Celtic druids
Norman priests
Roman emperors
Christian monks
Ca. 499
Ca. 599
Ca. 699
Ca. 799
Fatalism
Fate
Revenge
Providence
That the energy obtained from meat and fish is vital for one’s spiritual wellbeing
That it is essential to maintain a positive outlook on life
That everything has its own soul or spirit
That humans are part of nature, as an animal species
1
3
10
5
Torture
Public humiliation
Imprisonment
Exile
Widsith
Wyrsith
Wyrd
Wergild
Forgiveness
Compassion for one’s enemy
Revenge
Removing of belongings before burial
That the Lord must provide shelter and riches to his thanes in return for protection
That the King must provide lands and titles to his children
That the tribe must promise to respect the laws and religion of the King
That the Lord and his thanes must commit themselves to a life of celibacy
Praying
Meditating
Boasting
Dancing
Scops
Scaps
Scips
Scups
To shock readers
To foreshadow events
To give hindsight
To aid memory
Love of glory
Family honour
Wealth and material possessions
Love of nature
3rd Century A.D.
5th Century A.D.
7th Century A.D.
10th Century A.D.
4th Century A.D.
5th Century A.D.
8th Century A.D.
9th Century A.D.
7th Century A.D.
9th Century A.D.
10th Century A.D.
12th Century A.D.
Sir Robert Bruce Silk
Sir Robert Bruce Cotton
Sir Robert Bruce Velvet
Sir Robert Bruce Jean
1730
1731
1732
1733
North Saxon
East Saxon
West Saxon
South Saxon
2045
4892
3186
4573
A fairly free number of unstressed syllables
“Head-rhymes” of syllable-initial sounds
Two heavily stressed syllables in each unit
“End-rhymes” of the final syllable sounds
Haltering
Parone
Caesura
Detention
Alliteration
Compound names
Personification
Hapax legomena
Lyrical
Dignified
Solemn
All of the above
Sail-road
Bath-way
Whale-path
Tear-pond