Nbde Part 1 (A) By Sd

Branch of trigeminal nerve

The correct answer is Sternocleidomastoid muscle and Trapezius muscle. The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve, supplies both the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle. The sternocleidomastoid muscle is responsible for rotating and tilting the head, while the trapezius muscle is involved in moving and stabilizing the shoulder blades and upper spine. The accessory nerve plays a crucial role in controlling the movements of these muscles.

Inferior epigastric artery is branch of external illiac artery
Branches of internal thoracic artery
Anterior intercostal arteries - supply upper 6 intercostal spaces
perforating arteries - terminal branches
Pericardiacophrenic artery - phrenic nerve
Mediastenal arteries - anterior mediastenum (thymus gland )
superior epigastric artery
Musculophrenic artery- supply lower intercostal spaces

Hunter-Shreger bands are responsible for the optical appearance of teeth. These bands are formed due to a change in direction of rods in the enamel. The rods in the enamel are not perfectly aligned, and when they change direction, it causes a difference in the way light is reflected and refracted. This change in direction creates alternating bands of light and dark, giving the teeth a characteristic appearance. Therefore, the change in direction of rods is responsible for the optical appearance of Hunter-Shreger bands.

Buccinator, compresses/holds food

Solitary nucleus - Nucleus important for saliva production, has inputs from 7, 9, 10, located in gray matter***
mesencephalic nucleus of V - Proprioception of face***
VPM- nucleus of thalamus - Sensory info of face goes where in thymus***

CN 9, also known as the glossopharyngeal nerve, is responsible for the gag reflex. This nerve innervates the back of the throat and the tongue, and its stimulation triggers the reflexive contraction of the muscles involved in swallowing and gagging. CN 5, CN 7, CN 10, and CN 11 are not directly involved in the gag reflex.

The limbic system is the correct answer because it is a primitive brain area that plays a crucial role in emotions, memory, and motivation. It includes structures such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus, which are involved in regulating basic functions like hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. The limbic system also helps in forming and retrieving memories and is responsible for the emotional responses associated with various experiences.

The maxillary sinus is the largest paranasal sinus. It is located in the maxilla bone, above the upper teeth. The maxillary sinus plays a crucial role in reducing the weight of the skull, improving the resonance of the voice, and producing mucus that moisturizes and cleans the nasal passages. Its large size allows for a significant amount of mucus production and storage, making it the largest among the other paranasal sinuses mentioned.

Thoracoacromial artery and Thoracoacromial artery - 2nd part
subcapsular, anterior humeral and posterior humeral - 3rd part

Anterior pituitary derived from rathke's pounch.
secretes - GH , somatotropin , prolactin, FSH ,LH, ACTH, TSH , LPH
Posterior pituitary derived from Neuroectoderm ,
secretes - ADH and oxytoxin

Epistaxis refers to bleeding from the nose. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as dryness, trauma, high blood pressure, or nasal infections. It is a common occurrence and can range from mild to severe. The blood vessels in the nose are delicate and can easily rupture, leading to bleeding. Epistaxis can be managed by applying pressure to the nose, keeping the head elevated, and using nasal sprays or ointments to promote healing.

Taste buds are sensory organs that allow us to detect different tastes. They are present in various locations in the mouth and throat. Fungiform papillae are small bumps on the tongue, and taste buds are found on their surface. Circumvallate papillae are larger bumps at the back of the tongue, and taste buds are located in the trenches surrounding them. Additionally, taste buds can also be found in the mucosa of the pharynx, epiglottis, and pharynx. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as taste buds are present in all of these locations.

Hyposmia - diminished smell
Dysosmia - Distorted smell
Aguesia - complete loss of taste

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating hunger and thirst in the body. It receives signals from the body and initiates the appropriate response to maintain homeostasis. When the body is in need of food or water, the hypothalamus releases signals that stimulate hunger or thirst, respectively. This helps to ensure that the body gets the necessary nutrients and fluids to function properly. The other options listed, such as the thalamus, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and pons, do not have a direct role in regulating hunger and thirst.

Midbrain - CN III , IV
Pons - CN- V, VI , VII , VIII
Medulla Oblongata - CN IX, X, XI, XII

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body and have a unique structure compared to other blood vessels. They consist of a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane. Unlike arteries and veins, capillaries do not have a tunica media (middle layer) or adventitia (outer layer). This absence of additional layers allows for efficient exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

ACH - voluntary movements, skeletal muscle/movements of viscera
Histamine - Sleep/wake , inflammation
DA - voluntary movement and motivation , pleasure, addiction , love

Zona glomerulosa- outer most layer , secrete mineralocorticoids
zona reticularis - inner most layer, secretes gonadocorticoid
inner medulla - chromaffic - catechlamines

Kupffer cells are the hepatic macrophages.
Histiocytes are macrophages seen in connective tissue.
Dust cells are alveolar macrophage found in the respiratory tract.
Langerhans cells are macrophages seen in the skin.
Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. They have a kidney-shaped nucleus, which is a distinguishing characteristic. This shape allows them to easily squeeze through blood vessel walls and enter tissues where they can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells. Monocytes are involved in phagocytosis, the process of engulfing and destroying pathogens, as well as in presenting antigens to activate other immune cells. Therefore, the presence of a kidney-shaped nucleus indicates that the correct answer is monocytes.

The lacrimal gland is innervated by the Superior Salivatory Nucleus. This nucleus is responsible for controlling the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland, which stimulates tear production. The other options, such as the Lateral Spinothalamic Tract, Main Sensory Nucleus of V, and Spinal Nucleus of V, are not involved in the innervation of the lacrimal gland.

The given question asks the respondent to select the options they like. The correct answer is Option1, indicating that the respondent likes Option1.

chief cells - pepsinogen

Non-keratinized - soft palate , alveolar mucosa , buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth, ventral tongue

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder. The small bile ducts which connec between the cystic duct and liver are the ducts of Luschka The duct of Wirsung is the pancreatic duct. The opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum is at the ampulla of Vater. The valves which regulates the flow of bile into the small intestine is the sphincter of Oddi.

Granulocytes - neutrophils, basophills, easinophills
Agranulocytes - monocytes , macrophages , lymphocytes

Tomes process - enamel
oxytalin fibers - PDL

single unit smooth muscle - GI , uterus , ureters , arterioles

The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. This artery is one of the two main branches of the internal carotid artery and is responsible for providing oxygenated blood to these areas of the brain. The frontal lobe is involved in cognitive functions such as decision-making, problem-solving, and personality, while the parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information and spatial awareness. Therefore, the anterior cerebral artery plays a crucial role in supplying blood to these important regions of the brain.

FSH - milk production, spermatogenesis
LH - stimulate sex steriod secretion
Oxytoxin - uterine contaction

A fracture in the petrotympanic fissure is most likely to affect CN 7, also known as the facial nerve. The petrotympanic fissure is a small opening in the temporal bone of the skull through which the facial nerve passes. Damage to this nerve can result in facial paralysis or weakness, loss of taste, and difficulty closing the eye on the affected side.

Stratum basale - inner most layer
Stratum spinosum - langheren cells
stratum granulosum - keratohyline granules
stratum corneum - outer most layer

Atherosclerotic thrombus formation is most commonly seen in the tunica intima of large arteries. This is because atherosclerosis, which is the main underlying cause of thrombus formation, primarily affects the larger arteries of the body. The tunica intima is the innermost layer of the arterial wall, and it is where the development of atherosclerotic plaques occurs. These plaques can rupture, leading to the formation of a thrombus or blood clot. The larger arteries, such as the coronary arteries supplying the heart or the carotid arteries supplying the brain, are more prone to atherosclerosis and subsequent thrombus formation.

cricothyroid -External laryngeal nerve branch of superior laryngeal nerve

A contrecoup fracture occurs on the opposite side of the impact site, caused by a force transmitted through the skull. In this case, the patient suffers a fractured bone above the orbit, which is in the frontal bone. Therefore, the contrecoup fracture would be located on the opposite side of the frontal bone, which is the parietal bone.

Astocytes - provide structural support
Microglia- phagocytic cells
Ependymal cells - Line most of the ventricular system in CNS
Choroidal cells - Secrete CSF

Sweat glands are divided into apocrine and eccrine. Apocrine sweat glands are found on the areola, external genitalia, axilla, and curcumanal region. Eccrine sweat glands are distributed over most of the body. except lips and parts of genitalia.

Nerve of hering CN 9
Glossopharyngeal nerve supply - Gag reflex , posterior 1/3rd of tongue, parotid gland, middle ear cavity, stylopharyngeus

The correct answer is "All of them." ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary source of energy for muscle contraction. It is produced through different pathways, including glycolysis, the TCA cycle (oxidative phosphorylation), and the breakdown of creatine phosphate. These processes generate ATP molecules that can be used by muscle cells for contraction. Therefore, all of these sources contribute to the production of ATP for muscle contraction.

The greater petrosal nerve passes through the foramen lacerum.

Hypogonadism refers to the reduced or absent function of the gonads, which are responsible for the production of sex hormones. The anterior pituitary gland plays a crucial role in regulating gonadal function by releasing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). If there is degeneration of the anterior pituitary, it can lead to a decrease in FSH and LH secretion, resulting in hypogonadism. This condition can cause a variety of symptoms, including reduced libido, infertility, and decreased secondary sexual characteristics. Therefore, hypogonadism is the most suitable answer in this context.

The suprahyoid muscles are a group of muscles located above the hyoid bone in the neck. They play a role in swallowing and elevating the hyoid bone during speech and swallowing. The anterior and posterior digastric muscles, mylohyoid, and stylohyoid are all suprahyoid muscles. However, the geniohyoid muscle is not a suprahyoid muscle. It is located below the hyoid bone and helps to depress and move the hyoid bone during swallowing and speaking.

Components of lympathic system - bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph, lymphatic vessel, lymph node, lymphatic nodules
Largest lymphatic organ - Speen
thymus and spleen does not contain afferent vessels.
site of B-cell maturation - bone marrow
site of T-cell maturation Thymus.

Synarthrosis - skull suture
Amphiarthrosis - symphysis pubis
synchondrosis - epiphyseal plate

SCM , ant diagastric, omohyoid

Convex lenses - hyperopia
Cylindric - astigmatism
bifocal - presbyopia

The parotid duct is the correct answer because it is the structure that passes over the masseter muscle and pierces the buccinator muscle. The parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, is responsible for carrying saliva from the parotid gland to the oral cavity.

The heart is located in the middle mediastinum. The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the lungs. It is divided into four parts: anterior, posterior, middle, and superior. The middle mediastinum is the region where the heart is situated. It is important to note that the heart is not located in the anterior, posterior, or superior mediastinum.

Subdural space - bridging veins
Subarachnoid space - circus of willus

Blood supply of thymus - Internal thoracic artery , inferior thyroid artery
Nerve supply - Vagus and phrenic nerve

Dense irregular connective tissue - dermis , submucosa of GI tract, organ capsule, deep fascia, periosteum

Smoking is the most common risk factor for bladder carcinoma. This is because the chemicals in tobacco smoke can enter the bloodstream and get filtered by the kidneys, eventually ending up in the bladder. These chemicals can cause damage to the cells lining the bladder, increasing the risk of developing bladder carcinoma. Studies have shown that smokers are at least three times more likely to develop bladder cancer compared to non-smokers. Therefore, smoking is considered a significant risk factor for bladder carcinoma.

Corticospinal - Motor
Testospinal - movement of head
Anterior spinothalamic - Touch pressure

The body of hyoid is formed by the second brachial arch. The brachial arches are structures that develop during embryonic development and give rise to various components of the head and neck. The second brachial arch specifically contributes to the formation of the hyoid bone, which is located in the neck and plays a role in supporting the tongue and aiding in swallowing and speech.

Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein that plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes. It is involved in smooth muscle contraction by binding to and activating myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), which phosphorylates myosin light chains. This phosphorylation leads to the activation of myosin and subsequent contraction of smooth muscle cells. Calmodulin's involvement in skeletal muscle contraction is limited, as it primarily regulates contraction in smooth muscles. It is not directly involved in skeletal muscle relaxation or smooth muscle relaxation.

Glycine and GABA - inhibitory neurotransmiter

The inferior meatus receives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct. The nasolacrimal duct is responsible for draining tears from the eyes into the nasal cavity. The inferior meatus is located in the lower part of the nasal cavity and serves as a pathway for the tears to enter the nasal cavity. This allows for the drainage of tears from the eyes, preventing them from overflowing and causing excessive tearing.

Myopia - eyeball too long
Hyperopia - Eyeball too short
astigmatism - curvature of lense is not uniform

Frontal lobe- behaviour , inteligence, memory, movement
Parietal lobe - inteligence. language, reading, sensation
Temporal- behavious , hearing, speech, memory
occipital- vission
Cerebelum- balance

The anterior and middle cranial fossa are separated by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. The sphenoid bone is a butterfly-shaped bone located at the base of the skull. It consists of various parts, including the lesser wing, which forms a bony ridge separating these two cranial fossae. This separation is important as it provides structural support and protection for the brain and its surrounding structures.

Tricuspid valve- right half of lower end of the sternum
Pulmonary valve - second left intercostal space
Aortic valve - second right intercostal space

The sex of an embryo can be determined in the 8th week of pregnancy. At this stage, the genitalia of the fetus begins to develop and can be visualized through ultrasound. The presence of either male or female genitalia can indicate the sex of the embryo. It is important to note that while it is possible to determine the sex at this stage, it is not always 100% accurate and can be influenced by various factors.

The pelvic splanchic nerve is the correct answer because it is responsible for providing nerve supply to the descending and sigmoid colon, as well as the rectum. The vagus nerve primarily supplies the upper gastrointestinal tract and does not directly innervate the colon and rectum. The hypoglossal nerve is responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue and has no role in the nerve supply to the colon and rectum. The sciatic nerve is a major nerve of the lower limb and is not involved in the innervation of the colon and rectum.

Aα : proprioception, somatic motor
Aβ : touch, pressure
Aδ : pain and temperature
Aγ : motor to muscle spindles

Pia and arachnoid ( leptomeninges ) - neural crest cells

The urinary bladder is supplied by the vesicular branch of the internal iliac artery. The internal iliac artery is a major branch of the common iliac artery and provides blood supply to the pelvic organs, including the bladder. The vesicular branch specifically supplies the bladder, ensuring that it receives an adequate blood supply for its proper functioning.

The sigmoid sinus is a large venous sinus located in the brain. It drains into the internal jugular vein, which is a major vein in the neck that carries deoxygenated blood from the head and neck back to the heart. The other veins listed in the options, such as the common facial vein, retromandibular vein, maxillary vein, and external jugular vein, do not receive drainage from the sigmoid sinus. Therefore, the correct answer is the internal jugular vein.

Nuerotransmitter is Acetylcholine in parasympathetic
Neurotransmitter is NE except adrenal medulla ( ACH ) in sympthetic

Satellite cells are responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration. These cells are located on the periphery of muscle fibers and become activated in response to muscle damage or injury. Once activated, satellite cells proliferate and differentiate into myoblasts, which then fuse with existing muscle fibers to repair and regenerate damaged muscle tissue. Mesenchymal cells are not directly involved in skeletal muscle regeneration, and myocytes are mature muscle cells that do not have the ability to regenerate new muscle tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is satellite cells.

Type II muscle fibres- Fast; glycolytic; white.
Myosin ATPase rate - fast
Ca pumping capacity of SR - High
Diameter - large
Glycolytic capacity - high
Oxidative capacity - low

Lateral to Third ventricle ( Foramen of munro )
Third to 4rth ventricle - cerebral aqueduct
4rth to subarachnoid space - megendie and luksha

If both the left and right ventricles are necrosed, it suggests that there is a blockage in the artery that supplies blood to both ventricles. The artery responsible for supplying blood to both ventricles is the anterior interventricular artery. Therefore, if both ventricles are necrosed, it indicates a blockage in the anterior interventricular artery.

2nd brachial arch- stapedius , muscle of facial expression, post belly of diagastric, stylohyoid
3rd- stylopharyngeal muscle
4rth- pharyngeal constrictor, levator levi palatini, cricothyroid
6th brachial arch- all intrinsic muscle except cricothyroid

VhVL refers to the variable heavy chain and variable light chain domains of an immunoglobulin. These domains are involved in antigen binding. The variable regions of both the heavy and light chains contain the antigen-binding site, which allows the immunoglobulin to recognize and bind to specific antigens. Therefore, VhVL is the correct answer as it represents the domains that are involved in antigen binding.

During the S phase of the cell cycle, the biosynthesis of histones occurs. This is the phase where DNA replication takes place, and histones are essential proteins that help in packaging and organizing DNA into structures called nucleosomes. The synthesis of new histones is necessary to ensure that the replicated DNA can be properly packaged and condensed into chromosomes during cell division. Therefore, the S phase is the correct answer for the location of histone biosynthesis.

The correct answer is Mesenchephalic nuclei. The mesenchephalic nuclei are involved in proprioception of the face. Proprioception refers to the sense of the position and movement of one's own body parts. The mesenchephalic nuclei receive sensory information from the muscles, joints, and other tissues of the face, allowing for the perception of facial movements and positions. The other options, such as the main sensory nuclei and spinal trigeminal, are not specifically involved in proprioception but rather in other sensory functions of the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal motor nuclei are responsible for motor control of the muscles involved in chewing.

Posterior interventicular artery branch of right coronary artery accompanies the MIDDLE CARDIAC VEIN
veins do not end in coronary sinus - anterior cardiac vein, smallest cardiac vein (thebesian veins )

Adrenal medulla is Endo organ sympthetic and not controlled by pituatry secretions
adrenal medulla is not essential. and it make catecholeamines ( epi and norepi )

Lateral geniculate - Visual
Medial geniculate - auditory
VPL - Propioception, pressure, touch, vibration
Ventral anterior/Ventral lateral - Motor
All are Thalamus nuclies

purkinje and basket cells - inhibitory

The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body and is responsible for draining lymph from the lower limbs, abdomen, left side of the thorax, and left upper limb. It ascends through the diaphragm and runs posteriorly in the posterior mediastinum, alongside the vertebral bodies. Therefore, the correct answer is posterior mediastinum.

The philtrum of the lip is formed by the fusion of the medial nasal process and the maxillary process during embryonic development. The medial nasal process is a structure that develops in the midline of the face, while the maxillary process develops on the sides of the face. These two processes come together and fuse to form the philtrum, which is the vertical groove on the upper lip.

What attaches to Ligamentum Arteriosum? - L. Recurrent Laryngeal N.
Ligamentum arteriosum is remnant of embryological structure - ductus arteriosus

Plummer-Vinson syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the presence of dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), and iron deficiency. The syndrome is more common in women and is often associated with chronic iron deficiency anemia. Dysphagia occurs due to the development of webs or strictures in the upper esophagus, while glossitis results from the deficiency of iron and other nutrients. Iron deficiency is a common finding in Plummer-Vinson syndrome and can be attributed to chronic blood loss, inadequate dietary intake, or malabsorption. Overall, the combination of dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency points towards the diagnosis of Plummer-Vinson syndrome.

The stylopharyngeus muscle is responsible for elevating the larynx and pharynx. This action helps in various functions such as swallowing and speaking. When the muscle contracts, it pulls the larynx and pharynx upward, allowing for the passage of food and air. This elevation also plays a role in protecting the airway during swallowing, preventing food or liquid from entering the trachea.

maxillary and sup temporal artery branchers of external carotid artery

The anterior cardiac vein is the only vein that does not drain into the coronary sinus. Instead, it drains directly into the right atrium of the heart. The other veins listed, including the middle cardiac vein, posterior cardiac vein, great cardiac vein, and superior cardiac vein, all drain into the coronary sinus, which is a large vein that collects blood from the heart muscle and delivers it to the right atrium.

The correct answer includes the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, and occulomotor nerve. These are all cranial nerves that contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest functions, and these cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers to various organs and structures in the head and neck.

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the human body. It originates from the lower back and extends down the back of each leg. It is responsible for providing motor and sensory functions to the lower limbs. The sciatic nerve plays a crucial role in controlling leg movements and transmitting sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch from the leg to the brain. Its size and significance in the body make it the largest nerve.

Microglia - derived from mesoderm

The parotid gland is purely serous, meaning it secretes a watery fluid called saliva that contains enzymes for digestion. The other options, such as submandibular, sublingual, Von-Ebner, and palatine glands, are not purely serous glands. They may have a combination of serous and mucous cells, which secrete a thicker fluid called mucus.

HcG, or human chorionic gonadotropin, is the hormone that is secreted during the first trimester of pregnancy. It is produced by the placenta and plays a crucial role in maintaining the pregnancy by supporting the production of progesterone and estrogen. HcG is also the hormone that is detected in pregnancy tests to confirm pregnancy.