History Of Graphic Design Test 6

The passage mentions that an American, who studied at the Ulm Institute of Design and Basel School of Design, taught courses at Yale University and the Philadelphia College of Art. The correct answer is Dan Friedman because he is the only American mentioned in the passage who fits this description.

The correct answer is Michael Graves. The passage describes the architect as using an energetic, high-spirited geometry of decorative surfaces and tactile repetitive patterns, which aligns with Michael Graves' architectural style. The poster mentioned in the passage, which features a background pattern of repetitive dots produced by the letters of the architect's name, is a visual representation of Michael Graves' design approach.

Susan Kare is the correct answer because she is known for her work in the Apple Computer design department where she designed early bit-mapped fonts. Her designs, such as the Chicago font and the Happy Mac icon, became iconic and were widely used in Apple's products. She played a significant role in shaping the visual identity of Apple's software during its early years.

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The given text describes a feature where text on a computer screen contains pointers to other text, allowing non-linear access to information by clicking on keywords or icons. This feature is commonly known as hypertext, which enables users to navigate through interconnected information in a non-sequential manner. Hypermedia refers to a similar concept but includes other media elements like images and videos. Multiple-master typefaces, on the other hand, are a different concept unrelated to the given description. Therefore, the correct answer is hypertext.

Siegfried Odermatt and Rosmarie Tissi sought logical and effective solutions to design problems through a playful sense of form, the unexpected manipulation of space, and designs with strong graphic impact. They achieved typographic vitality by overlapping and combining letterforms in the presentation folder for the printing firm Anton Schöb. Placing typography on geometric shapes whose configuration was generated by the line lengths of the text itself was a technique they frequently used during the 1980s.

The correct answer is Wired. The question states that John Plunkett and Barbara Kuhr wanted to create a magazine that would have a similar impact on the information superhighway as Rolling Stone did for rock-and-roll. Wired magazine is known for its coverage of technology, the internet, and digital culture, making it a fitting answer to the question.

In 1976, Richard Saul Wurman introduced the term "information architecture" and predicted that it would become a new profession. This term refers to the process of analyzing complex information and organizing it in a way that makes it understandable and accessible to audiences. Over time, "information architecture" has become widely used to describe the practice of structuring and ordering information, allowing people to easily grasp its main points and meaning.

Multiple-master typefaces are a set of master designs that can be combined to generate a wide range of fonts with different weights, widths, styles, and optical sizes. This allows for a greater flexibility in typography, as designers can adjust these parameters to suit their specific needs. With multiple-master typefaces, designers have more control over the appearance of their text and can create a cohesive visual identity across different media.

April Greiman is the correct answer because she is the graphic designer who created the 1987 issue of Design Quarterly magazine for the Walker Art Center. She used a Macintosh computer to create a 12-by-6-foot single-sheet digital collage by capturing images from video and digitizing them. Greiman also expressed the importance of using these tools to go beyond imitating what is already known and to instead focus on ideas and innovation in communication.

Edward Fella's experimental work in typography and lettering challenged traditional design conventions and had a significant influence on a generation of designers. He explored various techniques and aesthetics, including found typography, brush writing, rubdown letters, and stencils. Fella's work often incorporated invented letterforms, irregular spatial intervals, eccentric characters, and vernacular imagery. Despite his influence on computer graphics, Fella preferred hand processes and rarely used computers.

The correct answer is "spatial zoom". This feature allows the viewer to acquire closer or more detailed data by clicking on a word to see its definition or by focusing in on a detail of a map or diagram. This enhances the viewer's understanding of the information by providing them with a closer look at specific elements.

Total Design is the correct answer because the given explanation mentions a group of designers who aimed to achieve unity of thought in various design fields. This aligns with the concept of Total Design, which was a comprehensive design firm that worked on projects such as visual-identity programs, book design, signage, and environments. The other options, Hard Werken, Wild Plakken, and PTT, are not mentioned in the explanation and therefore can be ruled out as the correct answer.

In the given passage, it is mentioned that the term "postmodernism" became overused and vague in the last quarter of the twentieth century. As a result, alternative terms for late twentieth-century design were proffered, and one of these alternative terms is "mannerism". Therefore, "mannerism" is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "new-wave typography". This movement was characterized by practitioners and teachers who were trained in the International Typographic Style but wanted to reinvent typographic design. New-wave typography was a departure from the clean and minimalist style of the International Typographic Style, embracing more experimental and expressive approaches to typography. The Memphis movement and retro are not directly related to this typographic revolt.

Matthew Carter is the correct answer because the passage mentions that the typeface Walker, designed for the Walker Art Center, provides an example of expanding typographic possibilities. Matthew Carter is a renowned typeface designer who has created numerous typefaces, including the widely used fonts Verdana and Georgia. Therefore, it is likely that he is the designer of the Walker typeface mentioned in the passage.

The traditional Japanese family symbol or crest, called the "mon", was an important inspiration for the Japanese graphic designer. These simplified designs of flowers, birds, animals, plants, and household objects contained in a circle were applied to belongings and clothing and have been in use for thousands of years in Japan. The "mon" symbolizes the family's identity and is a significant part of Japanese culture and heritage.

Ikko Tanaka's work is characterized by the use of planes and shapes, which are the nucleus of his artistic style. His work is heavily influenced by traditional Japanese motifs and incorporates grid structures and vibrant planes of color. In the given examples, the 1974 poster for Senei Ikenobo's flower arrangements showcases the rhythmic sequence of blue and blue-green bands creating mountains and waves, while the 1981 Nihon Buyo poster for the Asian Performing Arts Institute uses planes of color on a twelve-unit grid to define an abstracted and expressive portrait. Therefore, the correct answer is Ikko Tanaka.

In the given passage, it is mentioned that Takanobu Igarashi's experiments with something drawn on isometric grids were attracting clients and international recognition. The only option that fits this description is "alphabets" as they can be drawn on isometric grids. Therefore, the correct answer is alphabets.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the Provo youth movement in the Netherlands emphasized individual freedom and rejected social conformity. This movement had a significant impact on Dutch graphic design, leading to a new expressionism. Late twentieth-century designers like Anthon Beeke, along with groups like Studio Dumbar, Hard Werken, and Wild Plakken, embraced this new approach. They pushed beyond traditional values of harmony, unity, and order in their designs, seeking individual meaning and subjective expression. Anthon Beeke was one of these designers who embraced this new wave of Dutch graphic design.

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The correct answer is Herbert Matter because the question asks for the designer of the famous 1930s Swiss travel poster that is parodied in Paula Scher's 1985 retro-style poster for Swatch. Therefore, the correct answer is Herbert Matter, as he is the designer of the original travel poster.

During the 1960s, there was a global shift towards embracing the fine arts, performing arts, and design. The rapid growth of electronic and computer technology in the 1980s and 1990s further changed the design processes and appearance. This led to a diverse and pluralistic era for graphic design, where a vast global dialogue coexisted with national visions. Pentagram, a design partnership formed in London in 1962, made significant contributions to international design. Their approach to graphic design involved thoroughly evaluating the communication problem and environmental conditions, combining it with British wit and a willingness to try the unexpected.

The correct answer is "zine". A zine is a self-published personal magazine that is created using desktop-publishing software and inexpensive printing or copier reproduction. Zines are often produced by individuals or small groups and cover a wide range of topics, including art, music, literature, and politics. They are known for their DIY (do-it-yourself) aesthetic and are typically distributed through independent channels such as zine fairs, bookstores, or online platforms.

Pieter Brattinga is the correct answer because the passage mentions that he curated small exhibitions and designed posters for these exhibitions, which were constructed on a grid of fifteen squares. The passage also mentions that he edited a square-format journal called Kwadraatblad and designed posters and publications for the Kröller-Müller Museum. This information aligns with the given answer choice, Pieter Brattinga.

El Lissitzky is the correct answer because the passage states that April Greiman achieved a sense of depth in her typographic pages using techniques such as overlapping form, diagonal lines, floating forms, and gestured strokes. These techniques are similar to the principles defined by El Lissitzky in his PROUN paintings, which he did not apply to his typographic designs. Therefore, El Lissitzky is the most appropriate choice.

During the 1960s, when phototype became a prevalent means of typesetting, it took a team of skilled specialists to create and print graphic communications. Phototype refers to the process of typesetting using photographic techniques, where text and display typesetting equipment were operated by typesetters. This process involved creating page layouts by graphic designers, pasting all elements into position on boards by production artists, making photographic negatives by camera operators, assembling these negatives by strippers, preparing printing plates by plate makers, and running the printing presses by press operators.

Shigeo Fukuda is known for his unexpected violations of spatial logic and universal order in his designs. His work is characterized by playfulness, humor, and intentional ambiguity. In the given examples of his work, his poster "Victory 1945" symbolizes the folly of war by depicting a shell turning back towards a gun. This design showcases his ability to convey complex ideas through simple and visually striking imagery. The mention of an optical illusion in his exhibition poster for the Keio Department Store further aligns with Fukuda's style, making him the most fitting answer.

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In the 1990s, digital technology allowed one person operating a desktop computer to control various functions, including printing. New photooptical printing machines utilized computer-controlled lasers to photosensitize printing drums, making it possible to produce short-run and even individualized full-color press sheets. Therefore, the correct answer is "digital."

Louise Fili is the correct answer because the passage mentions that the person finds inspiration in the vernacular graphics of France and Italy, which they collect during summer vacations in Europe. Louise Fili is known for her work in book jacket design and her use of vernacular graphics and typefaces in her designs. Therefore, it can be inferred that Louise Fili's work aligns with the description given in the passage.

The correct answer is "Branching structures organized like a family tree allowing the user to select options that lead down the various branches." This answer accurately describes hierarchies as a system of organizing information where options are presented in a branching structure, similar to a family tree. Each option leads to further options, allowing the user to navigate through the hierarchy and access specific information based on their choices. This type of organization helps guide the viewer through interconnected information in a structured and organized manner.

The correct answer is "Organizes data on a grid of interconnected pathways that intersect at appropriate tangential points." This explanation suggests that the given answer describes a method of organizing data in a network or system. The data is arranged in a grid-like structure, with pathways connecting different points. These pathways intersect at specific points, which are relevant or related to the data being organized. This approach allows for efficient navigation and exploration of the interconnected information.

Clement Mok is the correct answer because he is described as an Apple Computer creative director who left the company to open a design studio in 1987, which was renamed Studio Archetype in 1996. He is also described as an early advocate of the graphic designer's role in the rapidly changing world of interactive media, believing that design should be an integral part of an organization's overall vision and strategy. Additionally, it is mentioned that he designed the initial website for the Discovery Channel, which became a paradigm of web design.

Erik Spiekermann headed MetaDesign, an information graphics firm with offices in Berlin, London, and San Francisco. He also designed the Meta type family and founded the FontShop digital type foundry. This information aligns with the details provided in the passage.

The postwar years in the Netherlands were characterized by the rebuilding of the economy and the restoration of prewar cultural and social life. As Dutch design evolved during this time, two strong currents became evident: pragmatic constructivism and a vigorous expressionism with jolting images and spontaneous spatial syntax. This duality reflects the Dutch people's nature of being thrifty, orderly, and structured, while also being broad-minded and tolerant of diverse ideas. The combination of these two currents in Dutch design showcases a balance between practicality and artistic expression.

Willi Kunz accepted a one-year appointment to teach typography at the Basel School of Design while Wolfgang Weingart was on sabbatical. Inspired by Weingart's research and his students, Kunz used the type shop at his disposal to create a series of typographic interpretations of writings by Marshall McLuhan. These interpretations, titled "12 Typographical Interpretations," were hand-printed and published. Kunz employed various techniques such as contrasting type weights, geometric forms, unorthodox spacing, and visual punctuation to visualize and intensify McLuhan's thoughts on communications and printing.

Carol Twombly is mentioned as the staff typeface designer at Adobe who created original designs and respected digital adaptations of classical typefaces. The question asks for the person who created these designs, and the correct answer is Carol Twombly.

Wolfgang Weingart and other pioneers strongly rejected the notion of style and saw their work as an attempt to expand the parameters of typographic communication. However, their work was widely imitated, especially in design education, leading to a prevailing typographic approach in the late 1970s and 1980s. Weingart's specific design ideas, such as letter-spacing, sans-serif type, bold stair-step rules, and diagonal type, were explored by him and his students in the late 1960s and early 1970s and adopted a decade later. This widespread adoption of Weingart's ideas and techniques explains why he is considered a pioneer in typography.

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Robert Slimbach is the type designer who designed the typeface "Minion".

Anthon Beeke is the correct answer because the passage describes a graphic designer and photographer who sought unconventional solutions and created works with jolting ambiguities and erotic overtones. This aligns with Beeke's style, as he was known for pushing boundaries and creating provocative designs. Additionally, the passage mentions his unrestrained typographic oeuvre, which further supports the identification of Anthon Beeke as the correct answer.

Hard Werken is the correct answer because the description provided matches the characteristics of this informal association. Hard Werken was a group of artists and designers who embraced the contemporary art scene and rejected design refinement. They had a relaxed, anything-goes attitude and rejected all styles and theories in favor of subjective interpretation. They were open to any typographic or image possibility and emphasized the message and materials used to convey it.

Neville Brody is the correct answer because the passage mentions that the designer wondered about taking a painterly approach within the print medium, which aligns with Brody's experimental and innovative style. Additionally, the passage describes his typographic configurations as projecting an emblematic authority, which is characteristic of Brody's work that often incorporates bold and impactful designs.

Paul Brainerd is the correct answer because he is the founder of Aldus, a company that developed PageMaker software for the Macintosh. This software was specifically designed to help newspapers produce advertisements more efficiently.

The correct answer is a sequence of screens, much like the pages of a book or images in a slide show, which can be called up on the screen one after another. This answer accurately describes a linear series, where each screen or page follows the previous one in a specific order. It implies that the information is presented in a sequential manner, similar to flipping through the pages of a book or going through a slideshow.

Wolfgang Weingart consciously sought to bring a fresh perspective to typography by questioning the established rules and appearances that were becoming rigid in the hands of Swiss design followers. In the 1970s, he experimented with offset printing and film systems, using the printer's camera to alter images and exploring the unique properties of film. He also moved away from purely typographic form and embraced collage as a medium for visual communication. This is evident in the 1974 announcement from Typographische Monatsblätter magazine, showcasing his innovative approach.

The correct answer is the Internet. The passage describes the origins of a vast network of linked computers that was established by scientists at DARPA in the late 1960s. This network, known as the ARPAnet, allowed for the transfer of data between research sites. This development led to a significant advancement in computer communications, which eventually evolved into the Internet as we know it today.

Jessica Helfand designed the initial website for the Discovery Channel, which showcased the potential of graphic designers in creating identity, aiding navigation, and adding visual interest to websites. This website became a paradigm of web design and demonstrated the importance of design in the rapidly evolving world of interactive media. Helfand's work highlighted the idea that design should be an integral part of an organization's overall vision and strategy, rather than just an isolated entity added onto a product or service.

The correct answer is "Modified versions of the same document." This answer is supported by the other options provided in the question. The other options describe different types of information organization or presentation methods, such as parallel texts, networks, different views, sequences of screens, closer data acquisition, grid organization, and branching structures. However, only the option "Modified versions of the same document" refers to the concept of making changes or alterations to a single document.

The term "vernacular" design refers to artistic and technical expression that is broadly characteristic of a locale or historical period. This type of design reflects the local culture, traditions, and aesthetics, capturing the essence of a specific time and place. It often incorporates elements and motifs that are unique to a particular region or era, creating a sense of authenticity and identity.

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