Introduction To Research - Test 1

1. Reliability of a screening test means getting the correct results while validity of the screening test means getting the same results every time.

True

False

Validity of a screening test means getting the correct results while reliability of the screening test means getting the same results every time.

Explanation

Validity of a screening test means getting the correct results while reliability of the screening test means getting the same results every time.

2. Descriptive statistics is the reaching of decisions about a large body of data by examining only a small part of the data.

True

False

This the definition of inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics only organizes and summerizes data.

Explanation

This the definition of inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics only organizes and summerizes data.

3. Parameter and statistic are types of:

Statistical measures

Data collection techniques

Statistical methods

Sampling methods

Parameter and statistic are types of statistical measures. In statistics, a parameter is a numerical value that describes a population, while a statistic is a numerical value that describes a sample. Both parameters and statistics are used to summarize and analyze data in order to make inferences about a population. They are important tools in statistical analysis and help researchers draw conclusions and make predictions based on data collected.

Explanation

Parameter and statistic are types of statistical measures. In statistics, a parameter is a numerical value that describes a population, while a statistic is a numerical value that describes a sample. Both parameters and statistics are used to summarize and analyze data in order to make inferences about a population. They are important tools in statistical analysis and help researchers draw conclusions and make predictions based on data collected.

4. Which of the following statements about probabilistic sampling is not correct?

Multistage sampling has a low cost.

Systemic random sampling are easy to verify.

Stratified sampling divides the population into 2 or more differnt groups.

Multistage sampling is effective.

Multistage sampling does not necessarily have a low cost. In fact, it can sometimes be more expensive than other sampling methods due to the need to sample at multiple stages or levels. The cost of multistage sampling can depend on factors such as the number of stages, the size of each stage, and the complexity of the sampling design. Therefore, the statement that multistage sampling has a low cost is not correct.

Explanation

Multistage sampling does not necessarily have a low cost. In fact, it can sometimes be more expensive than other sampling methods due to the need to sample at multiple stages or levels. The cost of multistage sampling can depend on factors such as the number of stages, the size of each stage, and the complexity of the sampling design. Therefore, the statement that multistage sampling has a low cost is not correct.

5. Sensitivity and specificity have an inverse relationship.

True

False

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to evaluate the performance of a diagnostic test. Sensitivity measures the proportion of true positives correctly identified by the test, while specificity measures the proportion of true negatives correctly identified by the test. These two measures have an inverse relationship because as sensitivity increases, specificity tends to decrease, and vice versa. This is because there is often a trade-off between correctly identifying true positives and true negatives. Therefore, it is true that sensitivity and specificity have an inverse relationship.

Explanation

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to evaluate the performance of a diagnostic test. Sensitivity measures the proportion of true positives correctly identified by the test, while specificity measures the proportion of true negatives correctly identified by the test. These two measures have an inverse relationship because as sensitivity increases, specificity tends to decrease, and vice versa. This is because there is often a trade-off between correctly identifying true positives and true negatives. Therefore, it is true that sensitivity and specificity have an inverse relationship.

6. Ethical issues regarding confidality may arise in which of the following data collection methods?

Observing

Interviewing

Focus Group Discussions

Adminstering written questionnaires

Ethical issues regarding confidentiality may arise in the method of observing. When researchers observe individuals or groups without their knowledge or consent, it can infringe upon their privacy and confidentiality. Observing people without their permission can lead to the disclosure of sensitive information or behaviors that they may not want to be made public. Therefore, it is important for researchers to obtain informed consent and ensure that the privacy and confidentiality of the participants are protected when using the method of observation.

Explanation

Ethical issues regarding confidentiality may arise in the method of observing. When researchers observe individuals or groups without their knowledge or consent, it can infringe upon their privacy and confidentiality. Observing people without their permission can lead to the disclosure of sensitive information or behaviors that they may not want to be made public. Therefore, it is important for researchers to obtain informed consent and ensure that the privacy and confidentiality of the participants are protected when using the method of observation.

7. All kinds of measurements are observations.

True

False

This statement is true because measurements involve the process of observing and quantifying a physical quantity or attribute. Whether it is measuring the length of an object, the temperature of a room, or the weight of an item, all measurements require observation. Thus, it can be concluded that all kinds of measurements are observations.

Explanation

This statement is true because measurements involve the process of observing and quantifying a physical quantity or attribute. Whether it is measuring the length of an object, the temperature of a room, or the weight of an item, all measurements require observation. Thus, it can be concluded that all kinds of measurements are observations.

8. Amniocentesis is a screening test for NTD. Based on the following table, what is the probability of the test to be positive if the patient has the disese?

	NTD positive	NTD negative
Positive Amniocentesis	400	60
Negative Amniocentesis	400	140

1/2

3/10

20/27

20/23

Find the positive predictive value (PPV)

Explanation

Find the positive predictive value (PPV)

9. The fasting plasma glucose test is used in screening for DM. Based on the results below, what is the probability of the test to give a positive result if the person doesn't have the disease?

	Positive test	Negative Test
DM positive	50	30
DM negative	40	20

2/3

5/8

3/8

5/9

Find the probability of the false positive test results.

Explanation

Find the probability of the false positive test results.

10. In a population, a screening test for corona was done. If the sensitivity of the test was 90% and the specificity was 95% and the positive predictive value (PPV) was 9%. What is the prevalence of corona?

0.0054 (0.54%)

0.0053 (0.53%)

0.0055 (0.55%)

0.0052 (0.55%)

Use Bayes' rule, and solve for P(D)

Explanation

Use Bayes' rule, and solve for P(D)