATCHING:

Holomorph

Teleomorph

Anamorph

Submit

2. Which of the following drawings represent an ascus liberating its ascospores?

A

3. The best way for deuteromycete conidia to overwinter from season to season is within a structure (such as a pycnidium or acervulus) and/or within host debris in the soil.

True

False

4. In common bunt of wheat (Tilletia tritici, T. laevis), formation of the "H-structure" is important because:

It is necessary for the systemic infection of the wheat plant and developing spike.

It precedes the formation of haploid "sporidia".

It allows the smut to move to an alternate host.

It is required for the formation of the infectious dikaryotic hyphae.

Both "a" and "d" are correct.

5. How would you describe the following spore-producing structures of fungal pathogens: perithecium, pycnidium, and spermagonium.

Completely enclosed

Flask-shaped with an opening at the top

Cup-shaped

Horn-shaped and attached to a tree

None of the above

6. In peach leaf curl, asci are produced from "ascogenous hyphae" that are not enclosed in an ascocarp. This is referred to as:

Naked asci

Cleistothecium

Perithecium

Apothecium

None of the above.

7. "Karyogamy" represents:

The fusion of fungal cells

The fusion of fungal nuclei

The process of meiosis

The process of mitosis

None of the above.

8. Identify the following asexual fungal structures with the corresponding number label:

Pycnidium (#1), Sporodochium (#2), Coremium (#3), Acervulus (#4), Sclerotium (#5)

Sporodochium (#1), Sclerotium (#2), Acervulus (#3), Coremium (#4), Pycnidium (#5)

Sclerotium (#1), Acervulus (#2), Coremium (#3), Pycnidium (#4), Sporodochium (#5)

Acervulus (#1), Coremium (#2), Pycnidium (#3), Sporodochium (#4), Sclerotium (#5)

Coremium (#1), Pycnidium (#1), Sporodochium (#3), Sclerotium (#4), Acervulus (#5)

9. Which of the following oomycete pathogens causes pre- and post-emergent damping-off diseases?

Pythium spp.

Phytophthora spp.

Downy mildew pathogens

10. What does the term "haploid" mean?

Fusion of cells.

Multiple mating types (e.g. parents) required for the production of sexual spores.

One set of chromosomes per nucleus.

Fusion of nuclei.

Nuclei from > 1 mating type (e.g. "parent") in each cellular compartment.

11. Based on what we've discussed in class or what you've read in your textbook or the supplementary readings, how are conidia transmitted as secondary inoculum?

Wind

Water

Insects

All of the above are possible.

None of the above is possible.

12. Which of the following drawings represent an apothecium cross-section showing asci (containing ascospores)?

Answer option 1

Answer option 2

Answer option 3

Answer option 4

13. Which of the following are the best controls for stem rust of wheat (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici):

Spraying barberry plants with fungicides

Spraying wheat stems with fungicides

Growing disease resistant wheat varieties

Eradicating the barberry plant

Both "c" and "d" are acceptable control measures.

14. Which of the following drawings represents sporangia being produced on the undersides of leaves through stomates during the grape downy mildew disease cycle?

15. In grape downy mildew, which of the following variables would be required to indicate disease risk and a need to implement a disease control strategy?

Warmer temperatures (>50°F)

> 2 "oilspots"/50 vines

High moisture in canopy (> 85% R.H.)

All of the above are correct.

None of the above is correct.

16. What are the unique features of basidiomycete mycelium?

Dikaryotic hyphae required for the production of basidiocarps

Dolipore septum

Clamp connections in mushrooms and bracket fungi

All of the above are correct.

None of the above is correct.

17. "Downy" sporulation of a pathogen on the underside of a leaf in a downy mildew disease is an example of a:

Symptom

Sign

18. Chlorosis or necrosis on the upper surface of the leaf in a downy mildew disease is an example of a:

Symptom

Sign

19. Which of the following is the primary "structural polysaccharide" found in the cell walls of true fungi?

Beta-1,3-glucans

Chitin (beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine)

Glycoproteins and adhesins

Mannoproteins

Cellulose

20. In common bunt of wheat (Tilletia tritici, T. laevis), which of the following are true?

T. laevis teliospores are smooth.

T. tritici teliospores are rough.

Clouds of teliospores smell like rotting fish.

Fungicide treated seed is a good control strategy.

All of the above are correct.

21. If a fungal cell is "diploid":

It resulted from the fusion of cells

It has one set of chromosomes per nucleus

It has resulted from the fusion of haploid nuclei and has two sets of chromosomes pernucleus

It has nuclei from more than one mating type (e.g., "parents") in each cellularcompartment

None of the above.

22. "Plasmogamy" represents:

The fusion of fungal cells

The fusion of fungal nuclei

The process of meiosis

The process of mitosis

None of the above.

23. "Clamp connections" are _ in mushrooms and bracket fungi and _ in rust and smut fungi.

Absent; Present

Present; Absent

Absent; Absent

Present; Present

Useless; Stupid

24. Which of the following drawings represents oospores embedded in grape leaf tissue during the grape downy mildew disease cycle?

25. Cedar-apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginiae) is a "demicyclic rust". This means that the organism lacks which of the following spores stage:

Spermatia/Spermatagonium

Aeciospores/Aecia

Urediniospores/Uredinia

Teliospores/Telia

Basidiospores/Basidia

26. Sunflower head rot (Rhizopus spp.) and whisker rot of cucurbits (Chaenophora cucurbitarum) cause rots because:

The fungi produce copious amounts of host-selective toxins.

The fungi produce plant growth regulating hormones.

The fungi produce degradative enzymes.

The fungi produce small amounts of non-selective toxins.

None of the above.

27. If a fungal cell is "dikaryotic" (or "heterokaryotic"):

It resulted from the fusion of cells

It has one set of chromosomes per nucleus

It has resulted from the fusion of haploid nuclei and has two sets of chromosomes pernucleus

It has nuclei from more than one mating type (e.g., "parents") in each cellularcompartment

None of the above.

28. In cedar-apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginiae), telial horns are formed:

From galls on cedar.

On apple fruit.

On apple leaves.

All of the above.

None of the above.

29. Which is not an example of a basidiomycete?

Mushrooms

Bracket fungi

Rusts

Powdery mildews

Smuts

30. The "Puccinia Pathway" is:

Dependent upon the presence of barberry plants in the United States.

The northerly movement of urediniospores from Mexico through the central United States.

The northerly movement of teliospores and basidiospores from south Texas to North Dakota.

The southerly movement of aeciospores from Kansas to Arkansas.

An overwintering stage of black stem rust of wheat.

31. Which of the following drawings represents a sporangium being produced from an oospore in the spring during the grape downy mildew disease cycle?

32. Which of the following drawings represent apothecia germinating from fruit "mummies" on the orchard floor during the brown rot of stone fruit disease cycle.

33. Which of the following is associated with oospores?

Gametangia ("+" and "-") of the same size.

Produced outside of a sac on a club-like structure -- usually four at a time.

Gametangia ("male" and "female") of different sizes.

Produced inside a sac -- usually eight per sac.

None of the above.

34. Where would one expect to find the aecia on the alternate host of a macrocyclic, heteroecious rust?

Usually the top surface of the leaf

Usually the bottom surface of the leaf

35. Which of the following drawings represent conidia serving as secondary inoculum?

36. In stem rust of wheat (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici), which spore stage functions as a "fertilization" step (plasmogamy) for this pathogen?

Spermatia/Spermatagonium (on barberry)

Aeciospores/Aecia (on barberry)

Urediniospores/Uredinia (on wheat)

Teliospores/Telia (on wheat)

Basidiospores/Basidia (on wheat)

37. In stem rust of wheat (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici), which stage is a "repeating spore stage" (e.g., 2° inoculum)?

Spermatia/Spermatagonium

Aeciospores/Aecia

Urediniospores/Uredinia

Teliospores/Telia

Basidiospores/Basidia

38. When the pathogen causing head blight (scab) of wheat colonizes developing kernels, it results in:

Solanine contamination

Aflatoxin contamination

Vomitoxin (DON) contamination

Ergotamine contamination

None of the above

39. Which of the following practices WOULD NOT contribute to disease control of common smut of corn (Ustilago maydis)?

Controlling the European corn borer

Plant more resistant sweet corn varieties

Use crop rotation

Eradication of the alternate host

Plant dent corn (field corn) varieties

40. Black molds of fruit and similar post-harvest diseases may be caused by:

An oomycete

A zygomycete

An ascomycete

A deuteromycete

A basidiomycete

41. MATCHING: basic fungal structures

Hypha

Septum

Conidiophore

Gametangia

Spore

Submit

Example Exam 3

1. MATCHING:

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. Which of the following drawings represent an ascus liberating its ascospores?

3. The best way for deuteromycete conidia to overwinter from season to season is within a structure (such as a pycnidium or acervulus) and/or within host debris in the soil.

4. In common bunt of wheat (Tilletia tritici, T. laevis), formation of the "H-structure" is important because:

5. How would you describe the following spore-producing structures of fungal pathogens: perithecium, pycnidium, and spermagonium.

6. In peach leaf curl, asci are produced from "ascogenous hyphae" that are not enclosed in an ascocarp. This is referred to as:

7. "Karyogamy" represents:

8. Identify the following asexual fungal structures with the corresponding number label:

9. Which of the following oomycete pathogens causes pre- and post-emergent damping-off diseases?

10. What does the term "haploid" mean?

11. Based on what we've discussed in class or what you've read in your textbook or the supplementary readings, how are conidia transmitted as secondary inoculum?

12. Which of the following drawings represent an apothecium cross-section showing asci (containing ascospores)?

13. Which of the following are the best controls for stem rust of wheat (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici):

14. Which of the following drawings represents sporangia being produced on the undersides of leaves through stomates during the grape downy mildew disease cycle?

15. In grape downy mildew, which of the following variables would be required to indicate disease risk and a need to implement a disease control strategy?

16. What are the unique features of basidiomycete mycelium?

17. "Downy" sporulation of a pathogen on the underside of a leaf in a downy mildew disease is an example of a:

18. Chlorosis or necrosis on the upper surface of the leaf in a downy mildew disease is an example of a:

19. Which of the following is the primary "structural polysaccharide" found in the cell walls of true fungi?

20. In common bunt of wheat (Tilletia tritici, T. laevis), which of the following are true?

21. If a fungal cell is "diploid":

22. "Plasmogamy" represents:

23. "Clamp connections" are _________ in mushrooms and bracket fungi and _________ in rust and smut fungi.

24. Which of the following drawings represents oospores embedded in grape leaf tissue during the grape downy mildew disease cycle?

25. Cedar-apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginiae) is a "demicyclic rust". This means that the organism lacks which of the following spores stage:

26. Sunflower head rot (Rhizopus spp.) and whisker rot of cucurbits (Chaenophora cucurbitarum) cause rots because:

27. If a fungal cell is "dikaryotic" (or "heterokaryotic"):

28. In cedar-apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginiae), telial horns are formed:

29. Which is not an example of a basidiomycete?

30. The "Puccinia Pathway" is:

31. Which of the following drawings represents a sporangium being produced from an oospore in the spring during the grape downy mildew disease cycle?

32. Which of the following drawings represent apothecia germinating from fruit "mummies" on the orchard floor during the brown rot of stone fruit disease cycle.

33. Which of the following is associated with oospores?

34. Where would one expect to find the aecia on the alternate host of a macrocyclic, heteroecious rust?

35. Which of the following drawings represent conidia serving as secondary inoculum?

36. In stem rust of wheat (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici), which spore stage functions as a "fertilization" step (plasmogamy) for this pathogen?

37. In stem rust of wheat (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici), which stage is a "repeating spore stage" (e.g., 2° inoculum)?

38. When the pathogen causing head blight (scab) of wheat colonizes developing kernels, it results in:

39. Which of the following practices WOULD NOT contribute to disease control of common smut of corn (Ustilago maydis)?

40. Black molds of fruit and similar post-harvest diseases may be caused by:

41. MATCHING: basic fungal structures

23. "Clamp connections" are _ in mushrooms and bracket fungi and _ in rust and smut fungi.