Chapter 51: Animal Behavior

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1. A chemical produced by an animal that serves as a communication to another animal of the same species is called

Explanation

A chemical produced by an animal that serves as a communication to another animal of the same species is called a pheromone. Pheromones are chemical signals that are released into the environment and are used for various purposes such as attracting mates, marking territories, or signaling danger. They play a crucial role in communication and social behavior among animals of the same species.

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Chapter 51: Animal Behavior - Quiz

Explore the intriguing world of animal behavior with our quiz on 'Chapter 51: Animal Behavior'. Assess your understanding of proximate and ultimate causations, and how environmental and evolutionary... see morefactors influence animal behaviors. This quiz is essential for learners in biology seeking to understand animal behavior dynamics. see less

2. Which of the following is least related to the others?

Explanation

Altruism is the act of selflessly helping others, while the other terms refer to different forms of relationships or marriage. Altruism is unrelated to monogamy, polygamy, polygyny, and polyandry, as these terms are all related to different types of relationships or marriage practices.

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3. The type of learning that causes specially trained dogs to salivate when they hear bells is called

Explanation

Classical conditioning is a type of learning where an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a biologically significant stimulus, resulting in a learned response. In this case, the specifically trained dogs have learned to associate the sound of bells with the presentation of food, causing them to salivate when they hear bells alone. This is a classic example of classical conditioning, as the dogs have formed a conditioned response (salivation) to a conditioned stimulus (bells) through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (food).

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4. A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as  the model has red coloring. What term best applies to this behavior?

Explanation

The term that best applies to this behavior is "sign stimulus." A sign stimulus refers to a specific feature or cue in the environment that triggers a particular response or behavior in an organism. In this case, the red coloring of the fish model acts as a sign stimulus that elicits the stickleback fish's aggressive response.

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5. Which of the following group of scientists is closely associated with ethology?

Explanation

The group of scientists closely associated with ethology is von Frisch, Lorenz, and Tinbergen. Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, and these three scientists made significant contributions to this field. Karl von Frisch is known for his research on honeybee communication and the waggle dance. Konrad Lorenz is famous for his work on imprinting and ethological studies of geese and other animals. Nikolaas Tinbergen is known for his research on instinctive behavior and the study of animal behavior in natural settings. Together, these scientists have greatly advanced our understanding of animal behavior and the field of ethology.

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6. Which of the following does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5?

Explanation

An uncle to his nephew does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5 because the coefficient of relatedness represents the genetic similarity between two individuals. In this case, the uncle and nephew share only one common ancestor (the sibling of one of the parents), resulting in a coefficient of relatedness of 0.25.

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7. The central concept of sociobiology is that

Explanation

The correct answer is that most aspects of our social behavior have an evolutionary basis. Sociobiology is a field of study that examines the social behavior of organisms, including humans, in terms of evolutionary principles. It suggests that many of our social behaviors, such as cooperation, aggression, and mate selection, have evolved over time due to their adaptive value in promoting survival and reproduction. This perspective emphasizes the role of genetics and natural selection in shaping our social behaviors.

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8. Animals tend to maximize their energy intake-to-expenditure ratio. What is this behavior called?

Explanation

Optimal foraging is the behavior where animals try to maximize their energy intake-to-expenditure ratio. This means that they seek out the most efficient ways to obtain food while minimizing the energy they need to spend in the process. By selecting the most profitable food sources and using efficient foraging strategies, animals can maximize their energy gain and increase their chances of survival and reproduction.

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9. The time during imprinting when specific behaviors can be learned is called the

Explanation

The time during imprinting when specific behaviors can be learned is called the sensitive period. This period is a critical phase in an animal's development where it is most receptive to learning and forming attachments. During this time, the animal is highly sensitive to environmental stimuli and can quickly acquire and retain certain behaviors or characteristics. It is a crucial period for imprinting, as the animal's brain is more plastic and adaptable, allowing for the formation of strong bonds and the acquisition of important skills.

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10. Animals that help other animals of the same species are expected to

Explanation

Animals that help other animals of the same species are expected to be genetically related to the other animals. This is because animals that are genetically related share a portion of their genes with one another. Therefore, by helping other animals of the same species, they are indirectly helping to pass on their own genes and increase their own genetic fitness. This behavior is known as kin selection, where animals are more likely to help relatives as it increases the chances of their own genes being passed on to future generations.

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11. A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify through later experiences is called

Explanation

Imprinting is a type of learning that occurs during a critical period early in an organism's life and results in a behavior that is difficult to change later on. This process involves forming a strong and lasting attachment to a specific object or individual, typically the mother or caregiver. Imprinting is important for the survival and development of many species, as it helps young animals recognize and bond with their parents, learn important skills, and navigate their environment. Once imprinting occurs, it is challenging to modify or reverse the learned behavior through later experiences.

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12. Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called

Explanation

Optimal foraging refers to feeding behavior that maximizes the energy intake-to-expenditure ratio. This means that an organism tries to obtain the maximum amount of energy from its food while minimizing the energy it spends in the process. It involves making strategic decisions about what, when, and how to eat in order to optimize energy gain. This behavior is observed in various organisms, including animals that hunt for prey, gatherers that collect food, and even plants that allocate resources efficiently.

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13. Loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information is called

Explanation

Habituation refers to the loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information. It occurs when an organism becomes accustomed to a repeated or constant stimulus and no longer responds to it. This process allows organisms to filter out irrelevant or unimportant stimuli, conserving their attention and energy for more significant stimuli. Therefore, habituation is the correct answer in this case.

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14. What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions

Explanation

A visual signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions because it relies on the sense of sight. Visual signals can be quickly processed by the brain and are most effective when there is ample light and no obstacles blocking the line of sight.

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15. Animal communication involves what type of sensory information?

Explanation

Animal communication involves the use of visual, auditory, and chemical sensory information. Visual communication includes the use of body language, facial expressions, and coloration to convey messages. Auditory communication involves the use of sounds, such as vocalizations or calls, to communicate with other animals. Chemical communication involves the use of pheromones or chemical signals to communicate information about reproductive status, territory, or danger. These three types of sensory information are essential for animals to communicate effectively with each other in their natural environments.

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16. Sparrows are receptive to learning songs only during a sensitive period. What term best applies to this behavior?

Explanation

Imprinting is the term that best applies to the behavior described in the question. Imprinting refers to a critical period in which certain animals, like sparrows, are most receptive to learning specific behaviors or forming social attachments. During this sensitive period, sparrows are able to learn and memorize songs. This behavior is different from habituation, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning, which involve different types of learning processes. Sign stimulus is also unrelated to the behavior described.

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17. What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey?

Explanation

Coastal garter snakes have a higher ability to eat banana slugs because their ancestors who could consume these slugs were more fit and had a higher chance of survival. This selection pressure led to the development of this trait in coastal snakes. Inland garter snakes, on the other hand, did not experience the same selection pressure because banana slugs were not present in their habitat. Therefore, the difference in reaction to banana slug prey between coastal and inland garter snakes can be explained by the absence of selection for this trait in the inland population.

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18. Which scientist formulated four questions that motivate the modern study of animal behavior?

Explanation

Niko Tinbergen formulated four questions that motivate the modern study of animal behavior. These questions include understanding the causation, development, function, and evolution of behavior. Tinbergen's work has been influential in the field of ethology and has provided a framework for investigating and understanding animal behavior.

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19. In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male elicits attack from another male by functioning as

Explanation

In the territorial behavior of stickleback fish, the red belly of one male elicits an attack from another male by functioning as a sign stimulus. A sign stimulus is a specific cue or signal that triggers a particular behavior in another animal. In this case, the red belly acts as a visual signal that communicates aggression or territoriality to other males, prompting them to attack. This behavior is a result of the innate response to the sign stimulus, rather than being learned or conditioned.

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20. During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked by the moth lifted its wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles. A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which statement best describes these explanations?

Explanation

The first explanation refers to proximate causation, which is the immediate cause of a behavior or physiological response. It explains the specific mechanisms and processes involved in the behavior. The second explanation, on the other hand, refers to ultimate causation, which is the evolutionary reason or function behind a behavior. It explains why the behavior evolved and how it benefits the organism in terms of survival and reproduction. Therefore, the statement "the first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate causation" best describes these explanations.

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21. You turn on a light and observe cockroaches scurrying to dark hiding places. What have you observed?

Explanation

The observation of cockroaches scurrying to dark hiding places after turning on a light suggests the concept of taxis. Taxis refers to the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus, in this case, light. The cockroaches' movement towards dark hiding places indicates a negative phototaxis, where they are moving away from the light source. This behavior is instinctive and helps the cockroaches find shelter and safety.

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22. Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

Explanation

Innate behaviors are expressed in most individuals in a population across a wide range of environmental conditions. This means that these behaviors are not dependent on specific genetic factors and are not limited to certain individuals or environmental conditions. Instead, they are commonly observed and consistent among individuals within a population, regardless of their genetic makeup or the environment they are in.

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23. The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by

Explanation

Behavior is ultimately shaped by evolution because it refers to the process of natural selection acting on behaviors over generations. Evolutionary processes have led to the development of certain behaviors that have proven to be advantageous for survival and reproduction. These behaviors are passed down through genes, allowing individuals with these behaviors to have a higher chance of passing on their genes to the next generation. Therefore, evolution plays a crucial role in shaping behavior by selecting for traits that enhance an organism's fitness in its environment.

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24. Male insects attempt to mate with orchids but eventually stop responding to them. What term best applies to this behavior?

Explanation

Habituation best applies to this behavior because it refers to the process of becoming less responsive to a repeated or irrelevant stimulus over time. In this case, the male insects initially attempt to mate with the orchids but eventually stop responding to them, indicating a decrease in their response to the stimulus of the orchids. This behavior can be explained by habituation, as the insects have become habituated to the orchids and no longer find them relevant or stimulating.

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25. A guinea pig loves the lettuce kept in the refrigerator and squeals each time the refrigerator door opens. What term best applies to this behavior?

Explanation

Classical conditioning is the best term to apply to this behavior because the guinea pig has learned to associate the sound of the refrigerator door opening with the lettuce it loves. Over time, the guinea pig has developed a conditioned response of squealing whenever the door opens, even before it sees the lettuce. This is a classic example of how an animal can be conditioned to respond to a specific stimulus through repeated pairings of that stimulus with a reward or punishment.

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26. If mayflies lay eggs on roads instead of in water, this behavior could involve which of the following?

Explanation

Mayflies typically lay their eggs in water, so if they were to lay their eggs on roads instead, it suggests a misdirected response to a sign stimulus. The sign stimulus for mayflies to lay eggs is likely something present in water, such as the presence of certain chemicals or the reflection of light. The mayflies are mistakenly responding to a similar sign stimulus on roads, leading to the misplacement of their eggs. This behavior could be a result of their innate instincts being triggered by the wrong environmental cues.

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27. A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following is a proximate cause of this behavior of increased urination?

Explanation

The correct answer is that increased urination in a female cat in heat is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle. During the heat cycle, the female cat's body releases hormones that stimulate the production of urine. This increased urination serves as a way for the female cat to mark her territory and communicate her availability to potential mates. The hormonal changes trigger this behavior, which is a natural and instinctive response during the reproductive cycle of a female cat.

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28. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ in that

Explanation

Operant conditioning involves consequences for the animal's behavior. Unlike classical conditioning, which focuses on associating stimuli with a response, operant conditioning emphasizes the consequences that follow a behavior. These consequences can be either positive or negative, such as rewards or punishments, and they shape the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the future. This means that operant conditioning requires the animal to understand the relationship between its actions and the outcomes they produce, suggesting a higher level of intelligence compared to classical conditioning.

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29. The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that

Explanation

Altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, which is the theory that genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes. This explanation suggests that organisms are more likely to help individuals who are genetically related to them, as by helping their relatives, they are indirectly helping to pass on their own genes. This behavior promotes the survival of genes and increases the chances of their own genetic material being passed on to future generations.

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30. What type of signal is brief and can work at night or among obstructions?

Explanation

An auditory signal is a type of signal that can work at night or among obstructions. Auditory signals refer to sounds or noises that can be heard by the human ear. Unlike visual signals, which rely on light and may be hindered by darkness or obstructions, auditory signals can penetrate through darkness and obstructions, making them effective in such situations. Therefore, an auditory signal is the correct answer in this context.

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31. Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical fish. After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room. This is an example of

Explanation

This scenario demonstrates classical conditioning because the fish have learned to associate John entering the room with being fed. Over time, they have formed a conditioned response, swimming to the top of the tank, in anticipation of being fed. This is a classic example of how a neutral stimulus (John entering the room) becomes associated with a natural response (being fed) through repeated pairings, resulting in a learned behavior.

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32. Parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks. What term best applies to this behavior?

Explanation

The behavior described in the question is known as a sign stimulus. A sign stimulus is a specific sensory cue that triggers a particular behavior in an organism. In this case, the cheeping sound of young chicks serves as the sign stimulus that triggers parental protective behavior in turkeys.

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33. Which of the following is least related to the others?

Explanation

The concept of optimal foraging is least related to the others because it pertains to the behavior of animals in finding and consuming food in a way that maximizes their energy gain. On the other hand, fixed action patterns, pheromones, sign stimuli, and hormones are all related to animal behavior and communication. Fixed action patterns are innate sequences of behaviors triggered by specific stimuli, pheromones are chemical signals used for communication between individuals of the same species, sign stimuli are specific cues that trigger a response, and hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes in animals.

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34. Which scientist devised a rule that predicts when natural selection should favor altruism?

Explanation

William Hamilton devised a rule known as Hamilton's rule, which predicts when natural selection should favor altruism. Hamilton's rule states that altruistic behavior is more likely to evolve when the cost to the altruist is low, the benefit to the recipient is high, and when the individuals involved share a sufficient degree of genetic relatedness. This rule helps explain why organisms sometimes act in ways that benefit others at their own expense.

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35. Which scientist studied imprinting of greylag geese?

Explanation

Konrad Lorenz is the correct answer because he was a scientist who extensively studied the phenomenon of imprinting in greylag geese. Imprinting refers to the process by which young animals develop a strong attachment to their caregiver or a specific object during a critical period early in their life. Lorenz conducted experiments and observations on greylag geese, which led to significant insights into the mechanisms and effects of imprinting. His work in this field earned him a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973.

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36. Fred and Joe, two unrelated, mature male gorillas, encounter one another. Fred is courting a female. Fred grunts as Joe comes near. As Joe continues to advance, Fred begins drumming (pounding his chest) and bares his teeth. Joe then rolls on the ground on his back, gets up, and quickly leaves. This behavioral pattern is repeated several times during the mating season. Choose the most specific behavior described by this example.

Explanation

The most specific behavior described by this example is agonistic behavior. This is evident from the interaction between Fred and Joe, where Fred grunts, drums his chest, and bares his teeth in response to Joe's approach. Joe's submissive behavior of rolling on the ground and quickly leaving further supports the idea of a conflict or aggression between the two gorillas. Agonistic behavior refers to any behavior associated with conflict, aggression, or competition between individuals of the same species.

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37. A cage containing male mosquitos has a small earphone placed on top, through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and thrust their abdomen through the fabric of the cage. What is the best explanation for this behavior?

Explanation

The behavior of male mosquitoes flying to the earphone and thrusting their abdomen through the fabric of the cage can be best explained by the fact that copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound serves as a sign stimulus that triggers this behavior. This means that the male mosquitoes have an innate response to the specific stimulus of the female flight sound, which initiates their mating behavior. This behavior is not a result of irritation or confusion, but rather a natural and instinctive response to the sign stimulus.

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38. Whicho f the following statements about learning and behavior is incorrect?

Explanation

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39. Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to

Explanation

The best way to determine whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control is to perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. By rearing the offspring in the absence of their parents and observing their migratory behavior, any differences in migratory habits can be attributed to genetic factors rather than environmental influences. This experimental design allows for the isolation of genetic factors and provides a clearer understanding of the role genetics play in migratory behavior.

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40. Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?

Explanation

A behavioral trait can evolve by natural selection even if the form of the behavior is not determined entirely by genes. Natural selection acts on the variation in behavior among individuals, and individuals with behaviors that increase their reproductive success are more likely to pass on their genes. The genetic component of the behavior is important, but it does not have to be the sole determinant of the behavior's form. Other factors, such as environmental influences or learning, can also play a role in shaping the behavior.

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41. You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is

Explanation

Based on the information provided, where the male is described as large and ornamental compared to the female, it can be inferred that the species is polygamous. In polygamous species, males often have elaborate traits or ornaments to attract multiple mates. This behavior is commonly observed in species where males compete for access to females and engage in mating with multiple partners.

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42. A salmon returns to its home stream to spawn. What term best applies to this behavior?

Explanation

Imprinting refers to a type of learning where an animal forms a strong bond or attachment to its parent or surroundings shortly after birth. In the case of a salmon returning to its home stream to spawn, this behavior can be considered as imprinting because the salmon is instinctively drawn back to its place of birth to reproduce. This behavior is crucial for the survival and reproductive success of the species.

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43. Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating, leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior?

Explanation

Polyandry is the best term to describe this behavior because it refers to a mating system in which a female mates with multiple males and leaves them to care for the offspring. In this case, the female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males, mate with them, and then leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This behavior may be repeated with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. This pattern of multiple male partners and male parental care aligns with the definition of polyandry.

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44. Among song birds, a "crystallized" song is one that

Explanation

A "crystallized" song refers to the final song that some species of song birds produce. This means that as the bird matures, it learns and develops its song over time, and the "crystallized" song is the fully developed, final version of the song that the bird sings. This is different from other options such as high pitched songs, songs aimed at attracting mates, songs sung by extremely young chicks, or songs that warn of predators, as these options do not specifically refer to the final song produced by some species.

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45. Although many chimpanzee populations live in environments containing oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The most likely explanation for this behavioral difference between populations is that

Explanation

The most likely explanation for the behavioral difference between chimpanzee populations in using stones to crack open nuts is that the cultural tradition of using stones has only developed in certain populations. This suggests that the behavior is not genetically determined or influenced by nutritional requirements, learning ability, or manual dexterity. Instead, it is likely that the use of stones to crack nuts is a learned behavior that has been passed down through generations within specific populations.

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46. According to Hamilton's rule

Explanation

According to Hamilton's rule, natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the beneficiary, correct for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist. This means that an individual is more likely to engage in altruistic behavior if the benefit to the recipient is greater than the personal cost to the altruist, taking into account how closely related they are. This concept explains why organisms may exhibit selfless behavior towards their relatives, as it increases the chances of their shared genes being passed on to future generations.

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47. Sow bugs become more active in dry areas and less active in humid areas. This is an example of

Explanation

Kinesis is a type of movement response exhibited by organisms in response to a stimulus, where the speed or rate of movement is influenced by the intensity of the stimulus. In this case, sow bugs becoming more active in dry areas and less active in humid areas indicates that their movement is influenced by the moisture level in the environment. This aligns with the concept of kinesis, as their activity level is changing in response to the stimulus of humidity.

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48. Which scientist developed the concept of inclusive fitness?

Explanation

William Hamilton developed the concept of inclusive fitness. Inclusive fitness is a theory in evolutionary biology that explains the importance of an individual's genetic contribution to the survival and reproduction of not only their own offspring but also their relatives. Hamilton's work on inclusive fitness helped to explain the evolution of altruistic behaviors, such as helping relatives or sacrificing oneself for the benefit of the group. His ideas have had a significant impact on our understanding of social behavior and cooperation in animals.

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49. A type of bird similar to a chickadee learns to peck through the cardboard tops of milk bottles left on doorsteps and drink the cream from the top. What term best applies to this behavior?

Explanation

Operant conditioning is the best term to describe this behavior because the bird is learning to peck through the cardboard tops of milk bottles and drink the cream based on the consequences of its actions. It is likely that the bird initially discovered this behavior by chance, but it continues to engage in this behavior because it is reinforced by the reward of drinking the cream. Over time, the bird learns that pecking through the cardboard tops of milk bottles leads to a desirable outcome, and this behavior becomes more frequent.

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50. Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention. Which of the following might you use to describe this behavior?

Explanation

The dog's behavior is a result of operant conditioning because it has learned that by barking, it receives attention. Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the consequences they bring. In this case, the dog has learned that barking brings the consequence of attention, which reinforces the behavior and increases the likelihood of it happening again in the future.

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51. In Belding's ground squirrels, it is mostly the females that behave altruistically by sounding alarm calls. What is the likely reason for this distinction?

Explanation

Females settling in the area where they were born suggests that they are more likely to be surrounded by kin. By sounding alarm calls, the females are warning their relatives, which increases the survival chances of their genetic relatives. This behavior can be seen as an example of kin selection, where individuals prioritize the survival of their genetic relatives to increase the chances of their own genes being passed on to future generations.

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52. Which of the following could be classified as habituation?

Explanation

The correct answer is the first and third scenarios. Habituation refers to the process of becoming accustomed to a stimulus over time, resulting in a decreased response or awareness of that stimulus. In the first scenario, the individual becomes habituated to the fan motor noise in the room and is no longer aware of it. Similarly, in the third scenario, the person habituates to the noise of the garbage truck and it no longer wakes them up. In the second scenario, there is no mention of habituation as the individual's response to the horn sound is to step on the brakes, indicating a heightened awareness rather than habituation.

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53. What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night?

Explanation

Olfactory refers to the sense of smell. Smell signals, or olfactory signals, can be long-lasting as certain scents can linger in the environment for extended periods of time. Additionally, smell can be perceived at night as it does not rely on visual cues or light. Therefore, olfactory signals can be considered long-lasting and effective during nighttime.

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54. Which of the following is least related to the others?

Explanation

The term "cognitive maps" stands out as being least related to the others because it refers to mental representations of physical spaces and environments, while the other terms are all related to social behavior and interactions. Agonistic behavior refers to aggressive or confrontational behavior, dominance hierarchy relates to the social ranking within a group, ritual refers to a set of actions performed in a specific order, and territory relates to the defense and marking of a specific area.

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55. Which of the following is least related to the others?

Explanation

Fixed action pattern is least related to the others because it refers to a sequence of behaviors that are instinctive and stereotyped, triggered by a specific stimulus. In contrast, imprinting, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and habituation all involve learning processes. Imprinting is a form of learning where an animal forms an attachment to a specific object or individual. Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences and rewards. Classical conditioning involves learning through associations between stimuli. Habituation is a process of learning to ignore repeated or irrelevant stimuli.

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56. Learning in which an associated stimulus may be used to elicit the same behavioral response as the original sign stimulus is called

Explanation

Classical conditioning is a type of learning where an associated stimulus can be used to elicit the same behavioral response as the original sign stimulus. This means that through repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that can elicit a conditioned response. This type of learning was famously demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs, where he conditioned them to salivate at the sound of a bell by repeatedly pairing the bell with food.

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57. In the evolution of whelk-eating behavior in crows, which of the following did natural selection minimize?

Explanation

Natural selection would minimize the average total energy used to break shells in the evolution of whelk-eating behavior in crows. This is because natural selection favors traits and behaviors that are more efficient and require less energy. Crows that can break shells with less energy expenditure would have a higher chance of survival and reproduction, passing on this trait to future generations. Therefore, over time, the average total energy used to break shells would be minimized through the process of natural selection.

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58. Which of the following might affect the foraging behavior of an animal in the context of optimal foraging?

Explanation

The foraging behavior of an animal in the context of optimal foraging can be affected by several factors, including the risk of predation, prey size, and prey defenses. The risk of predation plays a crucial role as animals need to balance their need for food with the potential danger of being caught by predators. Prey size is also important as larger prey may provide more energy, but they may also be more difficult to handle and capture. Additionally, the presence of prey defenses, such as venom or spines, can influence an animal's decision to pursue a particular prey item.

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59. Which of the following is a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?

Explanation

A female bird laying its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day is a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause. This behavior is influenced by the changing amount of daylight, which serves as a cue for the bird to initiate egg-laying. The proximate cause in this case is the specific environmental cue of decreasing daylight, which triggers the bird's reproductive behavior.

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60. Which statement below about mating behavior is incorrect?

Explanation

The incorrect statement is that the mating relationship in most mammals is monogamous. While monogamy does exist in some mammal species, it is not the predominant mating behavior. Many mammals exhibit polygamous relationships, where one individual mates with multiple partners. This allows for increased genetic diversity and potential reproductive success. Therefore, the statement that most mammals have monogamous mating relationships is incorrect.

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61. The core idea of sociobiology is that

Explanation

The correct answer is that much human behavior has evolved by natural selection. Sociobiology is the study of the biological basis of social behavior in animals, including humans. It suggests that many aspects of human behavior, such as aggression, altruism, and mate selection, have evolved over time through the process of natural selection. This means that certain behaviors were advantageous for our ancestors in terms of survival and reproduction, and therefore, they became more prevalent in the population over generations. This explanation aligns with the core idea of sociobiology.

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62. Which of the following is true about imprinting?

Explanation

Imprinting is a type of learning that occurs during a sensitive period and involves the formation of strong bonds between an animal and its caregiver or a specific object. It can be triggered by visual or chemical stimuli, such as the sight or smell of the caregiver. This process is not limited to birds and can occur in various species. Imprinting is an important adaptive behavior that helps animals recognize and bond with their parents or caregivers, ensuring their survival and social development.

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63. Which of the following is NOT a common type of animal behavior?

Explanation

 Psychic behavior is not a recognized category of animal behavior. Animal behavior is typically classified as instinctive (innate, unlearned behaviors), learned (acquired through experience), or social (interactions between individuals of the same species).

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64. Which of the following is a behavioral pattern resulting from an ultimate cause?

Explanation

The correct answer is a male robin attacks a red tennis ball because it confuses it with an encroaching male who will steal its territory. This is a behavioral pattern resulting from an ultimate cause because the male robin's instinct to defend its territory and protect its breeding site is triggered by the presence of a perceived threat, which in this case is the red tennis ball. The confusion arises because the robin mistakes the ball for another male robin, leading to the aggressive behavior.

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65. Which of the following statements about evolution of behavior is correct?

Explanation

Behavior is an important aspect of an organism's survival and reproduction. Natural selection favors behaviors that increase an organism's chances of surviving and reproducing, as these behaviors contribute to the passing on of favorable traits to future generations. Additionally, an animal may exhibit behavior that maximizes its reproductive fitness, meaning it engages in behaviors that increase its chances of successfully reproducing and passing on its genes. This can include behaviors such as mate selection, courtship displays, and territorial defense. It is not necessary for behavior to be completely optimal, as it can still be subject to further evolution and refinement over time.

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66. Which one of these concepts is not associated with sociobiology?

Explanation

Associative learning is not associated with sociobiology. Sociobiology is a field of study that examines the biological basis of social behavior, focusing on how behaviors are influenced by genetic factors and natural selection. Parental investment, inclusive fitness, reciprocal altruism, and kin selection are all concepts that are commonly studied in sociobiology as they relate to the evolution of social behavior. However, associative learning is a concept from psychology that refers to the process of forming associations between stimuli and responses through conditioning, and it is not specifically related to the study of social behavior or genetics.

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67. Modern behavioral concepts relate the cost of behavior to its benefit. Under which relationship might a behavior be performed?

Explanation

In modern behavioral concepts, a behavior is more likely to be performed when the cost associated with it is less than the benefit gained from it. This means that individuals are more inclined to engage in behaviors that offer greater benefits compared to the costs involved. Additionally, behaviors that have equal costs and benefits may also be performed as they do not pose a significant disadvantage.

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68. Which scientist determined that digger wasps used landmarks to locate nest entrances?

Explanation

Niko Tinbergen determined that digger wasps used landmarks to locate nest entrances.

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69. Which of the following statements is(are) true of fixed action patterns?

Explanation

Fixed action patterns are highly stereotyped, instinctive behaviors that are triggered by sign stimuli in the environment. Once these behaviors are initiated, they are carried out to completion. It is also true that an inappropriate stimulus can sometimes trigger fixed action patterns.

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70. Researchers have found that a region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the non breeding season and enlarges when breeding season begins. This annual enlargement of brain tissue is probably associated with the annual

Explanation

During the breeding season, canaries add new syllables to their song repertoire. The researchers found that a region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the non-breeding season and enlarges when the breeding season begins. This suggests that the annual enlargement of brain tissue is likely associated with the addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire.

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71. Which scientist suggested that human social behavior may have a genetic basis?

Explanation

E.O. Wilson suggested that human social behavior may have a genetic basis. He is a renowned biologist and sociobiologist who has extensively studied the social behavior of ants and other animals. Wilson proposed that genes play a significant role in shaping human behavior, including social interactions and group dynamics. His work has been influential in the field of evolutionary biology and has sparked debates about the interplay between genetics and social behavior in humans.

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72. The evolution of mating systems is most likely affected by

Explanation

The evolution of mating systems is most likely affected by the care required by young and the certainty of paternity. The care required by young refers to the level of parental investment needed to ensure the survival and successful reproduction of offspring. Mating systems may evolve differently depending on whether the young require extensive care or can survive independently. The certainty of paternity is also a crucial factor as it influences the level of parental care provided by males. In species where paternity is uncertain, males may invest less in offspring care, leading to different mating strategies.

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73. One way to understand how early environment influences differing behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression?

Explanation

In order to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression, the most appropriate cross-fostering experiment would be to remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents and raise them in the same environment. This would allow for a comparison between the behaviors of the offspring, regardless of their genetic differences, and determine if the environment has an influence on their aggression.

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74. Optimal foraging involves all of the following except

Explanation

Optimal foraging theory focuses on maximizing the energy gained by the forager, securing essential nutrients, and minimizing the risk of predation. The theory does not specifically address maximizing the population size of the forager. While a larger population size may indirectly benefit the forager by increasing the availability of resources, it is not a direct objective of optimal foraging.

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Which of the following is least related to the others?
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Which of the following is least related to the others?
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Which one of these concepts is not associated with sociobiology?
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Researchers have found that a region of the canary forebrain shrinks...
Which scientist suggested that human social behavior may have a...
The evolution of mating systems is most likely affected by
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