Bootstrap 4 Quick Start: Certification Exam

The Bootstrap grid system is based on 12 columns. This means that the layout of a webpage can be divided into 12 equal-width columns, allowing for easy and flexible positioning of elements. By using the grid system, developers can create responsive designs that automatically adjust to different screen sizes and devices. The 12-column grid system is a widely used standard in web development and provides a solid foundation for building responsive and visually appealing websites.

Responsive design aims to provide an optimal viewing experience across different devices and screen sizes. One of the challenges in achieving this is finding a balance between the content needs for both mobile and desktop. Desktop sites typically have more space to accommodate elements like carousels, videos, parallax background images, and large blocks of text. Therefore, the statement that a big challenge with responsive design is finding a balance between the content needs for both mobile and desktop is true.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in HTML. It is responsible for the visual appearance of web pages, including layout, colors, fonts, and other design elements. CSS allows web designers to separate the structure and content of a webpage from its presentation, making it easier to maintain and update the design across multiple pages.

The main difference between ID and Class is that IDs are meant to be used only once per page, while classes can be used multiple times. Additionally, an element can have more than one class, but it should have only one ID. This is because IDs are used to uniquely identify an element, while classes are used to group multiple elements together. Therefore, the statement that IDs are supposed to be used only once per page and classes can be used multiple times per page, and an element can have more than one class but should have only one ID, accurately describes the main differences between ID and Class.

Bootstrap was indeed initially created as a living style guide documentation for a team of Twitter developers. The purpose was to ensure consistency in coding by following a set of predefined rules and components. This allowed the developers to work together more efficiently and maintain a cohesive design language throughout their projects.

The correct class name to make a full width container in Bootstrap is ".container-fluid". This class is specifically designed to create a container that spans the full width of the viewport, adapting to different screen sizes and resolutions. Using this class ensures that the container will always fill the entire width of the screen, providing a responsive layout.

The correct answer is "selector {property: value}". In a CSS ruleset, the selector specifies which HTML elements the rule applies to, while the property defines the specific CSS property being modified, and the value is the new value assigned to that property.

A mobile first approach focuses on prioritizing the needs and objectives of mobile users. It eliminates unnecessary content and presents a streamlined collection of information that is optimized for fast loading and user-friendly navigation. This approach recognizes the importance of mobile devices in today's digital landscape and ensures that the mobile user experience is seamless and efficient.

The correct answer is .col-md-4. This class is used in Bootstrap to create a column that spans 4 grid columns out of a total of 12 grid columns in a medium-sized screen. By using this class, you can divide the screen into 3 equal columns, as each column will take up 4 grid columns.

The correct answer is CRC = .container > .row > .col. In Bootstrap grid system, the container is used to contain and center the content. The row is used to create horizontal groups of columns. And the col is used to define the columns within a row. The proper order of these elements is container, row, and then col.

The correct answer is class="alert alert-info". This class is needed to create a specific type of alert message with an information or informational content. The "alert" class is used to create an alert box, and the "alert-info" class is specifically used to style the alert box with a blue color to indicate an informational message.

Cards in Bootstrap 3 serve as a replacement for panels, thumbnails, and wells. They are designed to contain a group of content within a border and inner padding. This means that cards provide a structured and visually appealing way to display content on a webpage. Therefore, the statement that cards replace panels, thumbnails, and wells used in Bootstrap 3 is true.

The spacing utility classes in the given code will result in 0 padding on all breakpoints, except for the md breakpoint where it will have a padding value of 4. The p-0 class will override all other classes and set the padding to 0 on all breakpoints. However, the p-md-4 class will then add a padding value of 4 specifically for the md breakpoint. The p-lg-0 class will stop the padding from flowing to the lg and xl breakpoints, effectively canceling out any padding on those breakpoints.

This component is called a "Button Group" and it uses the class ".btn-group".

Bootstrap is not a back-end web framework but a front-end framework. It is used for designing and developing responsive and mobile-first websites. It provides a collection of CSS and JavaScript components that can be easily implemented in web pages to create a visually appealing and user-friendly interface.

The .container-fluid class is different from the .container class because it allows the container to expand the full width of the browser. This means that the container will stretch to fill the entire width of the browser window, without any horizontal padding. This is in contrast to the .container class, which has a fixed width and adds horizontal padding to the container.

The data attribute "data-ride" is used to mark a carousel as animating starting at page load. This means that when the page loads, the carousel will automatically start animating without any user interaction.

In Bootstrap 4, 1rem is equal to 16px. This means that if we set the font-size of an element to 1rem, it will be displayed with a font size of 16 pixels. Rem stands for "root em" and is a unit of measurement that is relative to the font-size of the root element (usually the element). Therefore, 1rem will always be equal to the font-size defined for the root element, which is typically set to 16px in Bootstrap 4.

The .form-group class is used to add structure to forms by providing margin-bottom around a label and form control pairing. It helps in visually organizing and separating form elements, making them easier to read and understand. This class is specifically designed for this purpose and does not have any other functionality. Therefore, the statement "The .form-group class is the easiest way to add some structure to forms. Its only purpose is to provide margin-bottom around a label and form control pairing." is true.

Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton created Bootstrap.

In Adaptive Design, multiple versions of a website are created and custom code is presented based on the device or viewport size using server side detection. This approach often involves having a separate domain, such as m.domain.com, specifically for the mobile experience. Therefore, the statement "True" is correct.

The class name "card" would replace the asterisks in the code block.

This is called a dropdown because it is a type of user interface element that allows users to select one option from a list of choices that are hidden until the user clicks or hovers over the dropdown.

The correct answer is "Container > Row > Col". This layout structure is commonly used in Bootstrap 4 with flexbox. The "Container" class sets the maximum width of the layout and centers it on the page. The "Row" class is used to create horizontal rows within the container. The "Col" class is used to create columns within the rows, allowing for flexible and responsive layouts. The combination of these classes and the use of flexbox makes this grid layout the correct answer.

For each Bootstrap 4 grid row, the number of columns has to equal 12. This means that the grid system in Bootstrap 4 is divided into 12 equal columns, and when creating a row, the total number of columns within that row should be 12. This allows for flexible and responsive layouts, as the columns can be easily adjusted and rearranged based on different screen sizes and devices.

Web designers and developers have to work with various constraints in responsive design. These include smaller screens, increased pixel densities with retina displays, the ability to switch between portrait and landscape orientation, multi-touch gestures, slower data connections, and distracted user attention. All of these factors need to be taken into consideration when designing and developing websites to ensure that they are responsive and provide a good user experience across different devices and scenarios.

*##*Correct. It was changed to 16px*##*

The grid columns in this example will automatically layout with equal widths because they are using the ".col" class without any specified breakpoint width. This means that each column will take up 50% of the container's width, resulting in a 50%/50% layout.

The class name ".img-fluid" would be added to the image tag in order to make it responsive.

Class name prefixing in Bootstrap is used to scope styles to only the relevant elements. These relevant elements are commonly referred to as "components". By prefixing class names, it becomes easier to maintain and modify the styles for these specific components without affecting other elements on the page.

Bootstrap 3 should be used if you need to support IE9. This version of Bootstrap is compatible with IE9 and provides the necessary features and functionality for building responsive websites. It includes CSS and JavaScript components that ensure proper rendering and functionality in IE9, making it the appropriate choice for supporting this browser version.

Flexbox is a core CSS technology that is used for creating flexible and responsive layouts. It is not a custom named component created by Bootstrap. Flexbox provides a set of CSS properties and values that allow developers to easily control the alignment, direction, and ordering of elements within a container. It is widely supported by modern browsers and is commonly used in web development to create dynamic and adaptive designs. Therefore, the statement that Flexbox is a custom named component created by Bootstrap is false.

The given meta tag, , prevents browsers from scaling desktop websites on mobile devices. By specifying the "width=device-width" property, it ensures that the website is displayed at the device's actual width, rather than being scaled down to fit the screen. This is important for maintaining the proper layout and design of the website on mobile devices. Additionally, the "initial-scale=1" property sets the initial zoom level to 100%, further preventing any scaling of the website.

Bootstrap is a framework that provides a collection of pre-designed and pre-built components. These components are reusable and can be easily integrated into web applications. They include base styles, sub item styles, and design variation styles, making it easier for developers to create consistent and visually appealing user interfaces. Therefore, the correct answer is components.

Setting a grid tier of .col-sm-6 says that the div will be 6 columns wide on the sm breakpoint and everything above it. This means that on the sm breakpoint and any larger breakpoints, the div will take up 6 columns of the grid system.

In Bootstrap, content must be placed within columns. Columns are used to create a grid system in Bootstrap, allowing for the organization and layout of content on a webpage. By placing content within columns, it becomes easier to create responsive designs that adapt to different screen sizes and devices. Rows and containers are also important components in Bootstrap, but the content itself should be placed within columns to ensure proper alignment and structure.

The correct answer is "All of the above". This means that all three icon libraries mentioned - Font Awesome, Octicons, and the upstream version of Glyphicons - would make suitable alternatives to the removed Glyphicons in Bootstrap 4. These libraries provide a wide range of icons that can be easily integrated into web projects.

The first two options are correct. In version 4, the class ".btn-default" was renamed to ".btn-secondary". Additionally, the class ".btn-xs" has been removed in version 4, and it is recommended to use ".btn-sm" instead. These changes reflect updates and improvements in the button styling and sizing in the newer version. The last option, stating that the ".btn" class should be ".button", is incorrect as there is no mention of such a change.

The .navbar-toggleable-* class sets the breakpoint at which the toggle button will show on the navbar. This means that when the screen size reaches the specified breakpoint, the toggle button will be visible on the navbar, allowing users to toggle the navigation menu.

Bootstrap was originally named "Twitter Blueprint". This is because Bootstrap was developed by a team of Twitter employees and was initially used internally at Twitter. The name "Twitter Blueprint" reflects its origins within the Twitter organization.

Bootstrap 4 requires two javascript library dependencies to work, namely jquery-3.1.1.js and tether.js. These libraries provide additional functionalities and support for Bootstrap components and features.

The correct answer is ".list-inline-item". To create an inline list, the list items should have the class "list-inline-item". This class is missing in the given code, which is why the inline list is not working.

The class ".mx-auto" would make this column centered. This class is used in Bootstrap to horizontally center a block-level element within its parent container. It sets the left and right margins of the element to "auto", causing it to be centered. In this case, applying the ".mx-auto" class to the column would center it within the parent container.

This class would make the paragraph the same font size as a h1 element.

The two main ways to add Bootstrap to a website are by linking to a precompiled CSS/JS version via CDN or locally and by linking to a customized build using the Sass source files. The first option allows you to easily include Bootstrap by referencing the CSS and JS files hosted on a content delivery network or by downloading and hosting them locally. The second option gives you more control over the customization of Bootstrap by using the Sass source files and creating a customized build specific to your website's needs.

The navbar toggler is missing data attributes to specify what needs to be toggled: data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarNav". These attributes are necessary for the toggler button to work properly and toggle the collapse of the navigation links. Without these attributes, the toggler button will not have any effect on the navbar.

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The correct .class name to remove the margin from rows and padding from columns is .no-gutters. This class can be applied to the .row element in order to eliminate the gutters between individual columns and create a more compact layout.