1.
When does the father usually give his son money?
Correct Answer
B. On Saturday
Explanation
The father usually gives his son money on Saturday. This implies that there is a specific day of the week when the father regularly provides his son with money. It can be inferred that this is a recurring event or a weekly allowance given by the father.
2.
Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element.
Where does the man want to go?
Correct Answer
A. To the science museum
Explanation
The man wants to go to the science museum. This can be inferred from the audio where the man asks for directions to the science museum.
3.
Where should the man get on the train?
Correct Answer
B. Platform number 4
Explanation
The man should get on the train at platform number 4.
4.
What is the flight number for the second half of his journey?
Correct Answer
B. 90
5.
Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element.
What is the number of this flight?
Correct Answer
B. 18
6.
How long is the flight??
Correct Answer
B. 2 hours, 14 minutes
Explanation
The flight duration is 2 hours and 14 minutes.
7.
What is the local time in Seattle?
Correct Answer
A. 11:45 PM
8.
Where is the woman from originally?
Correct Answer
A. Argentina
Explanation
The woman is originally from Argentina.
9.
Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element.
What does Susan have to do on Saturday morning?
Correct Answer
B. Clean the house
Explanation
The correct answer is "clean the house" because the question asks what Susan has to do on Saturday morning, and out of the given options, cleaning the house is the only task mentioned.
10.
What time is Susan meeting with Julie?
Correct Answer
C. At 2:00 p.m.
11.
Fundamental Studies in Linguistics
Roger Cartinion, Susan Mulligan
Table of Contents
Page
Introduction 1
1
Study Guide
4
Chapter 1
Understanding the Basics of Language
6
Chapter 2
Early Linguistic research
21
Chapter 3
The Concept of Language Families
37
Chapter 4
Comparative Linguistics
43
Chapter 5
Focus on Semitic Language Structure
57
Chapter 6
The Role of Semantics
88
Chapter7
Current studies
107
Index and Glossary
139
Which chapter in the book is the longest?
Correct Answer
D. Chapter 7
Explanation
Chapter 7 is the longest chapter in the book.
12.
Where can find the Index and Glossary in this book?
Correct Answer
D. At the end of the book
Explanation
The Index and Glossary can be found at the end of the book.
13.
Which chapter most likely includes information on Arabic language structure?
Correct Answer
B. Chapter 5
Explanation
Chapter 5 is most likely to include information on Arabic language structure because it is the next chapter after Chapter 4. Typically, textbooks are organized in a logical sequence, and the information on language structure would be introduced after covering the basics in the earlier chapters. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that Chapter 5 would delve into more advanced topics such as language structure.
14.
Why was a kind of Pizza named Margherita?
Correct Answer
D. After the name of Queen Margherita
Explanation
The kind of pizza was named Margherita after the name of Queen Margherita.
15.
Read the following passage, and then choose the best answer to each of the questions that follow and mark it on your answer sheet.
1. A little girl had been shopping with her Mom in Wal-Mart. She must have been 6- years-old, this beautiful red-haired, freckle-faced image of innocence. It was pouring outside. The kind of rain that gushes over the top of rain gutters, so much in a hurry to hit the earth it has no time to flow down the spout. We all stood there under the awning and just inside the door of the Wal-Mart .
2. We waited, some patiently, others irritated because nature messed up their hurried day. I am always mesmerized by rainfall. I got lost in the sound and sight of the heavens washing away the dirt and dust of the world. Memories of running, splashing so carefree as a child came pouring in as a welcome moment from the worries of my day .
3. The little voice was so sweet as it broke the hypnotic trance we were all caught in:
"Mom,let's run through the rain," she said .
"What?" Mom asked .
"Let's run through the rain!" she repeated .
"No, honey. We'll wait until it slows down a bit," Mom replied .
This young child waited about another minute and repeated: "Mom, let's run through the rain ".
"We'll get soaked if we do," Mom said .
"No, we won't, Mom. That's not what you said this morning," the young girl said as she tugged at her Mom's arm .
"This morning? When did I say we could run through the rain and not get wet"؟
"Don't you remember? When you were talking to Daddy about his cancer, you said, 'If God can get us through this, he can get us through anything "!
4. The entire crowd stopped dead silent. I swear you couldn't hear anything but the rain.
We all stood silently. No one came or left in the next few minutes. Mom paused and
thought for a moment about what she would say. Now some would laugh it off and
scold her for being silly. Some might even ignore what was said. But this was a
moment of affirmation in a young child's life. A time when innocent trust can be
nurtured so that it will bloom into faith
"Honey, you are absolutely right. Let's run through the rain. If God let's us get wet, well maybe we just needed washing," Mom said.
Then off they ran. We all stood watching, smiling and laughing as they darted past the cars and, yes, through the puddles. They got soaked. But they were followed by a few who screamed and laughed like children all the way to their cars . And yes, I did. I ran. I got wet. I needed washing.
Wal-Mart was probably the name of ...............
Correct Answer
C. A shopping center
Explanation
The passage describes a little girl and her mom shopping in Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart is mentioned as a location where they were waiting under the awning. Therefore, Wal-Mart is the name of a shopping center.
16.
"It was pouring outside" means.................
Correct Answer
B. There was heavy rain outside
Explanation
The phrase "It was pouring outside" indicates that there was heavy rain occurring outdoors.
17.
Why did Mom prevent her little girl to play in the rain at the beginning? Because.......
Correct Answer
D. (B+C)
Explanation
The correct answer is (B+C) because it is the nature of mothers to take care of their kids and she was afraid that her girl would get soaked. Mothers are naturally protective of their children and want to ensure their safety. In this case, the mother is concerned about her daughter getting wet in the rain and potentially catching a cold or getting sick. Therefore, she prevents her from playing in the rain.
18.
Read the following passage, and then choose the best answer to each of the questions that follow and mark it on your answer sheet.
1. Oud (agarwood or agar) comes from trees found in India, Cambodia, Yemen, Thailand and Ethiopia. It is a certain fungal infection that comes from Aquilaria trees, which is peeled off the tree. The chips are initially pale and light in color; the heartwood turns dense and dark as a result of the growth of a dangerous mold.
2. Oud has a very strong and unique smell that is available in chips, which are lit and burned. The scented smoke is called Bakhoor. Oud is also available in an oil form, which is placed in small perfume bottles.
People apply the oil on certain areas such as behind the ears and on the wrists for a long-lasting scented effect.
3. Bakhoor, the scented smoke, is made from placing the Oud chip on a bed of natural coal or lighted charcoal, which allows the wood to burn and puff the fragrance of the authentic Oud. Once the chip is burned out, it should be thrown away. Traditionally in Saudi Arabia, when Oud is lit, the Oud burner is passed around from one person to another as part of Saudi hospitality. An old odd fact about Bakhoor is that when a host is tired of his visitors and wants them to leave, he/she would burn a chip of Oud and walk around the room. Guests would then know that this is a polite signal for them to leave.
4. Oud in its oil form (dehan) is a considerable investment. It is sold and measured in 12-milliliter bottles called tola.
Prices for one tola range anywhere from SR300 to SR8,000. Anything below this price might be a copy or a Chinese imitation.
5. Imam Bukhari reported that Oud is known to be an excellent scent for strengthening the body and the mind.
According to him, the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: “Treat with Indian incense (Oud AlHindi) for it has healing for seven diseases; it is to be sniffed by one having throat problems and put in the mouth for one suffering from pleurisy.” Oud is also used to traditionally treat asthma, chest congestion, colic, nausea, kidney problems, thyroid cancer, lung tumors, and post childbirth.
It is also ageneral refresher in China, India and Japan.
6. International perfume brands such as Tom Ford, Armani, Dior, Kilian and more are now embracing Oud for its distinctive long-lasting scent and are including it in their luxurious perfume mixtures. Popular brand stores in Saudi Arabia that are famous for selling high quality Oud are: Arabian Oud, Ajmal and Abdul Samad Alqurashi.
The 2nd paragraph is mainly talking about………………..
Correct Answer
A. Two forms of Oud
Explanation
The 2nd paragraph is mainly talking about the two forms of Oud, which are chips and oil. It mentions that the chips are lit and burned to produce scented smoke called Bakhoor, while the oil is applied on certain areas of the body for a long-lasting scented effect. It also mentions that the oil is placed in small perfume bottles.
19.
In Paragraph 4, the word "tola" probably means…………..
Correct Answer
D. A very small bottle
Explanation
The word "tola" is likely to mean "a very small bottle" based on the context provided in Paragraph 4. The other options do not fit the context and do not make sense in relation to the paragraph.
20.
Paragraph 5 is mainly talking about……………………
Correct Answer
B. How Oud can be used to treat different diseases
Explanation
The correct answer is how Oud can be used to treat different diseases. This can be inferred from the information given in paragraph 5, which discusses the various medicinal properties of Oud and its traditional use in treating ailments such as asthma, chest congestion, and colic. The paragraph mentions that Imam Bukhari reported on the healing properties of Oud and its effectiveness in treating different diseases.
21.
Read the following passage, and then choose the best answer to each of the questions that follow and mark it on your answer sheet.
According to a 077-year-old legend, a princess called the Blessed Kinga threw her ring
into a salt mine at Marmaros in Hungary. While traveling from Marmaros to Cracow,
she stopped at Weiliczka and her servants were told to dig a well. Instead of water, salt
was discovered – and in the first lump of salt, which was taken out, Kinga’s ring was
found.
The legend is a story- but it is true that for over seven centuries, salt has been mined
from the rock below the town of Weiliczka. After that date, horses were used to carry
salt out, but the work was still very dangerous and many miners were killed or injured.
The constant danger made the miners deeply religious and chapels were constructed
underground where church services were held. After a chapel was destroyed by fire in
1960, miners were not allowed to take wooden statues into the mine, so they began to
carve sculpture from rock salt.
Nowadays visitors are shown how salt was mined long ago, and can see the enormous
chambers which have been dug out of the solid rock. They can also see pretty green
lakes, and chapels with beautiful carvings. A special attraction is the Chapel of the
Blessed Kinga, which was made by the miners themselves in a chamber 177 meters
underground.
The servants were asked to dig a well to...................
Correct Answer
A. Find water
Explanation
The passage states that when Princess Kinga stopped at Weiliczka, her servants were told to dig a well. However, instead of finding water, they discovered salt. Therefore, the correct answer is that the servants were asked to dig a well to find water.
22.
The underlined word “ legend” in paragraph 2 probably means.............
Correct Answer
B. A story
Explanation
The word "legend" in paragraph 2 most likely means "a story." A legend is a traditional or historical story that is passed down through generations. It often includes elements of mythology or folklore and is used to explain natural phenomena, historical events, or cultural traditions. In this context, it is likely that the word "legend" is referring to a story that is being told or mentioned in the paragraph.
23.
Miners began to carve sculptures from rock salt because..........................
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
Miners began to carve sculptures from rock salt because rock salt sculptures don’t catch fire, unlike wooden statues. Additionally, the decision to use rock salt may have been influenced by a previous incident where a chapel was destroyed by fire, possibly caused by wooden sculptures. Therefore, all of the above reasons contributed to the miners' choice of carving sculptures from rock salt.
24.
Read the following passage, and then choose the best answer to each of the questions that follow and mark it on your answer sheet.
1. In 2008 UNESCO announced Madaʼin Saleh as a site of cultural heritage, becoming Saudi Arabia's first World Heritage Site.
It was chosen for its well-preserved remains from late antiquity, especially the 131 rock-cut huge tombs of the Nabatean kingdom.
2. The archaeological site of Mada'in Saleh (Al-Hijr) is situated 20 km north of the town of Al-`Ula, (previously known as Dedan), 400 km north-west of Medina, and 500 km south-east of Petra, Jordan.
The western and north-western portions of the site contain a water table that can be reached at a depth of 20 m.
3. It is the largest conserved site of the civilization of the Nabataeans south of Petra in Jordan. It features well-preserved monumental tombs with decorated facades dating from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD.
The site also features some 50 inscriptions of the pre-Nabataean period and some cave drawings.
Mada'in Saleh bears a unique testimony to Nabataean civilization. With its 111 monumental tombs, 94 of which are decorated, and water wells, the site is an outstanding example of the Nabataeans’ architectural accomplishment and hydraulic expertise.
4. Prophet Saleh was sent to the Thamud. The Holy Quran says, “The Thamud rejected the Messengers.
When their brother Saleh said to them: Will you not be righteous! I am sent to you as a trusty Messenger.”
5. Although Madain Saleh site was proclaimed as an archaeological treasure in the early 1970s, few investigations had been conducted since. The prohibition on the veneration of objects/artifacts has only resulted in minimal low-key archaeological activities. These conservative measures have started to ease up beginning in 2000, when Saudi Arabia invited expeditions to carry out archaeological explorations, as part of the government's push to promote cultural heritage protection and tourism.
The first paragraph is mainly talking about………………..
Correct Answer
B. Why UNESCO announced Madaʼin Saleh as a site of cultural heritag
Explanation
The first paragraph is mainly talking about why UNESCO announced Madaʼin Saleh as a site of cultural heritage. It mentions that Madaʼin Saleh was chosen for its well-preserved remains from late antiquity, especially the 131 rock-cut huge tombs of the Nabatean kingdom. This suggests that the site has significant historical and cultural value, leading to its recognition by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
25.
The 2nd paragraph is mainly talking about the………………….
Correct Answer
A. The location of Mada'in Saleh
Explanation
The 2nd paragraph is mainly talking about the location of Mada'in Saleh.
26.
In Paragraph 3, we infer that the preserved monumental tombs with decorated facades
were……………..old.
Correct Answer
C. 200 years
Explanation
In Paragraph 3, it is implied that the preserved monumental tombs with decorated facades were old. The specific time frame mentioned is "200 years."
27.
Read the following passage, and then choose the best answer to each of the questions that follow and mark it on your answer sheet.
1. Helen Keller was born in Alabama in 1881. Before she was two years old, she became seriously ill and was left deaf and blind.
Helen could only learn about things around her by touching with her hands.
She made up signs for a few things like yes, no, come, and go. She felt lonely because she could not hear, see, or speak.
She became angry a lot. Her parents decided that she needed someone who could help her understand the world around her and how to behave in it.
2. So, Anne Sullivan came to teach her. She taught Helen by using her hands to spell words.
She would use sign language by signing a letter with her own hand, and pressing her hand into the palm of Helen's hand.
Helen soon learned to make the same signs with her hands, but did not really understand what they meant.
3. One day Ms Sullivan put Helen's hand under the water pump and spelled the word water in Helen's other hand.
Finally, Helen understood that these signs, called finger spelling, were naming the things in her world.
It was as if a light had suddenly been turned on. She was so excited that she wanted to know the names of everything.
4. Ms Sullivan was a gifted teacher and worked hard to help Helen learn. After she taught Helen the names of everything, she had to teach her the things that any other child learns in school, like history, science and math. She also taught Helen how to read Braille, groups of raised dots that stand for letters.
5. When Helen got older, she went to the Perkins School for the Blind. Then she went to Radcliffe College. She was the first blind and deaf person to ever graduate from college. As a grown-up, Helen was a public figure and a writer. She used sign language to tell people about her life. She also wrote a book about her life. Ms Sullivan was there with her, every step of the way. They remained companions for 49 years, until Ms Sullivan died in 1936. Helen Keller died in1968 .
Helen Keller was born in the......................century.
Correct Answer
B. 19th
Explanation
Helen Keller was born in the 19th century. This can be inferred from the passage, which states that she was born in 1881. The 19th century refers to the years between 1801 and 1900, which includes the year of Helen Keller's birth. Therefore, the correct answer is 19th.
28.
According to paragraph 1, Helen ................
Correct Answer
C. Could neither hear nor see, nor speak
Explanation
The correct answer is "could neither hear nor see, nor speak." This is supported by the information given in paragraph 1, which indicates that Helen Keller was deaf, blind, and unable to speak.
29.
The main idea of paragraph 4 is...................
Correct Answer
A. How Helen could spell words and learn names of things
Explanation
The main idea of paragraph 4 is about how Helen could spell words and learn the names of things. The paragraph likely discusses Helen's ability to understand and communicate through spelling, and how she was able to learn the names of objects and concepts through this method. This topic is the focus of the paragraph, providing information and examples to support this idea.
30.
Read the following passage, and then choose the best answer to each of the questions that follow and mark it on your answer sheet.
1. Do you know that there are about 8000 species of ants? They are found worldwide but are especially common in hot climates.
They live in organized groups called colonies. It is because of this that ants, like their relatives, the bees and wasps, are said to be social insects.
2. When we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind are monkeys.
But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence.
Among these, the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations.
3. Ants communicate with each other using pheromones, sounds, and touch. The use of pheromones aschemical signals is more developed in ants.
Like other insects, ants perceive smells with their long, thin, and mobile antennae.
The paired antennae provide information about the direction and intensity of scents.
4. All ants share common characteristics. The body of an ant is divided into three parts : a large head, a thorax and an oval abdomen.
The thorax is separate from the abdomen by a slender waist. An ant uses its three pairs of jointed legs to move about.
Ants are usually yellow, brown, red or black in color.5. Ants hatch from eggs as legless larvae. The queen is the only female in the colony which can lay eggs.
The other females are worker ants which build the nest, collect food and tend to the larvae. The large females, known as soldier ants, defend the colony. The function of the male ant is to mate with the queen.
Only the queen and male ants have wings which are used during the mating ritual. Soon after mating, the male ant dies.
The fertilized queen pulls off her wings and leaves to establish a new colony.
6. Ant colonies live in nests consisting of numerous chambers connected by tunnels. Some ants colonize tree trunks or live in mounds built of sticks and leaves. Some others secrete silk to sew together nests of leaves.
They are also found under rocks or live underground.
The underlined word " species" in paragraph 1 probably means:
Correct Answer
A. Kinds
Explanation
The underlined word "species" in paragraph 1 probably means "kinds". This is because the sentence states that there are about 8000 species of ants, indicating that there are different kinds or types of ants. The word "species" is commonly used to refer to different categories or classifications within a larger group or family.
31.
In paragraph 2, the writer hints that…………….
Correct Answer
B. Ants could be more intelligent than monkeys
32.
Paragraph 3 is mainly talking about…….
Correct Answer
D. How ants communicate
Explanation
Paragraph 3 discusses the topic of how ants communicate. It may provide information about the different methods ants use to communicate with each other, such as through the use of pheromones or other chemical signals. It may also discuss how ants perceive smells using their antennae and how this plays a role in their communication. Overall, the paragraph focuses on the communication abilities and methods of ants.
33.
The shops in England ___ at 9:00 in the morning.
Correct Answer
A. Open
Explanation
The correct answer is "open" because the subject "shops in England" is plural, so it requires the plural form of the verb "open."
34.
I ___ study in the evening.
Correct Answer
A. Will
Explanation
The correct answer is "will" because it indicates a future action or plan. The sentence suggests that the speaker intends to study in the evening.
35.
He ___ at school at 9:00 every Thursday morning.
Correct Answer
B. Was
Explanation
The correct answer is "was" because it is the past tense form of the verb "to be" and agrees with the singular subject "He". This sentence is describing a habitual action that occurred in the past, indicating that "was" is the appropriate verb choice.
36.
His pants ___ ripped over his left knee.
Correct Answer
A. Are
Explanation
The correct answer is "are" because "pants" is a plural noun, and the verb should agree with the subject in number. In this case, the subject "pants" is plural, so the verb "are" is the correct form to use.
37.
When I ___ smiling, I feel better.
Correct Answer
B. Am
Explanation
The correct answer is "am" because the sentence is in the present tense and the verb "am" is used with the pronoun "I" in the present tense.
38.
When the phone ___, please answer it.
Correct Answer
B. Rings
Explanation
The verb "ring" is used in the present tense to indicate an ongoing action. In this sentence, the word "please" suggests a polite request, indicating that the action of answering the phone should occur when it is currently ringing. Therefore, the correct verb form to use is "rings."
39.
He ___ shouting at me as I drove past his house.
Correct Answer
B. Was
Explanation
The correct answer is "was" because the verb tense needs to match the past tense of "drove." "Was" is the past tense form of the verb "to be" and is used to describe an action that was happening in the past.
40.
Their keys ___on the seat of the car all the time.
Correct Answer
C. Were
Explanation
The correct answer is "were" because the subject "keys" is plural, indicating that there are multiple keys. Therefore, the verb "were" should be used to agree with the plural subject.
41.
We ___ going to celebrate New Year's on December 31st.
Correct Answer
B. Are
Explanation
The correct answer is "are" because the subject "we" indicates a plural pronoun. In English grammar, when the subject is plural, the verb form used should also be plural. Therefore, "are" is the appropriate verb form to use in this sentence.
42.
Something ___ cooking in the kitchen when we came home.
Correct Answer
A. Was
Explanation
The correct answer is "was" because the subject "something" is singular, so the verb should also be singular. In this case, "was" is the correct past tense form of the verb "to be" to agree with the singular subject.
43.
There ___ no meat on the menu tonight.
Correct Answer
B. Is
Explanation
The correct answer is "is" because the subject "no meat" is singular, so it requires the singular form of the verb "to be," which is "is."
44.
His house used ___ on Elm Street but he doesn't live there anymore.
Correct Answer
B. To be
Explanation
The correct answer is "to be" because it is used to indicate the location or address of someone's house. In this case, the sentence is stating that his house used to be located on Elm Street, but he no longer lives there.
45.
Karen is rich; ___, her cousin Kate is poor.
Correct Answer
B. However
Explanation
The correct answer is "however". This is because "however" is used to contrast two different ideas or statements. In this case, the first statement "Karen is rich" is contrasted with the second statement "her cousin Kate is poor". The word "however" indicates that despite Karen's wealth, her cousin Kate is in a completely opposite financial situation.
46.
The fire died out ___ nine o'clock.
Correct Answer
A. After
Explanation
The correct answer is "after" because it indicates that the fire stopped burning at some point in time, specifically after nine o'clock. This suggests that the fire was burning until that time and then extinguished.
47.
I ___ a CD for you at the shopping center.
Correct Answer
C. Bought
Explanation
The correct answer is "bought." This is the past tense form of the verb "buy," which is used to indicate that the action of purchasing a CD for someone at the shopping center has already happened in the past.
48.
You'd better take a taxi. ___, you'll arrive late.
Correct Answer
C. Otherwise
Explanation
The phrase "you'll arrive late" suggests that there is a negative consequence if the person does not take a taxi. The word "otherwise" is used to indicate an alternative action or situation that should be taken to avoid the negative consequence. Therefore, the correct answer is "otherwise" as it implies that not taking a taxi will result in arriving late.
49.
New ideas have been put into practice ___ he was elected our leader.
Correct Answer
C. Since
Explanation
The word "since" is the correct answer because it indicates that the new ideas were put into practice after the person was elected as a leader. "Since" is used to show a cause-and-effect relationship, suggesting that the election of the leader was the reason for the implementation of new ideas.
50.
I ___ return your 10 dollars next week.
Correct Answer
C. Will
Explanation
The correct answer is "will" because it indicates a future action of returning the 10 dollars next week. The use of "will" suggests a voluntary action or a promise to do something in the future.