Ch. 12 Personality Review Quiz

Freud's psychosexual stages are a developmental theory that describes how a person's personality develops through different stages. The correct ordering of these stages is oral, anal, phallic, and genital. In the oral stage, the focus of pleasure is on the mouth, such as sucking and chewing. The anal stage follows, where the focus shifts to the anus and the child learns to control their bowel movements. The phallic stage comes next, where the child becomes aware of their own gender and develops sexual feelings towards the opposite-sex parent. Finally, the genital stage occurs during adolescence and adulthood, where the focus is on mature sexual relationships.

According to Freud, the id is governed by the pleasure principle. The pleasure principle is the instinctual drive to seek pleasure and avoid pain. The id operates on the basis of immediate gratification and seeks to fulfill its desires without considering the consequences or reality. It is driven by basic instincts and seeks to satisfy its needs and desires without any regard for morality or social norms.

Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytic theory of personality. This theory suggests that human behavior is influenced by unconscious thoughts, desires, and motivations. Freud believed that personality is formed through a series of psychosexual stages, and that unresolved conflicts during these stages can lead to psychological disorders. The psychoanalytic theory also emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind and the role of defense mechanisms in protecting the individual from anxiety and distress.

Humanistic theorists believe that humans have free will because they emphasize the importance of individual choice and personal responsibility. They believe that individuals have the ability to make their own decisions and shape their own lives, rather than being controlled by external factors or unconscious desires. Humanistic psychology focuses on the potential for personal growth and self-actualization, emphasizing the importance of self-awareness, self-acceptance, and self-determination.

Critics of Freud's developmental theory argue that it places too much emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality development. They believe that other factors, such as social and cultural influences, play a significant role in shaping an individual's personality. This criticism suggests that Freud's theory may not provide a comprehensive understanding of how personality develops and may overlook important aspects of human development.

The part of the mind that is beyond awareness is referred to as the unconscious. This term is used in psychology to describe the thoughts, feelings, and memories that are not currently in our conscious awareness but still influence our behavior and experiences. The unconscious mind is believed to play a significant role in shaping our personality and behavior, and it can be accessed through techniques such as dream analysis and psychoanalysis.

Trait theorists aim to classify traits and understand their relationship with behavior. This involves categorizing traits into different groups and studying how these traits influence an individual's actions and reactions. By doing so, trait theorists can gain a deeper understanding of personality and the factors that contribute to it.

Behaviorists believe that personality is acquired through conditioning and observational learning. This means that individuals learn and develop their personalities through their experiences and interactions with the environment. Conditioning refers to the process of associating certain behaviors with specific consequences, which shapes personality traits. Observational learning involves observing and imitating the behaviors of others, which also contributes to the development of personality. According to behaviorists, hostile, generous, or destructive impulses arise in the unconscious, but personality itself is formed through learning processes.

The correct answer is ego. In Freudian theory, the ego is the "executive" structure that is directed by the reality principle. The ego mediates between the id (which operates on the pleasure principle) and the superego (which represents internalized societal rules). It helps to balance the desires of the id with the constraints of reality, making decisions based on what is socially acceptable and realistic. The ego is responsible for managing conflicts and finding compromises between the id and superego.

Freud believed that the ego is governed by the reality principle. The reality principle refers to the ego's ability to understand and navigate the external world, taking into account the constraints and demands of reality. It helps the ego to balance the desires of the id with the limitations imposed by the superego and the external world. The reality principle allows the ego to delay gratification and make decisions based on what is practical and realistic, rather than purely seeking immediate pleasure.

The id is an unconscious personality structure that is made up of biological urges seeking fulfillment. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires without considering the consequences or societal norms. The id is driven by basic instincts and seeks to satisfy basic needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desires. It is the most primitive part of the personality and is present from birth.

The unconscious contains repressed memories and emotions. This means that there are certain thoughts, feelings, and experiences that are stored in the unconscious mind and are not easily accessible to our conscious awareness. These repressed memories and emotions can influence our behavior and emotions without us being aware of their presence. They may resurface in dreams or through certain triggers, but they generally remain hidden from our conscious mind.

Learning theorists emphasize situational determinants of behavior, meaning that they believe that behavior is influenced by the specific situation or environment in which it occurs rather than being solely determined by the individual's personality or traits. They argue that behavior can be learned and changed through experiences and interactions with the environment. This perspective highlights the importance of external factors in shaping behavior and downplays the significance of internal factors such as personality traits.

Carl Rogers' personality theory emphasizes the importance of the self or self-image. According to Rogers, the self is the individual's perception of their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It is shaped by experiences and interactions with others, and plays a central role in determining one's behavior and personal growth. The self is also closely linked to self-esteem and self-concept, which are crucial aspects of an individual's psychological well-being. Therefore, the concept of the self or self-image is a key element in Carl Rogers' personality theory.

Humanists believe that people grow and develop throughout their lives and that people are inherently good. They emphasize the importance of individual experiences, self-actualization, and personal growth. Humanistic psychologists focus on the unique qualities and potential of each individual, and they believe that individuals have the capacity to make choices and control their own lives. This perspective contrasts with psychoanalysts who emphasize the unconscious mind, radical behaviorists who focus on observable behavior, and social learning theorists who emphasize the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior.

According to Rogers, the ideal self represents a very idealized self-image. The ideal self refers to the person's perception of who they want to be, their goals, aspirations, and the qualities they strive to possess. It is a representation of the individual's perfect version of themselves. Rogers believed that when there is a significant discrepancy between the ideal self and the actual self, it can lead to feelings of incongruence and psychological distress. Therefore, the ideal self is a concept that represents an idealized self-image.

The question is asking for a comparison between "id" and "superego" in relation to the given phrases. The id represents impulsive and instinctive behavior, while the superego represents moral and ethical behavior. "Just do it" reflects the impulsive nature of the id, while "Don't do it" reflects the moral restraint and ethical considerations of the superego. Therefore, "Don't do it" is the most appropriate match for the superego.

Freud believed that the Oedipus and Electra conflicts occur during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. This stage occurs from about 3 to 6 years of age and is characterized by a focus on the genitals. During this stage, children develop unconscious sexual desires for their opposite-sex parent and view their same-sex parent as a rival. These conflicts are eventually resolved through the process of identification, where children adopt the values and behaviors of their same-sex parent. This stage is crucial for the development of gender identity and the formation of the superego.

According to Jung, the correct answer is the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious is a concept that refers to a storehouse of unconscious ideas and images that are shared by all humans. It is believed to be inherited and contains archetypes, universal symbols and themes that are present in the myths, religions, and dreams of different cultures. The collective unconscious is distinct from the personal unconscious, which contains an individual's repressed or forgotten experiences. The persona, on the other hand, refers to the social mask or role that an individual presents to the world. The anima is a concept that represents the feminine aspect in the male psyche.

The five-factor model of personality includes conscientiousness. Conscientiousness is one of the five traits that are used to describe and measure personality. It refers to the tendency to be organized, responsible, and dependable. People who are high in conscientiousness are usually diligent, goal-oriented, and self-disciplined. They are reliable and can be counted on to follow through with their commitments. This trait is often associated with success in various areas of life, such as work, academics, and relationships.

The correct answer is the tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable first impression to unrelated details of personality. The halo effect is a cognitive bias where our overall impression of a person influences our judgments and evaluations of their specific traits or characteristics. This means that if we have a positive first impression of someone, we are more likely to view their unrelated traits or behaviors in a positive light, and vice versa. This bias can lead to inaccurate judgments and evaluations based on limited information or initial impressions.

Freud believed that the energy that drives personality comes from life instincts, and this energy is referred to as libido. Libido is the psychic energy that fuels the life instincts, including sexual instincts, and is responsible for driving human behavior. It is the primary motivator for human actions and desires.

The given statement suggests that the period being referred to begins with puberty and ends with a mature capacity for love and the realization of full adult sexuality. This aligns with the concept of the genital stage in psychoanalytic theory, which occurs during adolescence and is characterized by the development of sexual interests and the formation of mature romantic relationships. During this stage, individuals strive to establish intimate connections with others and express their sexual desires in a socially acceptable manner. Therefore, the genital stage is the most appropriate answer to the question.

The term personality refers to unique and enduring behavior patterns. Personality encompasses the consistent and distinctive ways in which individuals think, feel, and behave. It includes traits, attitudes, and behaviors that are relatively stable over time and across different situations. Personality traits are enduring patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that differentiate individuals from one another. These patterns are unique to each individual and tend to remain relatively consistent throughout their lives.

Psychoanalytic theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasized the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior and personality. It focused on the importance of unconscious desires, conflicts, and childhood experiences. On the other hand, behaviorist theory, developed by B.F. Skinner and others, minimized the role of the unconscious and instead focused on observable behavior and the influence of environmental factors. Therefore, the correct answer is "Psychoanalytic; behaviorist" because psychoanalytic theory maximized the role of the unconscious, while behaviorist theory minimized it.

Art, religion, myths, and drama are important to individual functioning because they are symbols that appeal to basic archetypes. This means that they tap into universal patterns and themes that are deeply ingrained in the human psyche. By connecting with these archetypal symbols, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of themselves and the world around them. These symbols provide a way for individuals to explore and express their own unconscious thoughts and emotions, leading to personal growth and development.

Jung believed that there are basic universal concepts in all people regardless of culture called archetypes. These archetypes are innate and represent fundamental human experiences and emotions. They are shared across different cultures and are expressed through symbols, images, and patterns. Archetypes include the mother, the hero, the trickster, and many others, and they play a significant role in shaping our thoughts, behaviors, and dreams.

Karen Horney strongly rejected Sigmund Freud's claim that males are dominant or superior to females. Horney believed that gender differences were more influenced by societal and cultural factors rather than innate biological differences. She argued that both men and women have the potential for growth and self-actualization, and that psychological differences between the sexes were not as significant as Freud suggested. Horney's theories focused on the concept of "womb envy," suggesting that men may feel inferior to women due to their inability to bear children.

Freud believed that during the latency period, which occurs between the ages of 6 and puberty, psychosexual development is temporarily halted. This stage is characterized by a decrease in sexual and aggressive urges, as well as a focus on developing social skills and intellectual pursuits. Freud believed that this period allowed children to repress their sexual and aggressive desires and channel their energy into more socially acceptable activities.

The ego is a part of the mind that deals with reality and operates on the reality principle. It delays gratification and takes into account the consequences of actions, waiting for the appropriate time to satisfy the id's desires. The reality principle helps the ego navigate the demands of the external world and find ways to satisfy the id's desires in a socially acceptable manner.

The question asks about describing the personality of a best friend using certain characteristics. The trait approach to personality focuses on identifying and describing specific traits or characteristics that individuals possess. In this case, the answer "trait" is the correct choice because it aligns with the description of using specific traits (optimistic, reserved, and friendly) to describe the personality of the best friend.

The five-factor model of personality includes agreeableness. This factor refers to a person's tendency to be cooperative, kind, and sympathetic towards others. Individuals high in agreeableness are generally warm, considerate, and willing to compromise. They value harmony in relationships and are more likely to be helpful and empathetic towards others. This factor is one of the key dimensions used to describe and understand personality traits.

Freud's theory of psychosexual development suggests that individuals who are messy and disorderly are described as anally expulsive. This term refers to individuals who have not successfully resolved the conflicts associated with the anal stage of development, leading to a lack of self-control and a tendency to be messy and disorganized.

Temperament refers to hereditary emotional traits. This means that temperament is determined by genetics and is passed down from parents to their offspring. It is not something that is learned or acquired through experience. Temperament is a set of enduring behavior patterns that are innate and consistent over time. It is believed to influence how individuals respond to their environment and can have an impact on their overall personality and emotional reactions.

Behaviorists focus on how external environmental factors influence behavior, while humanists focus on the individual's subjective experiences and personal growth. Humankind encompasses the broader concept of human nature and the overall human experience, which aligns with the perspective of humanists. Stress and internal conflicts are specific aspects of the individual's experience and do not encompass the broader scope of humanistic psychology.

The conscious mind is the part of our mental processing that we are aware of at any given moment. It involves our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and memories that we can easily access and bring to our awareness. Unlike the subconscious or unconscious mind, which contains hidden or repressed material that is not readily accessible, the conscious mind is the realm of our immediate awareness and cognition.

Between the ages of 1 and 3 years, according to Freud's psychosexual development theory, the child is said to go through the genital stage. This stage is characterized by the child's growing awareness of their own gender identity and their interest in exploring their own body and the bodies of others. It is during this stage that children begin to develop a sense of modesty and social norms regarding sexual behavior.