Bus Law And Ethics - Chapter 2

Each subculture refers to a group of people who share common interests, beliefs, and values within a larger culture. These subcultures can develop their own unique value systems that may differ from the dominant culture. This allows individuals within the subculture to establish their own norms, behaviors, and priorities that align with their shared values. Therefore, it is true that each subculture can have its own value system.

This answer is correct because consequences refer to the effects or results of people's actions. When making ethical decisions, it is important to consider the potential consequences of our actions as they can have significant impacts on ourselves and others. Consequences can be both positive and negative, and they play a crucial role in determining the ethicality of our decisions. Therefore, understanding and considering the consequences is essential in making ethical choices.

This statement is true because a right is a moral or legal entitlement that an individual has to be treated in a certain way by others. It implies that individuals have certain fundamental rights that should be respected and protected by society and its institutions. These rights can include things like freedom of speech, equality, privacy, and due process. By acknowledging and upholding these rights, individuals can expect to be treated fairly and with dignity by others.

The principle of virtues suggests that in order to become a good person, one must actively practice and develop the character traits they aspire to possess. This means that by consistently engaging in virtuous actions and behaviors, individuals can cultivate and strengthen their moral and ethical qualities. Therefore, the statement "Under the principle of virtues you become a good person by practicing the character traits you wish to develop" is true.

A virtue is an ideal character trait that is considered morally good and desirable. It represents qualities such as honesty, integrity, compassion, and fairness. These traits are seen as positive and admirable, and they guide individuals in making ethical decisions and behaving in a virtuous manner. Therefore, it can be concluded that a virtue is indeed an ideal character trait, making the answer "True" correct.

A person's ethical beliefs are influenced by their life experiences, as these experiences shape their values, beliefs, and perspectives on what is right and wrong. Peer groups also play a significant role in shaping a person's ethical beliefs, as individuals often adopt the moral standards and behaviors of their social circle. Additionally, there may be factors that are not yet fully understood that can impact a person's ethical beliefs, such as genetic predispositions or subconscious biases. Therefore, all of these factors can contribute to an individual's ethical beliefs.

Egoism is a belief system that prioritizes self-interest and personal gain above the well-being of others. A person who practices egoism is primarily concerned with how their decisions affect themselves rather than others. Therefore, the statement contradicts the definition of egoism and is false.

Universality is a principle that emphasizes treating others the way we would like to be treated in the same circumstances. In this context, the question is asking individuals to act in a certain way and to expect others to act in the same manner in a given situation. This principle promotes fairness, empathy, and respect for others, highlighting the importance of considering how our actions impact others and treating them with the same standards we would expect for ourselves.

The statement suggests that all people agree on the rights and/or duties due to others, which is not true. People have different beliefs, values, and cultural backgrounds, leading to varying perspectives on what rights and duties are owed to others. There are often disagreements and conflicts regarding these matters, making it impossible for all people to agree on them.

An action is not necessarily moral just because it violates the rights of others. Morality is a complex concept that involves various factors such as intentions, consequences, and societal norms. While violating the rights of others can often be seen as immoral, there may be certain circumstances where it is justified, such as in self-defense or in the pursuit of a greater good. Therefore, it is incorrect to claim that any action that violates the rights of others is automatically immoral.

Egoism and respect for persons do not advocate for harming others for personal benefit. Egoism is a moral theory that states individuals should act in their own self-interest, but it does not imply causing harm to others. Respect for persons, on the other hand, emphasizes treating others with dignity and considering their well-being. Both these ethical theories prioritize individual autonomy and self-interest, but they do not condone causing harm to others for personal gain. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Under consequential ethics, the morality of an action is determined by its consequences. It suggests that the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the outcome it produces. Therefore, not all actions are always right or always wrong under consequential ethics. The morality of an action is evaluated based on the consequences it generates, rather than being inherently right or wrong.

Utility refers to the principle of maximizing overall happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. Someone who makes decisions that produce the best consequences for everyone involved is practicing utility, as they prioritize the overall benefit and welfare of the majority. This approach focuses on the outcomes and consequences of actions, rather than personal interests or individual rights.

Under the principle of rights, the determination of whether an action is right or wrong is not solely based on its consequences. Instead, the focus is on the inherent rights of individuals involved. In this context, an action may be considered right or wrong based on its alignment with the principles of justice, fairness, and respect for individual rights, rather than solely on the outcomes it produces. Therefore, the correct answer is False.