Global Pre-employment English Reading Skills Exam

1. Colorblindness C It is true that all babies are born colorblind. A baby's cones do not begin to differentiate between many different colors until he is approximately four months old. This is why many of the modern toys for very young babies consist of black and white patterns or primary colors, rather than traditional soft pastels. However, some current research points to the importance of developing an infant's color visual system. In 2004, Japanese researcher Yoichi Sugita of the Neuroscience Research Institute performed an experiment that would suggest that color vision deficiency isn't entirely genetic. In his experiment, he subjected a group of baby monkeys to monochromatic lighting for one year. He later compared their vision to normal monkey who had experienced the colorful world outdoors. It was found that the test monkeys were unable to perform the color-matching tasks that the normal monkeys could. Nevertheless, most cases of colorblindness are attributed to genetic factors that are present at birth.

Question: Children usually begin to see a variety of colors by the age of

One month

Four months

One year

Four years

(B) The second sentence in Paragraph C states that: "A baby's cones do not begin to differentiate between many different colors until he is approximately four months old."

Explanation

(B) The second sentence in Paragraph C states that: "A baby's cones do not begin to differentiate between many different colors until he is approximately four months old."

2. Colorblindness B Some people believe that only men can be colorblind. This is also a myth, though it is not completely untrue. In an average population, 8% of males exhibit some form of colorblindness, while only 0.5% of women do. While there may be some truth to the idea that more men have trouble matching their clothing than women, the reason that color vision deficiency is predominant in males has nothing to do with fashion. The fact is that the gene for color blindness is located on the X chromosome, which men only have one of. Females have two X chromosomes, and if one carries the defective gene, the other one naturally compensates. Therefore, the only way for a female to inherit colorblindness is for both of her X chromosomes to carry the defective gene. This is why the incidence of color deficiency is sometimes more prevalent in extremely small societies that have a limited gene pool.

Question: Colorblindness is predominant in men because of

Lack of another X chromosome to compensate for the deficiency

Lack of another Y chromosome to compensate for the deficiency

Lack of the fashion gene

Lack of more gene pools

Colorblindness is more predominant in men because the gene for color blindness is located on the X chromosome, and men only have one X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, and if one carries the defective gene, the other one can compensate for it. Therefore, for a female to inherit colorblindness, both of her X chromosomes must carry the defective gene. This explains why color deficiency is more prevalent in men compared to women.

Explanation

Colorblindness is more predominant in men because the gene for color blindness is located on the X chromosome, and men only have one X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, and if one carries the defective gene, the other one can compensate for it. Therefore, for a female to inherit colorblindness, both of her X chromosomes must carry the defective gene. This explains why color deficiency is more prevalent in men compared to women.

3. According to the passage, kindly state that if the statement is true, a myth or undefined (not stated in the passage):

Statement: The gene for color blindness is located on the X chromosome.

Truth

Myth

Undefined

According to the passage, if the statement is true, it means that the gene for color blindness is indeed located on the X chromosome.

Explanation

According to the passage, if the statement is true, it means that the gene for color blindness is indeed located on the X chromosome.

4. Colorblindness A Myths related to the causes and symptoms of "colorblindness" abound throughout the world. The term itself is misleading, since it is extremely rare for anyone to have a complete lack of color perception. By looking into the myths related to color blindness, one can learn many facts about the structure and genetics o the human eye. It is a myth that colorblind people see the world as if it were a black and white movie. There are very few cases of complete colorblindness. Those who have a complete lack of color perception are referred to as monochromatics, and usually have a serious problem with their overall vision as well as an inability to see colors. The fact is that in most cases of colorblindness, there are only certain shades that a person cannot distinguish between. These people are said to be dichromatic. They may not be able to tell the difference between red and green, or orange and yellow. A person with normal color vision has what is called trichromatic vision. The difference between the three levels of color perception have to do with the cones in the human eye. A normal human eye has three cones located inside the retina: the red cone, the green cone, and the yellow cone. Each cone contains a specific pigment whose function is to absorb the light of these colors and the combinations of them. People with trichromatic vision have all three cones in working order. When one of the three cones does not function properly, dichromatic vision occurs.

Question: People who see color normally are called

Monochromatic

Dichromatic

Tichromatic

Colorblind

(C) The second to the last sentence of Paragraph A states that: "People with trichromatic vision have all three cones in working order."

Explanation

(C) The second to the last sentence of Paragraph A states that: "People with trichromatic vision have all three cones in working order."

5. Colorblindness B Some people believe that only men can be colorblind. This is also a myth, though it is not completely untrue. In an average population, 8% of males exhibit some form of colorblindness, while only 0.5% of women do. While there may be some truth to the idea that more men have trouble matching their clothing than women, the reason that color vision deficiency is predominant in males has nothing to do with fashion. The fact is that the gene for color blindness is located on the X chromosome, which men only have one of. Females have two X chromosomes, and if one carries the defective gene, the other one naturally compensates. Therefore, the only way for a female to inherit colorblindness is for both of her X chromosomes to carry the defective gene. This is why the incidence of color deficiency is sometimes more prevalent in extremely small societies that have a limited gene pool.

Question: What is the main idea of paragraph B?

Discusses that color vision deficiency is predominant in males and it has nothing to do with fashion

Discusses that statistics show that only 0.5% of women exhibit colorblindness

Discusses the fact that men are more prone to colorblindness than women, and states the genetic reasons why this is the case

Theorizes that the only way for a female to inherit colorblindness is for both of her X chromosomes to carry the defective gene

The main idea of paragraph B is to discuss the fact that men are more prone to colorblindness than women and to state the genetic reasons behind this. It explains that color vision deficiency is more common in males because the gene for color blindness is located on the X chromosome, of which men only have one. On the other hand, females have two X chromosomes, and if one carries the defective gene, the other compensates for it. Therefore, for a female to inherit colorblindness, both of her X chromosomes must carry the defective gene.

Explanation

The main idea of paragraph B is to discuss the fact that men are more prone to colorblindness than women and to state the genetic reasons behind this. It explains that color vision deficiency is more common in males because the gene for color blindness is located on the X chromosome, of which men only have one. On the other hand, females have two X chromosomes, and if one carries the defective gene, the other compensates for it. Therefore, for a female to inherit colorblindness, both of her X chromosomes must carry the defective gene.

6. According to the passage, kindly state that if the statement is true, a myth or undefined (not stated in the passage):

Statement: A baby's cones do not begin to differentiate between many different colors until he is approximately four months old. This is why many of the modern toys for very young babies consist of black and white patterns or primary colors, rather than traditional soft pastels.

Truth

Myth

Undefined

The passage states that a baby's cones do not begin to differentiate between many different colors until he is approximately four months old. This implies that the statement is true.

Explanation

The passage states that a baby's cones do not begin to differentiate between many different colors until he is approximately four months old. This implies that the statement is true.

7. Colorblindness D Part of the reason there are so many inconsistencies related to colorblindness, or "color vision deficiency" as it is called in the medical world, is that it is difficult to know exactly which colors each human can see. Children are taught from a very young age that an apple is red. Naming colors allows children to associate a certain shade with a certain name, regardless of a color vision deficiency. Someone who never takes a color test can go through life thinking that what they see as red is called green. Children are generally tested for colorblindness at about four years of age. The Ishihara Test is the most common, though it is highly criticized' because it requires that children have the ability to recognize numerals. In the Ishihara Test, a number made up of colored dots is hidden inside a series of dots of a different shade. Those with normal vision can distinguish the number from the background, while those with color vision deficiency will only see the dots.

Question: Children who take the Ishihara Test must be able to

Distinguish letters

Write their names

Read numbers

Name colors

(C) Paragraph R states the main downfall of the Ishihara Test: "The Ishihara Test is the most common, though it is highly criticized because it requires that children have the ability to recognize numerals."

Explanation

(C) Paragraph R states the main downfall of the Ishihara Test: "The Ishihara Test is the most common, though it is highly criticized because it requires that children have the ability to recognize numerals."

8. Colorblindness E While many of the myths related to colorblindness have been busted by modern science, there are still a few remaining beliefs that require more research in order to be labeled as folklore. For example, there is a long-standing belief that colorblindness can aid military soldiers because it gives them the ability to see through camouflage. Another belief is that everyone becomes colorblind in an emergency situation. The basis of this idea is that a catastrophic event can overwhelm the brain, causing it to utilize only those receptors needed to perform vital tasks. In general, identifying color is not considered an essential task in a life or death situation.
Question: What is paragraph E trying to discuss?

The conclusion of the article

Mentions two beliefs about colorblindness that haven't been proven as myths: that colorblindness can aid military soldiers and that everyone is colorblind in an emergency.

Discusses that long-standing myths have been debunked thoroughly by science

Mentions catastrophic events can overwhelm the brain

Paragraph E is discussing two beliefs about colorblindness that have not been proven as myths. These beliefs are that colorblindness can aid military soldiers by allowing them to see through camouflage, and that everyone becomes colorblind in an emergency situation. The paragraph does not mention the conclusion of the article, the debunking of long-standing myths by science, or the overwhelming of the brain in catastrophic events.

Explanation

Paragraph E is discussing two beliefs about colorblindness that have not been proven as myths. These beliefs are that colorblindness can aid military soldiers by allowing them to see through camouflage, and that everyone becomes colorblind in an emergency situation. The paragraph does not mention the conclusion of the article, the debunking of long-standing myths by science, or the overwhelming of the brain in catastrophic events.

9. Colorblindness D Part of the reason there are so many inconsistencies related to colorblindness, or "color vision deficiency" as it is called in the medical world, is that it is difficult to know exactly which colors each human can see. Children are taught from a very young age that an apple is red. Naming colors allows children to associate a certain shade with a certain name, regardless of a color vision deficiency. Someone who never takes a color test can go through life thinking that what they see as red is called green. Children are generally tested for colorblindness at about four years of age. The Ishihara Test is the most common, though it is highly criticized' because it requires that children have the ability to recognize numerals. In the Ishihara Test, a number made up of colored dots is hidden inside a series of dots of a different shade. Those with normal vision can distinguish the number from the background, while those with color vision deficiency will only see the dots.

Question: What is the main idea of paragraph D?

Discusses the reasons why colorblindness is difficult to diagnose and it also discusses the Ishihara Test, which distinguishes those who are colorblind from those who have normal color vision.

Talks about why the Ishihara Test is often criticized because not all 4-year olds can determine or distinguish numerals

States that someone who never takes a color test can go through life thinking that what they see as red is called green

Defines the paramaters and limitations of the Ishihara Test

The main idea of paragraph D is that it discusses the reasons why colorblindness is difficult to diagnose and it also discusses the Ishihara Test, which distinguishes those who are colorblind from those who have normal color vision. It mentions the inconsistencies related to colorblindness and the difficulty in knowing exactly which colors each human can see. It also mentions that the Ishihara Test is the most common test for colorblindness, but it is criticized for requiring the ability to recognize numerals.

Explanation

The main idea of paragraph D is that it discusses the reasons why colorblindness is difficult to diagnose and it also discusses the Ishihara Test, which distinguishes those who are colorblind from those who have normal color vision. It mentions the inconsistencies related to colorblindness and the difficulty in knowing exactly which colors each human can see. It also mentions that the Ishihara Test is the most common test for colorblindness, but it is criticized for requiring the ability to recognize numerals.

10. According to the passage, kindly state that if the statement is true, a myth or undefined (not stated in the passage) :

Statement: Most colorblind people see the world in black and white.

Truth

Myth

Undefined

The passage does not mention that most colorblind people see the world in black and white. Therefore, the statement is not supported by the passage and can be considered a myth.

Explanation

The passage does not mention that most colorblind people see the world in black and white. Therefore, the statement is not supported by the passage and can be considered a myth.

11. Colorblindness C It is true that all babies are born colorblind. A baby's cones do not begin to differentiate between many different colors until he is approximately four months old. This is why many of the modern toys for very young babies consist of black and white patterns or primary colors, rather than traditional soft pastels. However, some current research points to the importance of developing an infant's color visual system. In 2004, Japanese researcher Yoichi Sugita of the Neuroscience Research Institute performed an experiment that would suggest that color vision deficiency isn't entirely genetic. In his experiment, he subjected a group of baby monkeys to monochromatic lighting for one year. He later compared their vision to normal monkey who had experienced the colorful world outdoors. It was found that the test monkeys were unable to perform the color-matching tasks that the normal monkeys could. Nevertheless, most cases of colorblindness are attributed to genetic factors that are present at birth.

Question: What is paragraph C's main idea?

Talks about the findings of Japanese researcher Yoichi Sugita of the Neuroscience Research Institute when he conducted an experiment in 2004

States that current research points to the importance of developing an infant's color visual system

Debunks theories about babies being born colorblind

Discusses the fact that babies are all born colorblind and that they do not develop the ability to see colors until they are a few months old and the possibility that infants may require a colorful environment in order to develop proper color vision.

Paragraph C's main idea is that it discusses the fact that babies are all born colorblind and that they do not develop the ability to see colors until they are a few months old. It also mentions the possibility that infants may require a colorful environment in order to develop proper color vision. The paragraph supports this idea by mentioning the research conducted by Yoichi Sugita, which suggests that color vision deficiency may not be entirely genetic and that exposure to a colorful world is important for the development of an infant's color visual system.

Explanation

Paragraph C's main idea is that it discusses the fact that babies are all born colorblind and that they do not develop the ability to see colors until they are a few months old. It also mentions the possibility that infants may require a colorful environment in order to develop proper color vision. The paragraph supports this idea by mentioning the research conducted by Yoichi Sugita, which suggests that color vision deficiency may not be entirely genetic and that exposure to a colorful world is important for the development of an infant's color visual system.

12. Colorblindness A Myths related to the causes and symptoms of "colorblindness" abound throughout the world. The term itself is misleading, since it is extremely rare for anyone to have a complete lack of color perception. By looking into the myths related to color blindness, one can learn many facts about the structure and genetics o the human eye. It is a myth that colorblind people see the world as if it were a black and white movie. There are very few cases of complete colorblindness. Those who have a complete lack of color perception are referred to as monochromatics, and usually have a serious problem with their overall vision as well as an inability to see colors. The fact is that in most cases of colorblindness, there are only certain shades that a person cannot distinguish between. These people are said to be dichromatic. They may not be able to tell the difference between red and green, or orange and yellow. A person with normal color vision has what is called trichromatic vision. The difference between the three levels of color perception have to do with the cones in the human eye. A normal human eye has three cones located inside the retina: the red cone, the green cone, and the yellow cone. Each cone contains a specific pigment whose function is to absorb the light of these colors and the combinations of them. People with trichromatic vision have all three cones in working order. When one of the three cones does not function properly, dichromatic vision occurs.

Question: What is the main idea of paragraph A?

Discusses what color blindness is

Discusses what most people think color blindness is and what it really is

Discusses the myths evolving from folklore

Only defines the terms monochromatic, dichromatic and trichromatic

The main idea of paragraph A is to discuss what most people think color blindness is and what it really is. The paragraph explains that the term "colorblindness" is misleading because it is rare for someone to have a complete lack of color perception. It goes on to debunk the myth that colorblind people see the world in black and white, and explains that most cases of colorblindness involve an inability to distinguish between certain shades. The paragraph also introduces the terms monochromatic, dichromatic, and trichromatic to further explain the different levels of color perception.

Explanation

The main idea of paragraph A is to discuss what most people think color blindness is and what it really is. The paragraph explains that the term "colorblindness" is misleading because it is rare for someone to have a complete lack of color perception. It goes on to debunk the myth that colorblind people see the world in black and white, and explains that most cases of colorblindness involve an inability to distinguish between certain shades. The paragraph also introduces the terms monochromatic, dichromatic, and trichromatic to further explain the different levels of color perception.

13. According to the passage, kindly state that if the statement is true, a myth or undefined (not stated in the passage):

Statement: Colorblindness can aid military soldiers because it gives them the ability to see through camouflage

Truth

Myth

Undefined

The passage does not provide any information about colorblindness aiding military soldiers in seeing through camouflage. Therefore, the statement is not supported by the passage and can be considered a myth.

Explanation

The passage does not provide any information about colorblindness aiding military soldiers in seeing through camouflage. Therefore, the statement is not supported by the passage and can be considered a myth.

14. According to the passage, kindly state that if the statement is true, a myth or undefined (not stated in the passage):

Statement: There are other means of testing for colorblindness, like pointing to an apple and the patient saying what color that apple is.

Truth

Myth

Undefined

The passage does not provide any information about other means of testing for colorblindness, such as pointing to an apple and the patient identifying its color. Therefore, it is undefined whether this statement is true or not based on the passage.

Explanation

The passage does not provide any information about other means of testing for colorblindness, such as pointing to an apple and the patient identifying its color. Therefore, it is undefined whether this statement is true or not based on the passage.

15. According to the passage, kindly state that if the statement is true, a myth or undefined (not stated in the passage):

Statement:

Truth

Myth

Undefined

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

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