Windows Networking & Computer Fundamentals Exercises Solutions Quiz

The log file with the name "WIN-ABCDE12345F.log" will help Shane in tracking all the client connections and activities performed on the database server.

The newer Macintosh Operating System is based on BSD Unix. BSD Unix is a Unix-like operating system that was developed at the University of California, Berkeley. It is known for its stability, security, and scalability. Apple adopted BSD Unix as the foundation for their Macintosh Operating System, incorporating its features and functionalities into their own operating system. This decision has allowed Mac OS to benefit from the robustness and reliability of BSD Unix, making it a popular choice among users.

When a file is deleted by Windows Explorer or through the MS-DOS delete command, the operating system inserts the lowercase Greek Letter Sigma (s) in the first letter position of the filename in the FAT database.

The correct answer is INFO2 because the question states that a record is added to the log file in the Recycle Bin when a file is moved there. Therefore, the log file that contains the records corresponding to each deleted file in the Recycle Bin would be INFO2.

To identify the presence of hidden partitions on a suspect's hard drive, one can add up the total size of all known partitions and compare it to the total size of the hard drive. If the total size of the known partitions is significantly smaller than the total size of the hard drive, it suggests the existence of hidden partitions. This is because hidden partitions are not visible or accounted for in the known partition sizes. Therefore, comparing the two sizes can help in detecting the presence of hidden partitions.

From the file name "$RIIYG6VR.doc" found in the recycle bin directory, Jason can infer that it is a deleted doc file.

A cold boot, also known as a hard boot, refers to the process of starting a computer from a powered-down or off state. This means that the computer is completely shut down and then powered on again. It is different from restarting a computer that is already turned on through the operating system or restarting a computer that is in sleep mode. In a cold boot, the computer goes through the full startup process, including loading the operating system and initializing all hardware components.

Before disconnecting an iPod from any type of computer, an investigator must unmount the iPod. This is necessary to ensure that all data transfers and processes are completed and that the iPod is safely disconnected from the computer without causing any data loss or damage to the device.

When a file is deleted by a Microsoft operating system using the FAT file system, only the reference to the file is removed from the FAT. This means that the file is not completely erased from the storage device, but the operating system no longer recognizes it as an active file. However, the actual data of the file may still be present on the storage device and can potentially be recovered using specialized software or techniques.

The Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a proprietary protocol developed by Cisco that enables devices to discover and learn about each other on a local network. By disabling CDP, the outside security firm will no longer be able to easily enumerate the model, OS version, and capabilities of the Cisco routers. This helps to enhance network security by limiting the amount of information that can be gathered about the routers.

The network administrator should be responsible for recovery, containment, and prevention to constituents in handling computer-related incidents. The network administrator is responsible for managing and maintaining the network infrastructure, including security measures. They have the technical expertise to identify and resolve network-related issues, implement security measures to prevent incidents, and contain and recover from any incidents that may occur. The security administrator may also play a role in incident response, but the network administrator is primarily responsible for these tasks.

The correct answer is Most Recently Used (MRU). This is a list of recently used programs or opened files. It is a feature commonly found in operating systems and software applications that allows users to quickly access their most recently accessed files or programs without having to search for them manually. The MRU list is usually displayed in a menu or a sidebar, making it convenient for users to access their recently used items with just a few clicks.

The TCP/IP protocol uses a 32-bit sequence number field, which means there are 2^32 (4 billion) possible combinations. This allows for a large number of unique sequence numbers to be used in TCP/IP communication, ensuring reliable and ordered data transmission.

Diskcopy is a standard MS-DOS command. MS-DOS is an operating system developed by Microsoft for IBM-compatible personal computers. The diskcopy command is used to make a copy of an entire floppy disk onto another floppy disk. It is a built-in utility in MS-DOS and does not require any additional software or tools.

Searching can change date/time stamps. When searching for evidence of a breach, it is important to preserve the integrity of the data. Searching can potentially alter the date/time stamps associated with the files and make it difficult to establish a timeline of events. This can hinder the investigation and make it harder to determine the extent of the breach and the actions taken by the hacker. It is recommended to involve professionals with expertise in digital forensics to ensure that the investigation is conducted properly and the evidence is preserved accurately.

When obtaining a warrant, it is important to particularly describe the place to be searched and particularly describe the items to be seized. This requirement ensures that the warrant is specific and does not give the authorities unlimited power to search any location or seize any item. By specifically describing the place and items, it provides a clear limit to the search and seizure, protecting individuals' rights and preventing potential abuse of power.

In a sexual harassment case, it is recommended to have two investigators during the preliminary investigations. This is because having two investigators allows for a more objective and unbiased investigation. It also ensures that multiple perspectives are considered and helps to prevent any potential conflicts of interest. Having two investigators can also help to ensure that all aspects of the case are thoroughly examined and that no important details are overlooked.

The daemon service on Linux/Unix based Web servers should be run under a privilege other than root. Running the daemon service as root can pose a security risk as it grants extensive permissions and control over the system. By running the daemon service under a different privilege, the potential damage that can be caused by any vulnerabilities or malicious actions is limited. This helps to ensure the overall security and stability of the server.

The first eight digits of an IMEI number that provide information about the model and origin of the mobile device is known as the Type Allocation Code (TAC). This code indicates the manufacturer, model type, and country of approval for GSM devices.

The target host IP in the given command is 172.16.28.95.

In a computer forensics case involving the use of Microsoft Exchange and Blackberry Enterprise server, the investigator would need to search the Microsoft Exchange server to find email sent from a Blackberry device. The Microsoft Exchange server is responsible for handling and storing email messages, including those sent from Blackberry devices. The Blackberry Enterprise server, on the other hand, is primarily responsible for managing and delivering email to Blackberry devices, rather than storing them. Therefore, the Microsoft Exchange server would be the appropriate place to search for these emails.

Archive.org is a website that can be used to view the website collection of pages that are no longer present on the Internet today but were online a few years back. It is known for its Wayback Machine feature, which allows users to access archived versions of websites from the past. This makes it a valuable resource for researching and retrieving information from websites that may have been taken down or changed over time.

Jim received false negatives from his vulnerability analysis. This means that the analysis incorrectly identified the vulnerabilities as not exploitable when in fact they were exploitable. The second utility, by successfully executing the known exploits, revealed the presence of these vulnerabilities that were missed by the initial analysis.

The jv16 tool is used for registry analysis and monitoring. It allows investigators to analyze and monitor the Windows registry, which is a crucial component of the operating system. By using this tool, investigators can analyze registry entries, track changes made to the registry, and monitor any suspicious activities related to the registry. This helps in identifying and understanding the behavior of malware that may have made changes to the registry, allowing investigators to gather valuable information for further analysis and investigation.

When conducting computer forensic analysis, it is important to guard against scope creep. Scope creep refers to the gradual expansion of the project's goals and deliverables beyond the original scope. By being vigilant and preventing scope creep, you can ensure that you remain focused on the primary job and prevent the level of work from increasing beyond what was originally expected. This helps maintain efficiency and prevents unnecessary delays or distractions.

The command "C:\>wevtutil gl " displays the configuration information of a specific Event Log.

AccessData FTK Imager is the correct answer because it is a tool specifically designed for creating a bit-by-bit image of an evidence media. FTK Imager is widely used in digital forensics to create a forensic image of a storage device, ensuring that every bit of data is copied and preserved for analysis. This tool is trusted by professionals in the field for its reliability and accuracy in creating forensic images.

The correct answer is LPT Methodology. LPT stands for Licensed Penetration Tester, which is a certification offered by EC-Council. The LPT Methodology is a comprehensive and structured approach to conducting penetration testing and security audits. It includes various phases such as reconnaissance, scanning, exploitation, and post-exploitation. This methodology ensures that the testing is conducted in a systematic and controlled manner, allowing for accurate identification of vulnerabilities and potential risks in the company's network.

Steganalysis is the correct answer because it is the process of detecting and analyzing hidden messages within steganography. Steganography is a technique used to hide information within other files or mediums, and steganalysis is the countermeasure to uncover and detect these hidden messages. Encryption, decryption, and cryptanalysis are not specifically designed to beat steganography, but rather to secure and analyze encrypted messages.

Windows computers are constantly talking, meaning that they are more active and generate more network traffic compared to Linux/Unix computers. This makes it easier to detect and scan Windows computers while they are idle. On the other hand, Linux/Unix computers are generally less talkative, making it more difficult to detect their presence and scan them while they are idle. Therefore, Linux/Unix based computers are considered better to use for idle scanning compared to Windows computers.

PDF passwords do not offer maximum protection because they can easily be cracked by software brute force tools. These tools systematically try all possible combinations of characters until the correct password is found. This means that even a strong password can be cracked given enough time. Therefore, relying solely on a PDF password to protect sensitive information is not sufficient and additional security measures should be implemented.

The first step that Paul must take with the PDA to ensure the integrity of the investigation is to photograph and document the peripheral devices. This is important because it allows Paul to create a record of the devices and their connections to the PDA, which can be used as evidence in the investigation. By documenting the peripheral devices, Paul can ensure that any changes or tampering with the devices can be detected and investigated further. This step also helps in maintaining the chain of custody and preserving the integrity of the evidence.

The given command is a SQL injection attack that attempts to delete the entire members table. It uses a combination of a valid SELECT statement to retrieve data and a DROP TABLE statement to delete the table. The WHERE clause specifies a condition that is always false, so the SELECT statement does not retrieve any data. However, the DROP TABLE statement is still executed, resulting in the deletion of the members table.

Keeping the device powered on is the proper procedure when a PDA is seized in an investigation while it is turned on. This is because turning off the device immediately or removing the battery could potentially result in the loss or destruction of valuable evidence. By keeping the device powered on, investigators can preserve the current state of the device and potentially extract important information or data that may be relevant to the investigation. Removing any memory cards immediately may also result in the loss of potential evidence, so it is best to leave them in place until further analysis can be conducted.

Ivanovich should look in the swap space apart from the RAM and virtual memory to extract complete information about running processes. Swap space is a part of the hard disk that is used by the operating system as an extension of the RAM. When the RAM becomes full, the operating system moves some of the inactive data from RAM to the swap space. Therefore, by examining the swap space, Ivanovich can gather additional information about the running processes on the system.

The number 254 in the ICCID 89254021520014515744 represents the country code. ICCID stands for Integrated Circuit Card Identifier, and it is a unique number assigned to SIM cards. The country code is a specific number assigned to each country, and it helps identify the country of origin for the SIM card. In this case, the country code 254 indicates that the SIM card is from Kenya.

Passware Kit Forensic is the correct answer because it is an application password cracking tool that can discover all password-protected items on a computer and decrypt them. This tool is specifically designed for forensic professionals and can be used to recover passwords for various types of files, including encrypted archives, databases, and email accounts. It utilizes advanced algorithms and techniques to crack passwords and provides a comprehensive solution for password recovery.

The feature of Decryption Collection that allows an investigator to crack a password as quickly as possible is the ability to distribute processing over 16 or fewer computers. By distributing the processing power across multiple computers, the workload is divided, allowing for faster password cracking. This feature takes advantage of parallel processing, which can significantly speed up the decryption process compared to using a single computer.

When a partition size is set to 4 GB and each cluster size is 32 K, it means that each cluster will occupy 32 K of space. So, if a file only needs 10 K of space, the entire 32 K cluster will be allocated to it, resulting in 22 K of unused space within that cluster. This unused space is known as slack space.

Examination of a computer by a technically unauthorized person will almost always result in rendering any evidence found inadmissible in a court of law. This is because unauthorized access to a computer and its data violates the rules of evidence and can be considered an illegal search. In order for evidence to be admissible in court, it must be obtained legally and follow proper procedures, including being examined by authorized individuals. Therefore, any evidence found by an unauthorized person would likely be excluded from being presented in court.

Artifact wiping is a technique that permanently deletes files by overwriting them with random data multiple times. This ensures that the original data cannot be recovered through any means. Steganography, data hiding, and trail obfuscation are techniques used for hiding or obfuscating data, but they do not permanently delete files.

A vector image is made up of mathematical formulas that define the shapes and colors of the image. When a vector image is enlarged, it does not lose any quality because the mathematical formulas can be recalculated to fit the new size. This is different from a raster image, which is made up of pixels and can lose quality when enlarged. Therefore, since the picture quality is not degraded when enlarged, it suggests that the file is a vector image.

Passwords of 14 characters or less are broken up into two 7-character hashes. This means that even though the passwords are 14 characters long, they are actually stored as two separate 7-character hashes in the SAM database. The password-cracking tool is able to break these hashes much faster than if the passwords were stored as a single hash. Therefore, the passwords were cracked quickly because the tool was able to break the shorter hashes within a short amount of time.

A nibble is a unit of digital information that consists of 4 bits. Since a byte is equal to 8 bits, a nibble is half the size of a byte. Therefore, the size value of a nibble is 0.5 byte.

EMF stands for Enhanced Metafile, which is a file format commonly used for printing under a Windows computer. It contains a collection of records that describe graphical objects, such as lines, curves, and fonts. These records can be interpreted by the printer to accurately reproduce the image on paper. Therefore, in order to print under a Windows computer, the file type that needs to be created is EMF.

The correct answer suggests that dealing with webmail can be challenging because there is usually no offline archive available. Therefore, it advises consulting with a legal counsel to determine the best approach for accessing the required data on servers. This answer acknowledges the limitations of webmail in terms of archiving and emphasizes the importance of seeking professional guidance in such situations.

When files are stored in the Recycle Bin in its physical location, they are renamed as Dxy.ext, where "x" represents the drive name. This means that the original drive name is used as a placeholder in the new file name.

Regshot is a tool that can help the investigator examine changes made to the system's registry by the suspect program. It takes snapshots of the registry before and after the program is executed and then compares the two snapshots to identify any changes. This allows the investigator to analyze and understand the modifications made by the program, which can be crucial in determining its behavior and potential impact on the system.

The "Geek_Squad" part in the device descriptor represents the product description. This part of the descriptor provides information about the specific product or model of the thumb drive, in this case, the thumb drive is associated with the Geek Squad brand.

In Microsoft file structures, sectors are grouped together to form clusters. Clusters are the basic units of allocation for files on a disk. They are made up of one or more sectors and are used to efficiently store and retrieve data. By grouping sectors together into clusters, it allows for more efficient disk utilization and reduces the overhead of managing individual sectors.

Before an attorney calls someone to testify as an expert, they must first qualify that person as an expert witness. This involves establishing the person's credentials, expertise, and experience in the relevant field. The attorney needs to demonstrate to the court that the witness has the necessary knowledge and qualifications to provide expert opinions and testimony. This is an important step to ensure that the witness's testimony is given proper weight and credibility by the court.

The presence of the files ZerO.tar.gz and copy.tar.gz on a Linux system does not provide enough information to draw any conclusions. These files could be operational files used by the system, and their presence alone does not indicate any suspicious activity or compromise. Further investigation and analysis would be necessary to determine their purpose and if they pose any security risks.

Adam is investigating an attack on the Microsoft Exchange Server and has already examined the PRIV.EDB file to gather information. The PRIV.EDB file revealed the source of the email and the name of the file that disappeared upon execution. Now, Adam wants to examine the MIME stream content, which is stored in the PRIV.STM file. Therefore, he will examine the PRIV.STM file to further investigate the attack.

The correct answer is "Net file" because this command displays the names of all open shared files on a server and also provides information about the number of file locks on each file. This command is useful for monitoring file sharing and identifying any potential issues or conflicts with file access.

In IDLE scanning, the attacker's computer sends a series of SYN packets to the zombie computer on an open port. If the IPID of the attacker's computer is 31400, the zombie computer will respond with a SYN/ACK packet and increment the IPID by 1. Therefore, the response from the zombie computer will have an IPID of 31401.

The correct answer is "Turn on the computer and extract Windows event viewer log files." This statement is incorrect when preserving digital evidence because turning on the computer and extracting log files can potentially alter or overwrite the existing evidence. It is important to preserve the original state of the computer and its files to maintain the integrity of the evidence.

John should write in the guidelines to use a cross-cut shredder when destroying documents. A cross-cut shredder cuts the paper into small, confetti-like pieces, making it more difficult for anyone to piece the shredded documents back together. This ensures that sensitive information is properly destroyed and reduces the risk of unauthorized access to confidential data.

The attorney-work-product rule prevents discussing the case with the CEO. This rule protects the confidentiality of information and communications between an attorney and their client. It ensures that the attorney's work and strategy remain confidential in order to promote effective legal representation. Therefore, discussing the case with the CEO would violate this rule and compromise the integrity of the investigation.

Snort is a network intrusion detection and prevention system. It is an open-source tool that monitors network traffic and analyzes it for suspicious activity or potential security threats. Snort can detect and prevent various types of attacks, such as port scans, malware infections, and denial-of-service attacks. It uses a combination of signature-based and anomaly-based detection methods to identify and respond to potential intrusions in real-time. Snort is widely used by network administrators and security professionals to enhance the security of their networks.

Jessica is going to perform an ICMP ping sweep. This involves sending ICMP ECHO Requests to all the IP addresses in her network to detect live hosts. The purpose of this scan is to quickly identify which hosts are active and responsive. Tracert, Smurf scan, and Ping trace are not relevant to this scenario.

In a criminal case, the evidence must be secured more tightly compared to a civil case. This is because the outcome of a criminal case can result in the loss of liberty for the accused, making it crucial to ensure that the evidence is handled and preserved properly to maintain its integrity. On the other hand, in a civil case, the consequences are typically limited to financial compensation or other non-criminal penalties, so the procedures for handling evidence may not be as strict.

In a Linux system, the location of the binary files required for the functioning of the OS is typically found in the /bin directory. This directory contains essential executable files that are necessary for the system to boot and perform basic operations. These binaries include essential system utilities and commands that are accessible to all users of the system.

When setting up a wireless network with multiple access points, it is important to set each access point on a different channel to avoid cross talk. Cross talk occurs when multiple access points on the same channel interfere with each other's signals, leading to decreased performance and potential connectivity issues. By assigning different channels to each access point, the risk of cross talk is minimized, allowing for better signal quality and overall network performance.

Cocoa Touch is the framework used for application development for iOS-based mobile devices. It provides a set of tools and libraries that allow developers to create user interfaces, handle user input, access device hardware, and perform other essential tasks for iOS applications. Cocoa Touch is specifically designed for developing applications for iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch devices, making it the correct answer for this question.

Madison's lawyer is trying to prove that the police violated the 4th Amendment. The 4th Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, and requires that law enforcement have a warrant or probable cause before conducting a search. The lawyer is arguing that the seizure of Madison's computer equipment was unfounded and baseless, meaning that the police did not have proper justification or legal authority to seize her belongings.

Netstat is a command line tool used to determine active network connections. It displays information about active network connections, listening ports, routing tables, and other network statistics. It provides useful information for troubleshooting network issues and monitoring network activity.

The Silver-Platter Doctrine refers to handing over the results of private investigations to the authorities because of indications of criminal activity. This doctrine allows private investigators to provide evidence to law enforcement agencies without violating the Fourth Amendment rights of the individuals involved. It originated from a Supreme Court case in 1960 and has since been used as a legal framework for cooperation between private investigators and law enforcement agencies.

Firewalk sets all packets with a TTL of one. This means that the packets sent by Firewalk have a Time-to-Live (TTL) value of one, which causes them to expire immediately after being sent. As a result, these packets do not reach the subnet where the sniffer is located, and therefore, they do not appear in the sniffer log files.

The capacity of the described hard drive can be calculated by multiplying the number of cylinders, heads, and sectors per track, and then multiplying it by the sector size (512 bytes).

Capacity = (Number of cylinders) x (Number of heads) x (Number of sectors per track) x (Sector size)

Capacity = 22,164 x 80 x 63 x 512 bytes

Converting bytes to gigabytes:

Capacity = (22,164 x 80 x 63 x 512) / (1024^3)

Capacity ≈ 53.26 GB

The incident team went wrong by tampering with the evidence by using it. Running the unknown zip disk on an isolated system caused the accidental erasure of the system disk, which can be considered tampering with the evidence. This action compromised the integrity of the evidence and could potentially hinder the investigation process.

From the DHCP logs, the MAC address of the attacker can be obtained. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is responsible for assigning IP addresses to devices on a network. When a device connects to a network, it sends a DHCP request, and the DHCP server responds with an IP address. The DHCP logs record these transactions, including the MAC address of the device making the request. Therefore, by analyzing the DHCP logs, the MAC address of the attacker can be identified.

When using Windows acquisition tools to acquire digital evidence, it is important to use a well-tested hardware write-blocking device to prevent contamination to the evidence drive. This is crucial because write-blocking devices ensure that no data can be written to the evidence drive during the acquisition process, guaranteeing the integrity and authenticity of the collected evidence. By using a write-blocking device, any accidental or intentional modifications to the evidence drive are prevented, preserving the evidentiary value of the acquired data.

It is important to scan the forensics workstation before beginning an investigation to ensure that it is free from any malware or viruses that could potentially compromise the integrity of the investigation. Running a scan on the suspect hard drive before starting the investigation may also be necessary, but it is not mentioned in the answer options. Scanning the forensics workstation at intervals of no more than once every five minutes during an investigation is not necessary and could potentially disrupt the investigation process.

The superblock is a record of the characteristics of a file system, including its size, the block size, the empty and filled blocks and their respective counts, the size and location of the inode tables, the disk block map and usage information, and the size of the block groups. It contains essential information about the file system and is usually located at the beginning of the disk partition. The superblock is crucial for the proper functioning and management of the file system.

NTP (Network Time Protocol) is a protocol used to synchronize the clocks of network devices. It allows devices to accurately maintain the same time by receiving time updates from a reliable time source. NTP ensures that all devices in a network are synchronized, which is crucial when analyzing logs as it helps in correlating events accurately. UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) is a time standard, PTP (Precision Time Protocol) is another protocol used for clock synchronization, and Time Protocol is an outdated protocol not commonly used for clock synchronization.

The default location for Apache access logs on a Linux computer is in the "usr/local/apache/logs" directory.

Richard is using the command doskey/history to extract previously typed commands from the system. This command allows him to view a history of the commands that have been entered into the system, which can be useful for troubleshooting or repeating past actions. It does not extract events history, history of the browser, or passwords used across the system.

A man trap is a good security method to prevent unauthorized users from "tailgating" because it is a physical access control system that consists of two interlocking doors. Only one door can be open at a time, ensuring that only one person can enter or exit the restricted area at a time. This prevents unauthorized individuals from following closely behind an authorized person to gain access without proper authorization.

Office Documents contain a code called a Globally unique ID that allows tracking the MAC or unique identifier of the machine that created the document. This code serves as a unique identifier for the document and helps in tracking its origin.

When using an iPod with a Windows host computer, the file system that will be used is FAT32. This is because FAT32 is compatible with both Windows and iPod devices, allowing for easy transfer and compatibility of files between the two.

NTFS is the correct answer because it uses a SBitMap file to keep track of all used and unused clusters on a volume. The SBitMap file contains a bit for each cluster on the volume, where a value of 1 indicates that the cluster is in use and a value of 0 indicates that the cluster is free. This allows the file system to efficiently manage and allocate space on the volume. FAT, EXT, and FAT32 do not use a SBitMap file for this purpose.

The part of the log, "% SEC-6-IPACCESSLOGP", extracted from a Cisco router represents that a packet matching the log criteria for the given access list has been detected (TCP or UDP). This log entry indicates that the router has identified a packet that meets the conditions specified in the access list and has logged this event for further analysis or monitoring purposes.

JPEGs use the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) technique for compression. DCT is a mathematical algorithm that converts spatial data into frequency data by decomposing an image into a set of cosine functions of different frequencies. This allows for the removal of high-frequency components that are less noticeable to the human eye, resulting in a smaller file size without significant loss of image quality.

NAT (Network Address Translation) and IPSEC (Internet Protocol Security) are two different technologies that serve different purposes. NAT is used to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses, allowing multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address. IPSEC, on the other hand, is a protocol suite that provides secure communication over an IP network. In this scenario, it is likely that the implementation of NAT and IPSEC is conflicting, causing the hosts on Carol's network to be unable to reach the Internet.

The stage of the incident handling process that involves reporting events is the "Identification" stage. This is the initial step where the incident is detected and recognized as an actual security event. Reporting events involves documenting and notifying the appropriate individuals or teams about the incident, providing them with the necessary information to begin the incident response process.

The code 89 44 represents the Industry Identifier and Country code. The Industry Identifier is a number that identifies the industry or type of organization that issued the SIM card. The Country code represents the country where the SIM card was issued. Therefore, the code 89 44 indicates that the SIM card was issued by an organization in a specific industry and in a particular country.

When a router receives an update for its routing table, the metric value for that path is increased by 1.

During computer forensics investigations, it is a standard procedure to check the date and time in the system's CMOS with the hard drive removed from the suspect PC. This is because the CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) stores the system's BIOS settings, including the date and time. By examining this information, investigators can establish a timeline of events and ensure the accuracy of timestamps associated with potential evidence. Checking the date and time in the File Allocation Table, system's RAM, or with the hard drive in the suspect PC may not provide accurate or reliable information for forensic analysis.

In the standard Linux second extended file system (Ext2fs), a file is deleted when the inode internal link count reaches 0. The inode internal link count represents the number of hard links pointing to a particular file. When the link count reaches 0, it means that there are no more hard links pointing to the file, indicating that the file is no longer in use and can be safely deleted.

Cain & Abel is a password recovery tool that can help the forensic examiner in solving the issue of a password-protected file. This tool is specifically designed for recovering various types of passwords, including network passwords and password-protected files. It uses different methods such as brute-force attacks and dictionary attacks to crack the password. By using Cain & Abel, the forensic examiner can increase the chances of successfully unlocking the suspect file and gaining access to its contents for further investigation.

Sparse or Logical Acquisition is recommended to retrieve only the data relevant to the investigation. This method allows the investigator to select and acquire specific files or folders from the RAID storage, rather than acquiring the entire disk or volume. It helps to minimize the amount of data that needs to be processed and analyzed, saving time and resources.

The system stores the Microsoft security IDs in the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM) registry. This registry hive contains configuration information for the entire system, including hardware settings, software settings, and security information. Storing the security IDs in this registry allows the system to access and manage them efficiently.

A tester should choose a virtual system with network simulation for internet connection to analyze malware behavior. This setup allows the tester to safely analyze the malware without risking infection or compromising the security of their own system. The virtual system provides an isolated environment for testing, while the network simulation allows the tester to observe the malware's behavior in a controlled environment.

While watching traffic to and from the router, you are monitoring at the Network layer of the OSI model. The Network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data packets between different networks. By monitoring at this layer, you can analyze the network addresses, routing protocols, and other network-related information to gather evidence for the investigation of the alleged network intrusion.

Harold should navigate to the %systemroot%\repair directory on the computer to find the backup SAM files.