.
Atrial depolarization
Atrial re-polarization
Ventricular depolarization
Ventricular re-polarization
Expand the thoracic cage during diastole
Pump blood with great pressure
Pump blood through a smaller valve
Accommodate a great volume of blood
A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction
Stoke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases.
If a semilunar value were partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased.
Decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume
Both the aorta and pulmonary track
Pulmonary veins only
Aorta only
Pulmonary arteries only
Has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
Lacks striations
Has more nuclei per cell
Cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells
A decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production
An inadequate supply of lactic acid
Decreased delivery of oxygen
A lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways
Venae cavae
Trabecular carneae
Pectinate muscles
Papillary muscles
Locating the apex
Finding the papillary muscles
Tracing out where the auricles connect
Noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
Coronary veins
Coronary sinus
Fossa ovalis
Coronary arteries
A rise in blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
No change in blood pressure but a slower heart rate
No change in blood pressure but a change in respiration
AV valves
SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricular filling
Expands the thoracic cage
Pumps blood against a greater resistance
Sends blood through a smaller valve
Pumps a greater volume of blood
Ischemia
Myocardial infarct
Angina pectoris
Pericarditis
Morning
Noontime
Evening
During sleep
Aortic and pulmonary valves control the flow of blood into the heart
The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle
The mitral valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur
Atherosclerosis
Decline in cardiac reserve
Fibrosis of cardiac muscle
Thinning of the valve flaps
The atria remain in diastole.
It is represented by the P wave on the ECG
Blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles
Pressure in the heart is at its peak
Aorta
Venae cavae
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action
It would be less than 1--2 ms
It would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation
Contractions would last as long as the refractory period
Some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
Calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated
The action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions
The action potential is initiated by voltage-gated slow calcium channels
Decreasing heart contractility
Blocking the action of calcium
Causing a decrease in stroke volume
Causing threshold to be reached more quickly
Parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate
The heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
The heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract
The AV node would become the pacemaker of the heart
Fifth intercostal space inferior to the left nipple
Second intercostal space to the right of the sternum
Second intercostal space to the left of the sternum
Fifth right intercostal space
Closure of the heart valves
Opening and closing of the heart valves
Friction of blood against the chamber walls
Excitation of the SA node
Severe electrical shock to the body
Mild electrical shock to the heart itself
Loss of blood from an artery
Relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is re-polarizing
Refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
Occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary valves close
Occurs only in people with heart valve defects
Occurs while the AV valves are open
AV node
AV valve
SA node
Bundle of His
The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all
Each cardiac muscle cell is innervated by a sympathetic nerve ending so that the nervous system can increase heart rate.
The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction
The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle
The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium
The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts
Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential
The fibrous skeleton forms the bulk of the heart
By the movement of blood from atrium to ventricle
While the ventricle is in diastole
While the atrium is contracting
When the ventricle is in systole
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Right atrium
Connects the two atria in the fetal heart
Is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus
Is a shallow depression in the inter ventricular septum
Is a condition in which the heart valves do not completely close
Ventricle are in systole
Blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta
Ventricles are in diastole
AV valves are closed
Heart rate would decrease, but blood pressure would rise due to the excess sodium present
Potassium channels compensate and no change in heart rate would occur
Threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase
Tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle
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