Nbde Part 1 (A) By Sd
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
Nerve suppy to TongueMotor - Hypoglossal nerve except palatoglossus muscle which is supplie by CN XSensory- Lingual -V3 , CN IX , CN X, Chorda tympani
- 2.
Branches of Facial arteryCervical - Tonsilar, ascending, submentalFacial - Inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal , angular
- 3.
Digeorge syndrome - deletion of 22 chromosomeCongenital absence or underdevelopment of thymus and parathyoid gland
- 4.
Primitive brain area is ?
- A.
Thalamus
- B.
Hypothalamus
- C.
Limbic system
- D.
Brain stem
Correct Answer
C. Limbic systemExplanation
The limbic system is the correct answer because it is a primitive brain area that plays a crucial role in emotions, memory, and motivation. It includes structures such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus, which are involved in regulating basic functions like hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. The limbic system also helps in forming and retrieving memories and is responsible for the emotional responses associated with various experiences.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Location of which cranial nerve nuclei in Pons?
- A.
CN IV
- B.
CN V
- C.
CN IX
- D.
CN X
Correct Answer
B. CN VExplanation
Midbrain - CN III , IV
Pons - CN- V, VI , VII , VIII
Medulla Oblongata - CN IX, X, XI, XIIRate this question:
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- 6.
In heart which adregergic receptors are present?
- A.
Alpha-1
- B.
Alpha-2
- C.
Beta-1
- D.
Beta-2
Correct Answer
C. Beta-1Explanation
Alpha 1 - Vascular smooth muscle ( skin , mucosa , GI )
Alpha 2 - Presynaptic nerve terminal , platelets , fat cells , Gi tract wall)
Beta 2 - (Skeletal muscle , bronchial smooth muscle )Rate this question:
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- 7.
Absence of smell is called?
- A.
Anosmia
- B.
Hyposmia
- C.
Dysosmia
- D.
Ageusia
Correct Answer
A. AnosmiaExplanation
Hyposmia - diminished smell
Dysosmia - Distorted smell
Aguesia - complete loss of tasteRate this question:
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- 8.
__________ catalyze oxidative deamination of NE , serotinin and Epinephrine
- A.
ACH
- B.
Histamine
- C.
DA
- D.
MAO
Correct Answer
D. MAOExplanation
ACH - voluntary movements, skeletal muscle/movements of viscera
Histamine - Sleep/wake , inflammation
DA - voluntary movement and motivation , pleasure, addiction , loveRate this question:
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- 9.
Major excitatory neurotransmiter ?
- A.
Glycine
- B.
Glutamate
- C.
GABA
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. GlutamateExplanation
Glycine and GABA - inhibitory neurotransmiterRate this question:
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- 10.
Complete transaction of nerve trunk?
- A.
Neurotmesis
- B.
Neuropraxia
- C.
Axonotmesis
- D.
Non of the above
Correct Answer
A. NeurotmesisExplanation
Neuropraxia - transient block ( imcomplete paralysis, rapid recovery )
axonotmesis ( axon damaged but connective tissue sheat intact )Rate this question:
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- 11.
Electrical synapse common in?
- A.
Cardiac muscle
- B.
Smooth muscle
- C.
Skeletal muscle
- D.
Cardiac and Smooth muscle
Correct Answer
D. Cardiac and Smooth muscleExplanation
Electrical synapses are specialized connections between cells that allow for the direct transfer of electrical signals. These synapses are found in both cardiac and smooth muscle. In cardiac muscle, electrical synapses play a crucial role in coordinating the contraction of individual cells, ensuring the synchronized pumping of the heart. In smooth muscle, electrical synapses facilitate the coordinated contraction of cells in organs such as the digestive system and blood vessels. Therefore, the correct answer is Cardiac and Smooth muscle.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Treatment of Myopia is?
- A.
Concave lenses
- B.
Convex lenses
- C.
Cylindric lenses
- D.
Bifocal lenses
Correct Answer
A. Concave lensesExplanation
Convex lenses - hyperopia
Cylindric - astigmatism
bifocal - presbyopiaRate this question:
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- 13.
Loss of lense elasticity with advancing age ?
- A.
Myopia
- B.
Hyperopia
- C.
Astigmatism
- D.
Presbyopia
Correct Answer
D. PresbyopiaExplanation
Myopia - eyeball too long
Hyperopia - Eyeball too short
astigmatism - curvature of lense is not uniformRate this question:
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- 14.
The cerebellum controls the following function
- A.
Sexual activity
- B.
Sleep
- C.
Emotion
- D.
Balance
Correct Answer
D. BalanceExplanation
hypothalamus - sleep , emotion, sexual activity.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex is concerned with ?
- A.
Voluntary movemnt
- B.
Visual
- C.
Somatic sensation
- D.
Hearing
Correct Answer
D. HearingExplanation
frontal lobe - voluntary movement
occipital lobe - visual
somatic sensation - parietal lobeRate this question:
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- 16.
Cells responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration?
- A.
Satellite cells
- B.
Mesenchymal cells
- C.
Myocytes
- D.
All of them
Correct Answer
A. Satellite cellsExplanation
Satellite cells are responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration. These cells are located on the periphery of muscle fibers and become activated in response to muscle damage or injury. Once activated, satellite cells proliferate and differentiate into myoblasts, which then fuse with existing muscle fibers to repair and regenerate damaged muscle tissue. Mesenchymal cells are not directly involved in skeletal muscle regeneration, and myocytes are mature muscle cells that do not have the ability to regenerate new muscle tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is satellite cells.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The sources of ATP for muscle contraction arise from?
- A.
Glycolysis
- B.
TCA cycle ( Oxidative phosphorylation
- C.
Creatine phosphate
- D.
All of them
Correct Answer
D. All of themExplanation
The correct answer is "All of them." ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary source of energy for muscle contraction. It is produced through different pathways, including glycolysis, the TCA cycle (oxidative phosphorylation), and the breakdown of creatine phosphate. These processes generate ATP molecules that can be used by muscle cells for contraction. Therefore, all of these sources contribute to the production of ATP for muscle contraction.Rate this question:
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- 18.
The layer of connective tissue that separates the muscle tissue into small sections is called the
- A.
Epimycium
- B.
Perimycium
- C.
Endomycium
- D.
Non of the above
Correct Answer
B. PerimyciumExplanation
Epimycium- surround the entire muscle
Endomycium- suround each muscle fiberRate this question:
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- 19.
The type of muscle found in the irises of the eyes and in the blood vessels is called
- A.
Skeletal muscle
- B.
Cardiac muscle
- C.
Single-unit smooth muscle
- D.
Multi-unit smooth muscle
Correct Answer
D. Multi-unit smooth muscleExplanation
single unit smooth muscle - GI , uterus , ureters , arteriolesRate this question:
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- 20.
Calmodulin is involved in which of the following?
- A.
Skeletal muscle contraction
- B.
Smooth muscle contraction
- C.
Skeletal muscle relaxation
- D.
Smooth muscle relaxation
Correct Answer
B. Smooth muscle contractionExplanation
Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein that plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes. It is involved in smooth muscle contraction by binding to and activating myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), which phosphorylates myosin light chains. This phosphorylation leads to the activation of myosin and subsequent contraction of smooth muscle cells. Calmodulin's involvement in skeletal muscle contraction is limited, as it primarily regulates contraction in smooth muscles. It is not directly involved in skeletal muscle relaxation or smooth muscle relaxation.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Regarding type A nerve fibers, which of the following is correct?
- A.
γ is to motor muscle spindles
- B.
β is to motor muscle spindles
- C.
δ is to proprioceptive fibres
- D.
α is to motor muscle spindles
Correct Answer
A. γ is to motor muscle spindlesExplanation
Aα : proprioception, somatic motor
Aβ : touch, pressure
Aδ : pain and temperature
Aγ : motor to muscle spindlesRate this question:
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- 22.
Type II muscle fibers have the following except?
- A.
Myosin isoenzyme ATPase rate fastest
- B.
Oxidative capacity high
- C.
Glycolytic capacity high
- D.
Calcium pumping capacity of sarcoplasmic reticulum high
Correct Answer
B. Oxidative capacity highExplanation
Type II muscle fibres- Fast; glycolytic; white.
Myosin ATPase rate - fast
Ca pumping capacity of SR - High
Diameter - large
Glycolytic capacity - high
Oxidative capacity - lowRate this question:
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- 23.
Taste buds are present in
- A.
Fungiform pappila
- B.
Circumvallate pappila
- C.
Mucosa of pharynx , epiglotis and phayryns
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Taste buds are sensory organs that allow us to detect different tastes. They are present in various locations in the mouth and throat. Fungiform papillae are small bumps on the tongue, and taste buds are found on their surface. Circumvallate papillae are larger bumps at the back of the tongue, and taste buds are located in the trenches surrounding them. Additionally, taste buds can also be found in the mucosa of the pharynx, epiglottis, and pharynx. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as taste buds are present in all of these locations.Rate this question:
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- 24.
All of the following are components of lymphatic system except?
- A.
Bone marrow
- B.
Thymus
- C.
Spleen
- D.
Kidney
Correct Answer
D. KidneyExplanation
Components of lympathic system - bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph, lymphatic vessel, lymph node, lymphatic nodules
Largest lymphatic organ - Speen
thymus and spleen does not contain afferent vessels.
site of B-cell maturation - bone marrow
site of T-cell maturation Thymus.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Master endocrine gland is?
- A.
Pituitary gland
- B.
Thyroid Gland
- C.
Parathyoid gland
- D.
Pineal gland
Correct Answer
A. Pituitary glandExplanation
Pituitary gland- pea-shaped located in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
attached to hypothalamus via infundibulum.
contains its own portal system, two function compartments ( adenophypophysis - ant pituitary , neurohypophysis- post pituitary)Rate this question:
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- 26.
The normal T4 : T3 ratio is?
- A.
10:1
- B.
20:1
- C.
30:1
- D.
40:1
Correct Answer
B. 20:1Explanation
T4 - thyroxine
T3- triiodothyronineRate this question:
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- 27.
Adenohypophysis ( anterior pituitary ) secretes all except?
- A.
Growth hormone , somatotroptin
- B.
Prolactin
- C.
FSH , LH
- D.
ADH , Oxytoxin
Correct Answer
D. ADH , OxytoxinExplanation
Anterior pituitary derived from rathke's pounch.
secretes - GH , somatotropin , prolactin, FSH ,LH, ACTH, TSH , LPH
Posterior pituitary derived from Neuroectoderm ,
secretes - ADH and oxytoxinRate this question:
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- 28.
Function of ADH is?
- A.
Mammary gland development
- B.
Milk production
- C.
Uterine contraction
- D.
Stimulate sex steriod secretion
Correct Answer
A. Mammary gland developmentExplanation
FSH - milk production, spermatogenesis
LH - stimulate sex steriod secretion
Oxytoxin - uterine contactionRate this question:
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- 29.
Secretory products of Zona Fasiculata is?
- A.
Mineralocorticoids
- B.
Glucocorticoids
- C.
Gonadocorticoids
- D.
Catecholamines
Correct Answer
B. GlucocorticoidsExplanation
Zona glomerulosa- outer most layer , secrete mineralocorticoids
zona reticularis - inner most layer, secretes gonadocorticoid
inner medulla - chromaffic - catechlaminesRate this question:
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- 30.
Dietary deficiency of ________ results in the inhability to see in dim light ''night blindness ''
- A.
Vitamin A
- B.
Vitamin C
- C.
Vitamin D
- D.
Vitamin E
Correct Answer
A. Vitamin AExplanation
Vitamin C def - scurvy
Vitamin D def - rickets
Vitamin E def - poor trasmission of nerve impulse, muscle weaknessRate this question:
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- 31.
Which layer of epidermis present in thick skin ( palm and soles )
- A.
Stratum corneum
- B.
Stratum lucideum
- C.
Stratum granulosum
- D.
Stratum spinosum
Correct Answer
B. Stratum lucideumExplanation
Stratum basale - inner most layer
Stratum spinosum - langheren cells
stratum granulosum - keratohyline granules
stratum corneum - outer most layerRate this question:
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- 32.
Which cell is a macrophage found in skin?
- A.
Dust cells
- B.
Histocytes
- C.
Kupffer cells
- D.
Langerhans cells
- E.
Microgilia
Correct Answer
D. Langerhans cellsExplanation
Kupffer cells are the hepatic macrophages.
Histiocytes are macrophages seen in connective tissue.
Dust cells are alveolar macrophage found in the respiratory tract.
Langerhans cells are macrophages seen in the skin.
Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Which of the following are the most abundant sensory receptors of skin?
- A.
Free nerve ending
- B.
Ruffini's corpuscles
- C.
Pacinian corpuscles
- D.
Krause's end bulbs
- E.
Meissner's corpuscle
Correct Answer
A. Free nerve endingExplanation
The most abundant sensory receptor are the free nerve endings. Free nerve endings respond to pain and temperature.
Ruffini's corpuscles - mechanoreceptors.
Pacinian corpuscles - vibration and rapidly changing pressure.
Krause's end bulbs are a receptor for fine touch which are located in mucous membranes and the tongue.
Meissner's corpuscles are also a receptor for fine touch but they are located in the dermis.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Where are apocrine sweat glands NOT found?
- A.
Areola
- B.
External genitalia
- C.
Posterior neck
- D.
Axilla
Correct Answer
C. Posterior neckExplanation
Sweat glands are divided into apocrine and eccrine. Apocrine sweat glands are found on the areola, external genitalia, axilla, and curcumanal region. Eccrine sweat glands are distributed over most of the body. except lips and parts of genitalia.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Specialized mucosa present in?
- A.
Gingiva
- B.
Hard palate
- C.
Buccal mucosa
- D.
Dorsal tongue
Correct Answer
D. Dorsal tongueExplanation
masticatory mucosa - Gingiva , hard palate
Lining - soft palate , alveolar mucosa, buccal mucosa, lips, ventral tongue, floor of the mouth
specialized - dorsal tongueRate this question:
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- 36.
All of the following contain keratinized stratified squamous epithelium except
- A.
Gingiva
- B.
Hard palate
- C.
Buccal mucosa
- D.
Lips
Correct Answer
C. Buccal mucosaExplanation
Non-keratinized - soft palate , alveolar mucosa , buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth, ventral tongueRate this question:
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- 37.
Which of the following is MOST likely to be found in the dentinal tubules
- A.
Tomes process
- B.
Tomes fibers
- C.
Oxytalin fibers
- D.
Thick collagen fibers
Correct Answer
B. Tomes fibersExplanation
Tomes process - enamel
oxytalin fibers - PDLRate this question:
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- 38.
Inorganic portion of enamel is?
- A.
50%
- B.
55%
- C.
70%
- D.
96%
Correct Answer
D. 96%Explanation
INORGANIC
dentin - 70%
Cementum -55%
alveolar bone- 50%
ORGANIC-
enamel - 4%
dentin-70%
cementum-45%
alveolar bone- 50%Rate this question:
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- 39.
Which of the following is derived from Ectoderm?
- A.
Dentin
- B.
Cementum
- C.
Enamel
- D.
Pulp
Correct Answer
C. EnamelExplanation
Ectomesenchyme ( neural crest) - cementum , pulp , dentinRate this question:
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- 40.
The change in direction of rods is responsible for optical appearance of
- A.
Gnarled enamel
- B.
Incremental lines of Retzius
- C.
Hunter-Shreger bands
- D.
Dead tracts
Correct Answer
C. Hunter-Shreger bandsExplanation
Hunter-Shreger bands are responsible for the optical appearance of teeth. These bands are formed due to a change in direction of rods in the enamel. The rods in the enamel are not perfectly aligned, and when they change direction, it causes a difference in the way light is reflected and refracted. This change in direction creates alternating bands of light and dark, giving the teeth a characteristic appearance. Therefore, the change in direction of rods is responsible for the optical appearance of Hunter-Shreger bands.Rate this question:
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- 41.
With age, the volume of pulp decreases because of?
- A.
Decrease collagen fibers
- B.
Formation of secondary dentin
- C.
Increase cellularity
- D.
Decrease vascularity
Correct Answer
B. Formation of secondary dentinExplanation
As a person ages, the volume of pulp in their teeth decreases due to the formation of secondary dentin. Secondary dentin is a protective layer of dentin that forms on the inner surface of the tooth in response to various factors such as tooth wear, trauma, or decay. This formation of secondary dentin reduces the size of the pulp chamber and therefore decreases the volume of pulp in the tooth.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Which cells secretes hydrochloric acid?
- A.
Parietal cells
- B.
Oxyntic cells
- C.
Chief cells
- D.
Parietal and oxyntic cells
Correct Answer
D. Parietal and oxyntic cellsExplanation
chief cells - pepsinogenRate this question:
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- 43.
What are the valves which regulates the flow of bile into the intestine?
- A.
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
- B.
Ducts of Luschka
- C.
Duct of Wirsung
- D.
Sphincter of Oddi
- E.
Ampulla of Vater
Correct Answer
D. Sphincter of OddiExplanation
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder. The small bile ducts which connec between the cystic duct and liver are the ducts of Luschka The duct of Wirsung is the pancreatic duct. The opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum is at the ampulla of Vater. The valves which regulates the flow of bile into the small intestine is the sphincter of Oddi.Rate this question:
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- 44.
In whic of the following locations would one most likely find yellow bone marrow in an adult?
- A.
Ribs
- B.
Diaphysis of femur
- C.
Epiphysis of humerus
- D.
Cranial bones
Correct Answer
B. Diaphysis of femurExplanation
at birth - all bones are red.
yellow marrow begins to appears at the age of 7.
in adult - red marrow - bones of skull , vertebral column , thoraicic cage, the gridle bones, the head of humerus and femur.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which of the following has a kidney shaped nucleus?
- A.
Neutrophils
- B.
Basophils
- C.
Monocytes
- D.
Lymphocytes
Correct Answer
C. MonocytesExplanation
Granulocytes - neutrophils, basophills, easinophills
Agranulocytes - monocytes , macrophages , lymphocytesRate this question:
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- 46.
Artery supply of greater curvature of stomach
- A.
Right and left gastric arteries
- B.
Right and left gastroepiploic arteries
- C.
Short gastric artires
- D.
Left gastric and Left gastroepiploic artires
Correct Answer(s)
B. Right and left gastroepiploic arteries
C. Short gastric artiresExplanation
Lesser curvature - inferiorly - right gastric artry , Superiorly - left gastric artery.
Fundus of the stomach supplied by short gastric artires.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Branches of celiac artery
- A.
Splenic artery
- B.
Right gastric artery
- C.
Left gastric artery
- D.
Common hepatic artries
Correct Answer(s)
A. Splenic artery
C. Left gastric artery
D. Common hepatic artriesExplanation
Celiac artery from abdominal aorta - T12
Splenic artery - pancreatic branches , left gastroepiploic artery, short gastric arties.
Common hepatic artery - gastrodudenal artery, right gastric artery, hepatic artery properRate this question:
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- 48.
The ________ artery supplies the anterior wall of the body from clavicle to the umbilicus
- A.
External iliac artery
- B.
Internal iliac artery
- C.
Celiac artery
- D.
Internal thoacic artery
Correct Answer
D. Internal thoacic arteryExplanation
Inferior epigastric artery is branch of external illiac artery
Branches of internal thoracic artery
Anterior intercostal arteries - supply upper 6 intercostal spaces
perforating arteries - terminal branches
Pericardiacophrenic artery - phrenic nerve
Mediastenal arteries - anterior mediastenum (thymus gland )
superior epigastric artery
Musculophrenic artery- supply lower intercostal spacesRate this question:
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- 49.
At what levl does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac arteries and also give rise to the middle sacral artery
- A.
T10
- B.
T12
- C.
L4
- D.
L5
Correct Answer
C. L4Explanation
Ascending aorta - left and right coronary arteries
Aortic arch - Brachiocephalic, Left common carotid , left subclavian
Descending aorta - thoracic portion t4-t12 , abdominal portion t12-L4Rate this question:
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- 50.
The blood supply of mucosa of the nasal septum is derived mainly from?
- A.
Facial artery
- B.
Maxillary artery
- C.
Inferior alvrolar artery
- D.
Internal carotid artery
Correct Answer
B. Maxillary arteryExplanation
Greater palatine artery- anterior nasal septum
ICA - Opthalmic artery - Anterior and posterior ethmoidal artires - anterosuperior lateral wall of mucosa and septum
Facial artery - anterior part of mucosaRate this question:
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