2 часть, гистология, Хрипков

The presence of proteinuria and glucosuria in the patient's urine analysis indicates damage to the proximal tubules of the nephron. The proximal tubules are responsible for reabsorbing proteins and glucose from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. When these tubules are damaged, they are unable to properly reabsorb these substances, leading to their presence in the urine. This suggests that the pathology of the patient's kidneys specifically affects the proximal tubules.

The given description mentions structures in the kidney cortex that are lined with a prismatic epithelium, characterized by brush borders and deep folds of the plasma membrane in the basal region. These structures also contain a large number of mitochondria located between the folds. Based on this information, the described structures belong to the proximal tubule of the nephron.

The correct answer is the proximal convoluted tubule. This is because the description mentions a tubule that is lined with a single layer of cuboidal epithelium, and the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells is stained eosinophilic, which is characteristic of the proximal convoluted tubule. The other options mentioned, such as the collecting duct, distal convoluted tubule, distal straight tubule, and loop of Henle, do not match the given description.

The presence of albuminuria (presence of albumin in urine) and glucosuria (presence of glucose in urine) indicates that there is a dysfunction in the proximal tubules of the nephron. The proximal tubules are responsible for the reabsorption of most of the filtered glucose and proteins back into the bloodstream. In this case, the dysfunction in the proximal tubules is causing the albumin and glucose to be excreted in the urine instead of being reabsorbed, leading to their presence in the urine analysis.

The correct answer is "Секреторні клітини збірних трубок" (Secretory cells of the collecting ducts). These cells are responsible for maintaining the pH balance of urine by secreting hydrogen ions (H+) or bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) into the urine, which affects the acidity or alkalinity of the urine.

Based on the description provided, the histological slide shows a cross-section of a tubular organ with three layers in its wall: an inner, middle, and outer layer. The inner layer is lined with transitional epithelium, the middle layer has two layers of smooth muscle cells, and the outer layer is composed of fibrous connective tissue. This description matches the structure of the upper portion of the ureter, making the correct answer "Сечовід (верхній відділ)" which translates to "Ureter (upper part)".

The dark cells of the collecting ducts in the kidneys are the cells that have been damaged. This is because the patient's urine has lost its acidic reaction, which is a characteristic of the normal functioning of the collecting ducts.

The correct answer is "У нирці" which translates to "In the kidney" in English. The question asks where this dense network of capillaries, called rete mirabile, can be found. The explanation states that it can be found in the kidney.

The given electron micrograph shows a fenestrated endothelium with a basal membrane, to which epithelial cells with projections are attached. This structural arrangement is characteristic of the filtration barrier in the kidney, which consists of the fenestrated endothelium, the basal membrane, and the epithelial cells with projections. This barrier is responsible for filtering blood and preventing the passage of large molecules and cells into the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is "Фільтраційний барьєр" (Filtration barrier).

The presence of erythrocytes in the urine indicates a pathological process in the filtration barrier of the kidney. The filtration barrier is responsible for filtering the blood and preventing the passage of blood cells, including erythrocytes, into the urine. Therefore, if erythrocytes are found in the urine, it suggests that there is a disruption or damage to the filtration barrier, allowing the erythrocytes to pass through.

The correct answer is "Шунтів при інтенсивному кровообігу" (Impaired shunting during intense blood flow). This suggests that the function that will be affected when these nephrons are damaged is the ability to regulate blood flow and shunting in the kidneys.

The correct answer is "Щільна пляма" (Juxtaglomerular apparatus). This is a specialized region found in the kidney nephron, specifically between the afferent and efferent arterioles. It consists of cells that have condensed nuclei and lack a basal membrane. This structure plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and kidney function.

The correct answer is ЮГА-клітини (JGA cells). JGA cells are located in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney and play a role in regulating blood pressure. They release renin, an enzyme that triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, when the renal artery is narrowed, the JGA cells are stimulated to release more renin, resulting in a sustained increase in blood pressure.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney responds to the increased arterial pressure caused by the occlusion of the renal artery. This structure is located in the nephron, specifically at the point where the distal convoluted tubule comes into contact with the afferent arteriole. It is responsible for regulating blood pressure and renal blood flow by releasing renin in response to changes in pressure. This hormone then initiates a cascade of events that ultimately leads to the constriction of blood vessels and the retention of water and sodium in the body, helping to restore normal blood pressure.

The correct answer is "Юкстагломерулярні" because the passage describes cells located under the epithelium in the wall of the afferent and efferent arterioles of the kidney. These cells contain granules of renin, which contribute to an increase in blood pressure. These characteristics match the description of juxtaglomerular cells, which are specialized cells found in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney.

The juxtaglomerular cells are responsible for regulating blood pressure in the kidneys. These cells are located in the walls of the afferent arterioles, which are the blood vessels that supply blood to the glomerulus. When the juxtaglomerular cells detect low blood pressure, they release renin, an enzyme that initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This system helps to increase blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and retaining sodium and water in the kidneys. Therefore, dysfunction or abnormal activity of the juxtaglomerular cells can lead to elevated blood pressure in patients with kidney disease.

In the histological examination of the kidney in the area of the vascular pole of the renal corpuscles, a layer of high cells with oval nuclei, known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus, is identified. This structure is responsible for regulating blood pressure and filtration rate in the kidney. The juxtaglomerular cells release renin, which plays a role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, while the macula densa cells monitor the sodium concentration in the tubular fluid. Therefore, the juxtaglomerular apparatus is involved in the regulation of renal function and blood pressure.

The correct answer is "Юкстагломерулярні" because the question is asking for the name of the cells that contain secretory granules under the endothelium of the afferent arteriole in the microphotograph of a kidney fragment. "Юкстагломерулярні" refers to the juxtaglomerular cells, which are specialized cells located near the glomerulus in the kidney and are involved in regulating blood pressure and kidney function.

Юкстагломерулярні клітини відповідальні за регуляцію артеріального тиску. Вони знаходяться в нирках і контролюють вазоконстрикцію і вазодилатацію судин, що впливає на артеріальний тиск.

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The correct answer is "Процес реабсорбції в проксимальному відділі нефрона" because the presence of sugar in the urine indicates that the process of reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the nephron is damaged. Normally, the kidneys reabsorb glucose from the filtrate back into the bloodstream, but in this case, the glucose is not being properly reabsorbed and is instead excreted in the urine. This suggests dysfunction in the proximal tubule, which is responsible for the majority of glucose reabsorption.

In the experimental model, morphological damage to the epithelial cells of the distal parts of the nephron is induced. As a result, the functional processes in the kidneys are weakened. One of the processes that is specifically mentioned to be weakened is the reabsorption of electrolytes and water. This means that the damaged epithelial cells are not able to effectively reabsorb electrolytes and water from the filtrate, leading to a decrease in their reabsorption.

The given correct answer is "Асперматогенезу". This term refers to the impairment or absence of sperm production in the testes. In the context of the question, the mechanical trauma to the seminiferous tubules (звивисті канальці) would result in the disruption of their integrity, leading to a decrease or cessation in the production of sperm.

The correct answer is "Звивисті сім'яні канальці" because the question states that the spermatic epithelium of the testicle was damaged, leading to the absence of spermatozoa in the seminal fluid. The convoluted seminiferous tubules are responsible for the production of spermatozoa in the testicles, so damage to these tubules would result in infertility.

During sexual maturation, the cells of the male sex glands, called Leydig cells, begin to produce the male sex hormone testosterone, which is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

The correct answer is "Одношаровий кубічний" because the question asks which epithelium is damaged in a patient with a mechanical injury to the seminiferous tubules. The seminiferous tubules are part of the testes, where sperm production occurs. The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules is a single layer of cuboidal cells. Therefore, if there is a disruption in the epithelial lining, it would be the single layer of cuboidal epithelium that is damaged.

The given histological description mentions an organ that is covered externally by serous and mucous membranes. The stroma of the organ is composed of loose connective tissue, which contains Leydig cells. The parenchyma is represented by tubules, and the inner surface of the tubules is lined with spermatogenic epithelium. Based on these characteristics, the correct answer is the testis, also known as the "сім`яник" in Ukrainian.

Сперматогонії є клітинами, що розмножуються в мужніх статевих залозах. Вони проліферують і диференціюються, утворюючи сперматоцити, які подальше проходять поділ і диференціюються в сперматиди. Сперматиди згодом зрівають і перетворюються в сперматозоїди, які є статевими клітинами і забезпечують достатню кількість статевих клітин для запліднення.

During the process of spermatogenesis, changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm of spermatids, leading to the formation of mature gametes. The term "формування" (formuvannya) in Ukrainian translates to "formation" in English, which accurately describes the process of these changes and the ultimate formation of mature sperm cells.

The correct answer is "Щільні контакти між клітинами Сертолі звивистих канальців." In this question, the explanation is that the integrity of the blood-testis barrier was disrupted during the surgical intervention, leading to damage to the parenchyma of the testicle. The tight contacts between the Sertoli cells in the convoluted seminiferous tubules were affected, causing the destruction of the testicular tissue.

The correct answer is "Атрезії фолікула". This is because the question describes the observation of irregularly shaped figures in the ovary that are brightly colored. These figures are formed as a result of atresia, which is the degeneration and resorption of ovarian follicles. Atresia can cause the formation of cystic structures in the ovary, which may appear as irregularly shaped figures on a histological slide. The pink color mentioned in the question suggests that the staining used is hematoxylin and eosin, which is commonly used in histology to highlight cellular structures.

During the process of oogenesis, the primary oocytes undergo growth and development to form secondary oocytes. These secondary oocytes are then surrounded by layers of granulosa cells to form mature follicles, also known as tertiary follicles. Therefore, the correct answer "Великого росту" translates to "During the period of large growth" which refers to the stage when the secondary oocytes are formed.

The correct answer is "Великого росту" (During the period of rapid growth). This is because the presence of follicles containing primary oocytes surrounded by a transparent membrane and a multilayered follicular epithelium indicates that the ovary is in the stage of development and growth. This is typically seen during the period of rapid growth in the ontogenesis of the ovary.

The hormone progesterone is primarily produced in the corpus luteum of the ovary. The corpus luteum is formed after ovulation when the follicle releases an egg. Progesterone plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for implantation and maintaining pregnancy. Therefore, in the given scenario, where changes in the endometrial tissue are observed in a woman suffering from infertility, it is likely that these changes are due to the action of progesterone produced in the corpus luteum of the ovary.

Гонадотропоцити є клітинами передньої ділянки гіпофіза, які синтезують фолікулостимулюючий гормон (ФСГ). ФСГ відповідає за стимуляцію розвитку фолікулів у яєчниках у жінок та сперматогенезу у чоловіків. У даному випадку, підвищена кількість фолікулостимулюючого гормону вказує на недолік статевих гормонів, що може бути пов'язано з порушенням функції гонадотропоцитів.

The presence of polygonal cells rich in lipids and glycogen in the endometrial biopsy of a healthy woman in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle suggests the presence of decidual cells. Decidual cells are specialized cells that develop in the endometrium during pregnancy and are responsible for supporting the implantation and development of the embryo. They are characterized by their polygonal shape and their ability to store lipids and glycogen, which provide energy for the developing embryo. Therefore, the presence of these cells indicates a normal, healthy endometrium in preparation for potential pregnancy.

The correct answer is "Жовте тіло" (Yellow body). This is because the description of the structure in the question matches the characteristics of the yellow body, which is a temporary endocrine structure that forms from the remnants of a mature follicle after ovulation. It is composed of large glandular cells with lutein pigment and has a small connective tissue scar in the center. The other options are not consistent with the given description.

The given morphological features, such as a large cavity, surrounded by a transparent zone, radiating corona, and located in the ovarian hillock with a wall formed by a layer of follicular cells and theca, belong to the mature (tertiary) follicle.

The correct answer is "Із фолікула" (From the follicle). This is because ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside the ovaries. The most common type of ovarian cyst is a follicular cyst, which forms when a follicle fails to rupture and release an egg during the menstrual cycle. Therefore, it can be inferred that the cyst in the 50-year-old woman developed from a follicle.

The correct answer is "Фолікулярні клітини первинних фолікулів" (Follicular cells of primary follicles). These cells are responsible for the synthesis of the majority of estrogens in the female body. Estrogens are hormones that play a crucial role in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system. They are primarily produced by the ovaries, specifically by the follicular cells within the ovarian follicles. Therefore, an increased level of estrogens in a woman's blood indicates that the follicular cells of primary follicles are synthesizing a higher amount of estrogens.

The formation described in the question is round and has a yellow pigment, which indicates that it is a corpus luteum. The corpus luteum is a temporary structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation and is responsible for producing progesterone. It is composed of luteinized cells, which are derived from the granulosa and theca cells of the follicle. Therefore, the correct answer is "Лютеїнових" (luteinized cells).

The correct answer is "Маткова труба" (Fallopian tube). This is because the question is asking for the location of the human embryo during its normal development. The fallopian tube is the site where fertilization occurs, and it is where the embryo implants and develops before it reaches the uterus.

The correct answer is "Маткова труба, близько ампульної частини" (Fallopian tube, near the ampullary part). This is because during normal development, the embryo travels through the fallopian tube towards the uterus. The ampullary part of the fallopian tube is the widest and most distal part, making it a likely location for the embryo to be found during microscopic examination of the removed female internal reproductive organs.

The given description of the follicle indicates that the follicular cells are arranged in 1-2 layers and have a cubic shape, and there is a bright red-colored membrane around the oocyte. Based on these characteristics, the follicle can be identified as "Первинний" or primary follicle.

The presence of atretic bodies and a developed corpus luteum indicates that the ovarian follicles have undergone ovulation and the released egg has been fertilized. This corresponds to the premenstrual phase of the ovarian-menstrual cycle, which occurs after ovulation and before the start of menstruation.

The correct answer is "Атрезії фолікула" (Atresia of the follicle). This is indicated by the presence of irregularly shaped brightly pink colored structures in the ovarian section. Atresia of the follicle refers to the degeneration and resorption of a developing ovarian follicle, which prevents it from maturing and releasing an egg during ovulation. The use of hematoxylin and eosin staining helps to visualize these structures.

During the process of oogenesis, the ovarian cortex undergoes histological examination to determine the presence of mature tertiary follicles. The formation of these follicles occurs during the period of "Великого росту" or "Large growth" in oogenesis. This is the phase where the primary oocytes undergo rapid growth and maturation, leading to the formation of the tertiary follicles.

The described picture corresponds to the preovulatory stage of the menstrual cycle. The presence of hyperemia in the ovary, increased permeability of the hematofollicular barrier, swelling, and infiltration of the follicle wall with leukocytes indicates the preparation of the follicle for ovulation. The large size and thinning of the follicle wall further support this stage, as the follicle is developing and getting ready to release the mature egg.

The low concentration of estrogens and high concentration of progesterone indicate that the woman is in the luteal phase of the ovarian-menstrual cycle. During this phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone, which prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. This phase occurs after ovulation and before menstruation, which aligns with the premenstrual phase. The premenstrual phase is also known as the secretory phase because the endometrium becomes more vascularized and glandular in preparation for potential implantation.

The given correct answer is "Примордіальні" (primordial). In the histological preparation of the ovarian cortex, small round follicles are visible under the capsule, surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells. These follicles are at an early stage of development and are considered to be primordial follicles. They represent the resting pool of oocytes in the ovary and have the potential to develop into mature follicles in the future.

The presence of swollen endometrial lining and coiled uterine glands filled with thick secretions suggests an excess of progesterone hormone. Progesterone is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation and maintaining pregnancy. An excess of progesterone can lead to abnormal thickening of the endometrium, which can contribute to infertility.

The correct answer is "Простих трубчастих нерозгалужених" (simple tubular unbranched). In the ovarian-menstrual cycle, the endometrial glands undergo changes. The description of "простих трубчастих нерозгалужених" implies that these glands are simple, tubular in shape, and do not have branches.

The correct answer is "Розрив фолiкула i вихiд овоцита в черевну порожнину" (Rupture of the follicle and release of the oocyte into the abdominal cavity). In a normal menstrual cycle, the follicle ruptures and releases the mature oocyte into the fallopian tube, where it can potentially be fertilized by sperm. However, in the case of anovulatory menstrual cycles, ovulation does not occur, and therefore the follicle does not rupture and release the oocyte.

The given histological features, such as thickening, swelling, presence of coiled glands with dilated lumens secreting abundant mucus, absence of mitosis, and presence of decidual cells in the stroma, are characteristic of the secretory (premenstrual) phase of the menstrual cycle. This phase occurs after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg.

The correct answer is the middle layer of the myometrium. After childbirth, the hormones act on the structures of the uterus to stop bleeding. The middle layer of the myometrium, also known as the muscular layer, plays the most significant role in stopping postpartum bleeding. It contracts and compresses the blood vessels, reducing blood flow and promoting hemostasis.

The given characteristics of the endometrium, such as its thickness of 2-3 mm, accumulation of epithelial cells, production of a small amount of watery mucus by secretory cells, and narrow and straight uterine glands, indicate the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. This phase occurs after menstruation and is characterized by the growth and thickening of the endometrium in preparation for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. During this phase, the endometrium is highly vascularized and contains numerous glands and stromal cells.

The given histological features of the blood vessel, including the presence of smooth muscle cells in the middle layer, suggest that the vessel belongs to the muscular artery type. Muscular arteries are characterized by a well-developed middle layer composed of smooth muscle cells, which allows them to regulate blood flow and control blood pressure. This is in contrast to elastic arteries, which have a prominent elastic membrane in their walls. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and do not have distinct layers like arteries and veins. Veins of the muscular type have a thinner middle layer compared to muscular arteries.

The question is asking for the name of the blood vessels that were found to have a thick layer of smooth muscle cells in the middle layer during the study of a skin biopsy. The correct answer is "Артерії м`язового типу" which translates to "Arteries of the muscular type." This answer accurately describes the blood vessels with a thick layer of smooth muscle cells, indicating that they are arteries rather than capillaries, arterioles, venules, or arteriolo-venular anastomoses.

The correct answer is "Артеріола" (arteriole). Arterioles are small blood vessels that connect arteries to capillaries. They have a thin subendothelial layer, a very thin internal elastic membrane, and a middle layer consisting of 1-2 layers of spirally arranged smooth muscle cells. This description matches the characteristics mentioned in the question, making arteriole the most appropriate answer.

The presence of 40 to 60 fenestrated elastic membranes in the media layer of the blood vessel indicates that it is an artery of the elastic type. Elastic arteries, such as the aorta and the pulmonary artery, have a high proportion of elastic fibers in their walls, allowing them to stretch and recoil with each heartbeat. This elasticity helps to maintain blood pressure and smooth out pulsations. Arteries of the muscular type have a higher proportion of smooth muscle cells in their walls, while veins of the muscular type have a similar composition but are responsible for returning blood to the heart.

During the development of obliterating atherosclerosis, changes occur in the blood vessels of the lower extremities. In this condition, the histological preparation of the vessel shows well-defined internal and external elastic membranes, and a high number of myocytes in the middle layer. This indicates that the artery of the muscular type is damaged in this disease.

The given histological preparation shows well-developed internal and external elastic membranes and a high number of myocytes in the middle layer. This indicates that the vessel is an artery of the muscular type. Arteries of the muscular type have a thick middle layer composed mainly of smooth muscle cells (myocytes) that allow for vasoconstriction and vasodilation to regulate blood flow. The presence of elastic membranes also suggests that the artery can stretch and recoil to accommodate changes in blood pressure.

The correct answer is "Базальною мембраною" (basal membrane). The explanation is that the basal membrane is a structural component of the capillary wall that is associated with permeability. The venom of spiders and snakes containing hyaluronidase can easily penetrate through the capillary wall, which suggests that the basal membrane is involved in regulating the permeability of capillaries.

The presence of a large number of elastic fibers in all layers of the blood vessel wall and fenestrated elastic membranes in the middle layer can be explained by the high pressure of blood. The high pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel wall requires it to be strong and elastic in order to withstand and accommodate the force. This allows the blood vessels to expand and contract as needed to maintain proper blood flow and regulate blood pressure.

The correct answer is "Вена" (Vein) because the description of the organ in the histological preparation matches the characteristics of a vein. The presence of three layers in the wall of the organ, with the innermost layer composed of endothelium and a thin subendothelial layer, is a characteristic feature of veins. Additionally, the mention of a thick outer layer further supports the identification of the organ as a vein.

The given correct answer suggests that the vessel described in the question is a vein of non-muscular type. This is because the vessel is described as having a wall consisting of a basal membrane with endothelium, lacking a middle layer, and having an outer layer fused with connective tissue layers of the spleen. Veins of non-muscular type typically have thinner walls compared to arteries and are composed mainly of endothelial cells and connective tissue.

The correct answer is "Вена безм`язового типу" (Vein of non-muscular type). This is because the description mentions that the vessel has a wall composed of endothelium, basement membrane, and loose connective tissue, which is characteristic of veins. Additionally, the term "безм`язового типу" (non-muscular type) indicates that the vein lacks smooth muscle in its wall, further supporting the correct answer choice.

The given description states that the vessel in question has a wall consisting of a basal membrane with endothelium, lacks a middle layer, and has an outer layer fused with connective tissue layers of the spleen. Based on these characteristics, the vessel can be identified as a vein of non-muscular type, which is the correct answer.

This is a vein of the fibrous type. It is characterized by the absence of a middle layer in the vessel wall, with the outer layer fused with the surrounding tissue, and the inner layer composed of the basal membrane and endothelium.

The given description states that the vessel wall has a well-developed middle layer consisting of smooth muscle tissue and elastic membranes. Based on this information, the correct answer is "Вена м`язового типу" which translates to "Vein of muscular type" in English. This is because veins typically have a thicker middle layer compared to arteries, and the presence of smooth muscle and elastic membranes further supports the identification of the vessel as a vein.

The given description of the blood vessel mentions that the inner layer is made up of endothelium and periendothelium, the middle layer consists of bundles of smooth muscle cells, and the outer layer is highly developed and formed by loose connective tissue. Based on this description, the blood vessel can be identified as a vein of the muscular type.

During morphological studies, the histological section of the biopsy material reveals a blood vessel with an irregular shape, with a middle layer composed of bundles of smooth muscle cells and layers of connective tissue. This description corresponds to a vein of the muscular type.

The correct answer is "Вена селезінки" (Spleen vein). This is because the description provided matches the characteristics of the spleen vein, which is a venous vessel found in the histological preparation. It is a thin-walled vein with a clear lumen and lacks a middle layer.

The given correct answer is "Вени безмязового типу" which translates to "Veins of non-muscular type". This answer suggests that the venous vessels found in the study of the brain's membranes are of a type that lacks muscular elements.

The correct answer is "Вени безмʼязового типу" (Veins of the non-muscular type). This is because the question states that the veins found in the study are fused with surrounding tissues, indicating that they lack muscular elements. Veins of the non-muscular type are characterized by a lack of smooth muscle in their walls, which allows them to easily merge with surrounding tissues.

The given correct answer is "Волокона Пуркін'є". This is because the description provided in the question matches the characteristics of Purkinje fibers. These fibers are located in the heart and have a distinct appearance with light staining, few myofibrils, glycogen inclusions, and eccentrically located nuclei. Therefore, the cells described in the question are most likely Purkinje fibers.