2 часть, гистология, Хрипков

The given correct answer is "Волокона Пуркін'є". This is because the description provided in the question matches the characteristics of Purkinje fibers. These fibers are located in the heart and have a distinct appearance with light staining, few myofibrils, glycogen inclusions, and eccentrically located nuclei. Therefore, the cells described in the question are most likely Purkinje fibers.

The correct answer is "Юкстагломерулярні" because the passage describes cells located under the epithelium in the wall of the afferent and efferent arterioles of the kidney. These cells contain granules of renin, which contribute to an increase in blood pressure. These characteristics match the description of juxtaglomerular cells, which are specialized cells found in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney.

The appearance of specific structural features in the middle layer of blood vessels is determined by the hemodynamic conditions. Hemodynamic conditions refer to the flow and pressure of blood within the vessels. These conditions can vary in different blood vessels depending on their location and function. The variations in hemodynamic conditions lead to morphological differences in the middle layer of blood vessels.

The correct answer is the middle layer of the myometrium. After childbirth, the hormones act on the structures of the uterus to stop bleeding. The middle layer of the myometrium, also known as the muscular layer, plays the most significant role in stopping postpartum bleeding. It contracts and compresses the blood vessels, reducing blood flow and promoting hemostasis.

During systole, the arteries of large caliber stretch due to the pressure of the blood being pumped by the heart. This stretching is possible because of the presence of elastic fibers in the vessel walls. These elastic fibers allow the arteries to expand and accommodate the increased blood volume during systole. During diastole, when the heart is at rest, the elastic fibers recoil and return the arteries to their original state, ensuring a continuous and stable blood flow. The other options, such as muscle fibers, reticular fibers, collagen fibers, and a large number of fibroblasts, do not directly contribute to the arterial elasticity and stability of blood flow.

During intubation, the wall of the trachea was damaged. The type of epithelium that was disrupted in this case is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

The juxtaglomerular cells are responsible for regulating blood pressure in the kidneys. These cells are located in the walls of the afferent arterioles, which are the blood vessels that supply blood to the glomerulus. When the juxtaglomerular cells detect low blood pressure, they release renin, an enzyme that initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This system helps to increase blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and retaining sodium and water in the kidneys. Therefore, dysfunction or abnormal activity of the juxtaglomerular cells can lead to elevated blood pressure in patients with kidney disease.

In this case, the patient is experiencing poor digestion of protein in the stomach, which is indicated by the low acidity of the gastric juice. The parietal exocrine cells in the stomach are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid, which helps in the breakdown of proteins. Therefore, the dysfunction of parietal exocrine cells would explain the low acidity and poor digestion of proteins in this patient.

The correct answer is "Очищення повітря від пилових частинок" (Cleaning the air from dust particles). The presence of ciliated and goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium forms the mucociliary complex. The cilia on the surface of the cells move in coordinated waves, pushing mucus and trapped particles towards the throat, where they can be swallowed or expelled through coughing or sneezing. This mechanism helps to remove dust, debris, and pathogens from the respiratory tract, protecting the lungs from potential harm.

The correct answer is "Парієтальні клітини" (parietal cells). Parietal cells are responsible for producing intrinsic factor, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Damage to these cells can result in a condition called pernicious anemia, which is characterized by a deficiency of vitamin B12. This deficiency can lead to the development of malignant anemia, as mentioned in the question.

The damage to the nasal mucosa in the upper nasal cavity can lead to a loss or impairment of the sense of smell, which is known as anosmia or hyposmia. This is because the olfactory receptors responsible for detecting odors are located in the upper part of the nasal cavity. Therefore, the trauma to the nose can result in a disruption of the sense of smell.

In the histological examination of the kidney in the area of the vascular pole of the renal corpuscles, a layer of high cells with oval nuclei, known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus, is identified. This structure is responsible for regulating blood pressure and filtration rate in the kidney. The juxtaglomerular cells release renin, which plays a role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, while the macula densa cells monitor the sodium concentration in the tubular fluid. Therefore, the juxtaglomerular apparatus is involved in the regulation of renal function and blood pressure.

The given characteristics of the endometrium, such as its thickness of 2-3 mm, accumulation of epithelial cells, production of a small amount of watery mucus by secretory cells, and narrow and straight uterine glands, indicate the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. This phase occurs after menstruation and is characterized by the growth and thickening of the endometrium in preparation for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. During this phase, the endometrium is highly vascularized and contains numerous glands and stromal cells.

The correct answer is "Юкстагломерулярні" because the question is asking for the name of the cells that contain secretory granules under the endothelium of the afferent arteriole in the microphotograph of a kidney fragment. "Юкстагломерулярні" refers to the juxtaglomerular cells, which are specialized cells located near the glomerulus in the kidney and are involved in regulating blood pressure and kidney function.

The correct answer is Аденогіпофіз (adenohypophysis). The description in the question mentions the presence of epithelial cells with chromophilic (acidophilic and basophilic) and chromophobic properties. This is a characteristic feature of the adenohypophysis, which is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The other options mentioned in the question (Наднирники, Нейрогіпофіз, Щитоподібна залоза, Эпіфіз) do not match the histological features described.

The given clinical situation is caused by a disturbance in the maturation of type II alveolar cells. These cells are responsible for producing surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli and helps them stay open during exhalation. In premature infants, the type II alveolar cells may not be fully matured, leading to a deficiency in surfactant production. This results in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by cyanosis and difficulty breathing. Therefore, the correct answer is "Порушенням дозрівання альвеолоцитів П типу" (Disturbance in the maturation of type II alveolar cells).

Юкстагломерулярні клітини відповідальні за регуляцію артеріального тиску. Вони знаходяться в нирках і контролюють вазоконстрикцію і вазодилатацію судин, що впливає на артеріальний тиск.

The development of hypochromic anemia in a patient with chronic atrophic gastritis can be explained by the dysfunction of parietal cells. Parietal cells are responsible for producing intrinsic factor, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Without sufficient vitamin B12, the production of red blood cells is impaired, leading to anemia.

The question asks which cells are involved in the regeneration of bronchial epithelium due to pathological processes. The correct answer is "базальних" (basal cells). Basal cells are responsible for regenerating the bronchial epithelium in response to damage or injury. They are located at the base of the epithelial layer and have the ability to differentiate into ciliated cells, goblet cells, or club cells, which are essential for the normal functioning of the bronchial epithelium.

The given morphological features, such as the presence of parenchymal organ with particles, central vein, radial beams, intraparticular sinusoidal capillaries, and the presence of interparticular arteries, veins, and bile ducts, indicate that the organ in question is the liver.

This cell is responsible for producing surfactant, which is a substance that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli of the lungs. Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing and allows for efficient gas exchange during respiration.

The correct answer is Аденогіпофіз (adenohypophysis). The explanation is that the adenohypophysis, also known as the anterior pituitary gland, develops from the ectodermal epithelium lining the upper part of the oral cavity of the human embryo. It is a major part of the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in the regulation of various hormones in the body.

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The correct answer is Ендокард. The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart wall, lining the chambers of the heart and forming the inner lining of the heart valves. It is similar to the walls of blood vessels in terms of histogenesis and tissue composition. Both the endocardium and the walls of blood vessels are composed of endothelial cells, connective tissue, and smooth muscle cells.

The correct answer is Адреналін because the question states that the large cells discovered during the investigation are stained with a solution of potassium dichromate. This staining pattern is characteristic of cells that synthesize and secrete adrenaline, which is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

The correct answer is "Процес реабсорбції в проксимальному відділі нефрона" because the presence of sugar in the urine indicates that the process of reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the nephron is damaged. Normally, the kidneys reabsorb glucose from the filtrate back into the bloodstream, but in this case, the glucose is not being properly reabsorbed and is instead excreted in the urine. This suggests dysfunction in the proximal tubule, which is responsible for the majority of glucose reabsorption.

The given answer is "Ендокринна" (Endocrine). This is because the description mentions the presence of specific granules, which are characteristic of endocrine cells. Endocrine cells are responsible for producing and releasing hormones into the bloodstream, which regulate various physiological processes in the body.

The necessary clarification is that the synthesis of glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) released by the pituitary gland.

The correct answer is the endothelial layer. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition characterized by the formation of blood clots in the deep veins, usually in the legs. The endothelial layer is the innermost layer of blood vessels, including veins, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining vascular health. Damage to the endothelial layer can lead to the formation of blood clots. Therefore, in the case of DVT, the endothelial layer of the deep leg veins is damaged, resulting in the formation of thrombi.

The correct answer is "Респіраторні епітеліоцити альвеол" (Respiratory epithelial cells of the alveoli). These cells are responsible for gas exchange in the lungs and are part of the air-blood barrier. They have thin walls and are specialized for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the bloodstream.

In the experimental model, morphological damage to the epithelial cells of the distal parts of the nephron is induced. As a result, the functional processes in the kidneys are weakened. One of the processes that is specifically mentioned to be weakened is the reabsorption of electrolytes and water. This means that the damaged epithelial cells are not able to effectively reabsorb electrolytes and water from the filtrate, leading to a decrease in their reabsorption.

The correct answer is "Секреторні альвеолоцити" (secretory alveolar cells). This is because surfactant, a substance that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing, is produced by secretory alveolar cells. In the case of a premature baby, the absence of surfactant leads to the sticking together (adhesion) of the alveoli.

The correct answer is "Ендотелій" because it is the type of epithelium that lines the inner surface of blood vessels.

The significantly increased daily urine output in the patient can be explained by a deficiency in the secretion of vasopressin. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is responsible for regulating water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys. A deficiency in vasopressin would lead to decreased water reabsorption, resulting in increased urine output.

The given correct answer is "Асперматогенезу". This term refers to the impairment or absence of sperm production in the testes. In the context of the question, the mechanical trauma to the seminiferous tubules (звивисті канальці) would result in the disruption of their integrity, leading to a decrease or cessation in the production of sperm.

The correct answer is "Ендотелій" because the description provided in the question matches the characteristics of endothelial cells. Endothelial cells are flat cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels and are in direct contact with the blood. They rest on a basement membrane, which is mentioned in the question. Therefore, the presence of flat cells on the basal membrane indicates the presence of endothelial cells.

The correct answer is Вазопресину (vasopressin). When the axons of neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus are cut, the accumulation of vasopressin in the pituitary gland (hypophysis) is disrupted. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), plays a role in regulating water balance in the body by controlling the reabsorption of water by the kidneys. Cutting the axons of the neurosecretory cells would result in a decrease in vasopressin release, leading to impaired water reabsorption and potentially causing excessive urination and dehydration.

The given information states that the pathological process was mainly localized in the bronchi, where glands, cartilage islands, and multi-layered ciliated epithelium were clearly observed. Based on this, it can be inferred that the middle bronchi (or the bronchi of medium size) have undergone changes.

The correct answer is "Звивисті сім'яні канальці" because the question states that the spermatic epithelium of the testicle was damaged, leading to the absence of spermatozoa in the seminal fluid. The convoluted seminiferous tubules are responsible for the production of spermatozoa in the testicles, so damage to these tubules would result in infertility.

The correct answer is "Endotheliocytes". The passage states that the inner lining of blood vessels was impregnated with silver salts, resulting in the discovery of cells with uneven, twisted edges. Endotheliocytes are cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels, so they are the most appropriate answer.

During the surgical intervention to remove a malignant ovarian tumor, both gonads were removed from the woman. In this case, the gonadotropin cells in the pituitary gland undergo hypertrophy, which is an increase in the size and activity of these cells. This is because the removal of the gonads leads to a decrease in the production of sex hormones, which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce more gonadotropins in an attempt to compensate for the hormonal deficiency.

The correct answer is "Печінка" (Liver). This is because the description mentions the presence of hexagonal prisms and anastomosing plates, with sinusoidal capillaries that converge radially towards a central vein. These characteristics are specific to the liver tissue, making it the organ that matches the given morphological structure.

During systole, the aorta stretches and during diastole, it returns to its original state. This ability of the aorta to stretch and recoil is due to the presence of elastic membranes in its wall. These elastic membranes allow the aorta to expand and accommodate the surge of blood during systole, and then recoil and maintain pressure during diastole, ensuring stable blood flow.

When one adrenal gland is removed, the remaining adrenal gland will undergo hypertrophy, which means the cells in the cortex and medulla will increase in size. This is because the remaining adrenal gland needs to compensate for the loss of the other gland and maintain normal hormonal function. Therefore, the structure of the remaining adrenal gland will change by increasing the size of the cells in both the cortex and medulla.

The correct answer is "Під`язикова" because the passage mentions that the histological preparation of the salivary glands includes protein and mixed end sections, as well as mucus. The sublingual gland is known to produce mainly mucus, which aligns with the presence of mucus in the preparation.

During sexual maturation, the cells of the male sex glands, called Leydig cells, begin to produce the male sex hormone testosterone, which is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

The accumulation of serous fluid in the pericardial cavity is associated with the dysfunction of mesothelial cells. Mesothelial cells are the cells that line the pericardial cavity and secrete serous fluid. Dysfunction of these cells can lead to an excessive accumulation of fluid, causing pericardial effusion, which is a characteristic feature of pericarditis.

The correct answer is "Сурфактант" (Surfactant). Surfactant is a substance that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli of the lungs, allowing them to expand and contract properly during breathing. In premature infants, the production of surfactant may be insufficient, leading to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). RDS is a common complication in premature babies and is characterized by difficulty in breathing and inadequate oxygenation. Therefore, the deficiency of surfactant is the underlying cause of this pathology.

The question asks which part of the stomach was studied in the histological examination of the biopsy material. The correct answer is "Пілоричний відділ" which translates to "Pyloric section" in English. This suggests that the biopsy material was taken from the pyloric region of the stomach, where a significant decrease or absence of parietal cells was observed.

The given description of the histological preparation of the lungs mentions a structure with a diameter of about 0.5 mm. It further describes the structure as having a mucous membrane covered with a single layer of ciliated cuboidal epithelium, which contains Clara cells, ciliated cells, and microvillous cells. The correct answer, "Термінальна бронхіола" (Terminal bronchiole), fits this description as it is a small airway structure in the respiratory system that matches the mentioned characteristics.

The correct answer is "Одношаровий кубічний" because the question asks which epithelium is damaged in a patient with a mechanical injury to the seminiferous tubules. The seminiferous tubules are part of the testes, where sperm production occurs. The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules is a single layer of cuboidal cells. Therefore, if there is a disruption in the epithelial lining, it would be the single layer of cuboidal epithelium that is damaged.

The given histological description is characteristic of Purkinje cells. These cells are found in the walls of the heart, specifically between the endocardium and myocardium. They are large cells with light cytoplasm and an eccentrically placed nucleus. Purkinje cells are specialized conducting cells that play a crucial role in the electrical conduction system of the heart, helping to coordinate and regulate its contractions.

The correct answer is "Призматичний епітелій з базальною посмугованістю" (Prismatic epithelium with basal striation). In chronic inflammatory processes of the salivary glands, damage to the epithelium of the excretory ducts is observed. The prismatic epithelium with basal striation refers to a type of epithelium that has columnar cells with striations at the base. This type of epithelium is commonly found in the larger salivary glands, and damage to it can occur in chronic inflammatory conditions.

The small cells with high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and basophilic cytoplasm found in the histological examination of the gastric gland neck indicate the function of regenerating glandular epithelium. These cells are likely involved in the repair and renewal of the gastric glandular tissue.

The given histological structure of the lungs, consisting of a single layer of cuboidal ciliated epithelium, a mesh-like arrangement of smooth muscle cells in the muscular layer, and the absence of mucosal folds, corresponds to the terminal bronchus.

The given histological description mentions an organ that is covered externally by serous and mucous membranes. The stroma of the organ is composed of loose connective tissue, which contains Leydig cells. The parenchyma is represented by tubules, and the inner surface of the tubules is lined with spermatogenic epithelium. Based on these characteristics, the correct answer is the testis, also known as the "сім`яник" in Ukrainian.

The given description matches the characteristics of lymphatic capillaries. Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended vessels that have a flattened appearance, lack a basement membrane and pericytes, and have their endothelium anchored to collagen fibers of the connective tissue by anchoring filaments. Therefore, the correct answer is lymphatic capillaries.

The correct answer is "У власній пластинці слизової оболонки". This is because the question asks about the layer of the nasal mucous membrane where the mucous glands are located. The "власна пластинка" refers to the lamina propria, which is the layer of loose connective tissue that supports the epithelium. The mucous glands are found within this layer, secreting mucus to keep the nasal cavity moist.

The given description mentions an endocrine gland with parenchyma consisting of epithelial and nervous tissue. It also states that the epithelial trabeculae contain two types of cells: chromophilic and chromophobic. The correct answer is "Гіпофіз" (hypophysis) because the hypophysis, also known as the pituitary gland, is an endocrine gland located in the brain that consists of both epithelial and nervous tissue. The presence of chromophilic and chromophobic cells further supports the identification of the organ as the hypophysis.

The developed granular endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of "dark" hepatocytes indicates that these cells are involved in the synthesis of plasma proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis and modification, and in this case, it specifically suggests the synthesis of plasma proteins.

The given correct answer states that these cells are a source of regeneration. This means that these oval or triangular cells have the ability to divide and replace damaged or lost cells in the trachea. They play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and function of the tracheal epithelium.

Сперматогонії є клітинами, що розмножуються в мужніх статевих залозах. Вони проліферують і диференціюються, утворюючи сперматоцити, які подальше проходять поділ і диференціюються в сперматиди. Сперматиди згодом зрівають і перетворюються в сперматозоїди, які є статевими клітинами і забезпечують достатню кількість статевих клітин для запліднення.

The correct answer is "Гонадотропоцити" because the question states that these cells are found in the adenohypophysis and they synthesize follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are both gonadotropins. Therefore, the cells responsible for producing these hormones are called gonadotropocytes.

The given description mentions that the organ in question has simple tubular glands in its own mucous membrane. The glands consist of chief and parietal cells, as well as mucous, neck, and endocrine cells. Based on this information, the correct answer is "Власні залози шлунка" which translates to "Gastric glands."

The correct answer is "Соляна кислота" (Hydrochloric acid). This is because the question states that the cells in the gastric glands have acidophilic cytoplasm and electron microscopy reveals a complex system of intracellular canaliculi. These characteristics are consistent with parietal cells, which are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

Tканинні базофіли (tissue basophils) are a type of white blood cell that play a role in allergic reactions. When exposed to certain compounds, such as chromium, these cells can release histamine and other chemicals that cause inflammation and allergic symptoms, including dermatitis. Therefore, it is likely that tissue basophils were primarily involved in the development of the allergic dermatitis in the woman's hands.

During the process of spermatogenesis, changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm of spermatids, leading to the formation of mature gametes. The term "формування" (formuvannya) in Ukrainian translates to "formation" in English, which accurately describes the process of these changes and the ultimate formation of mature sperm cells.

In this question, the correct answer is "Мезотеліоцитів" which translates to "mesotheliocytes" in English. Mesotheliocytes are cells that line the pericardial cavity and are responsible for producing pericardial fluid. In cases of pericarditis, there is an inflammation of the pericardium, leading to an increased production of pericardial fluid by the mesotheliocytes. This excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity is known as pericardial effusion. Therefore, the presence of a large amount of pericardial fluid in a patient with pericarditis can be attributed to the dysfunction of mesotheliocytes.

The correct answer is "Наявність перфорацій у базальній мембрані ендотелію та внутрішній еластичній мембрані" (Presence of perforations in the basal membrane of the endothelium and the internal elastic membrane). This is because the presence of perforations allows for the contraction of smooth muscle cells in the arterioles, which is necessary for the vasoconstriction that occurs when adrenaline is released into the blood from the adrenal medulla. The perforations allow for the passage of substances and signals between the endothelium and smooth muscle cells, facilitating their coordinated contraction.

The increased number of glandular cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm in the biopsy suggests an increase in acid-producing cells in the gastric mucosa. This indicates an increased production of hydrochloric acid, which is the main component of gastric juice. Therefore, the correct answer is hydrochloric acid.

As a person ages, the elasticity of the skin decreases, leading to the formation of wrinkles and folds. This is primarily caused by changes in the elastic fibers of the skin. Elastin is a protein found in the elastic fibers, which allows the skin to stretch and then return to its original shape. Over time, these elastic fibers become less efficient, resulting in the loss of elasticity and the formation of wrinkles.

The correct answer is "Гонадотропоцити, тиротропоцити" because the passage states that among the adenocytes (glandular cells) in the parenchyma of the adenohypophysis, there are cells with granules that stain with basic dyes and contain glycoproteins. Gonadotropocytes and thyrotropocytes are types of adenocytes that produce hormones (gonadotropins and thyrotropin) and are known to have granules in their cytoplasm. Therefore, they are the cells being described in the passage.

Волосяні цибулини є структурами, що знаходяться у шкірі та відповідають за вироблення нових волосків. При травмі, коли стрижні волосся зруйновані, відбувається відновлення за рахунок цих цибулин, які формують нові волоски.

The reduced rate of epithelial cell turnover in the small intestine can be associated with damage to the columnar epithelial cells without crypt border. These cells are responsible for the absorption and secretion functions of the small intestine. Damage to these cells can lead to a decrease in their turnover rate, resulting in a slower renewal of the intestinal epithelium.

The correct answer is "Стовпчастих з облямівкою" (columnar cells with brush border). This is because the question mentions that there is a disturbance in the processes of surface and membrane digestion. Columnar cells with brush border are specialized cells found in the lining of the small intestine that are responsible for absorption and digestion of nutrients. They have microvilli on their surface, which increase the surface area for absorption. Therefore, dysfunction of these cells can lead to impaired surface and membrane digestion.

The presence of small clusters of epithelial cells that form ductal systems in the fibrous connective and adipose tissues indicates that the mammary gland is in the stage of development before sexual maturation. This suggests that the individual is still in the prepubertal stage and has not yet reached sexual maturity.

When the internal secretion glands are removed in experimental animals, premature sexual maturation occurs. The correct answer is the Epiphysis.

Порушення процесів травлення та всмоктування продуктів розщеплення спостерігаються при ушкодженні стовпчастих клітин з облямівкою кишкового епітелію.

The correct answer is "Епідерміс шкіри" (Epidermis of the skin). The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and is responsible for protecting the underlying tissues. It is constantly renewing itself through a process called cell turnover. When there is an injury or trauma to the skin, the epidermis can regenerate quickly to repair the damage. This is why the epidermis regenerates faster compared to other tissues such as connective tissue, striated muscle tissue, bone tissue, and nervous tissue.