ორთოპედიული სტომატოლოგია (401-450)

The statement says that "Adaptive reactions do not occur in hyperplasia, hypertrophy, aplasia, atrophy, or metaplasia." Therefore, the correct answer is "aplasia" because it is listed among the conditions where adaptive reactions do not occur.

The adaptive reaction of the bone includes morpho-functional changes that occur with the establishment of a new balance in accordance with the principles of homeostasis. This includes changes in the structure and function of the bones, as well as the formation of cells, tissues, blood vessels, and minerals in the bones. It also involves apoptotic changes, which refers to the programmed cell death that occurs during bone remodeling.

The answer is referring to necrotic or apoptotic changes. These changes can occur in cells and tissues due to various reasons such as injury, infection, or cell death. Necrosis refers to the death of cells or tissues, often caused by factors such as lack of oxygen or physical trauma. Apoptosis, on the other hand, is a programmed cell death that occurs as a normal part of development or in response to certain stimuli. Both necrotic and apoptotic changes can lead to alterations in the structure and function of cells and tissues. Additionally, the accumulation of cellular debris, including dead cells, chemicals, and minerals, can occur in the interstitial spaces of tissues. The increase in the size of crystals is also possible, which can be associated with an increase in the number of organelles.

The correct answer is "ჩონჩხის კუნთების ატროფია დენერვაციის დროს". This answer states that atrophy of the muscles of the tongue occurs during denervation. Denervation refers to the loss or impairment of nerve supply to a muscle. In this case, the muscles of the tongue experience atrophy when they are not receiving proper nerve stimulation. This can occur due to various reasons such as nerve damage or certain medical conditions.

The answer suggests that the atrophy is caused by the compression of blood vessels by the tumor. This compression leads to a decrease in blood supply to the affected area, resulting in tissue damage and atrophy.

The correct answer is "ცილებით ღარიბი საკვების მიღებით;" which means "through absorption by cells during nutrition". This explanation suggests that general atrophy (marasmus) occurs due to malnutrition and lack of proper absorption of nutrients by cells during the process of nutrition.

Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells or organ size due to their functional demand. It occurs when there is an increase in the number of cells and elements within the tissue and bone, leading to an increase in the size of the organ. This increase in organ size is a result of the strengthening of the organ's function by the increase in the number of cells. When one type of tissue (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another type of tissue, it is known as metaplasia. Hyperplasia can also occur with a decrease in the size of the organ's function.

The correct answer is the hypertrophy of the pectoral muscles due to physical exercise. This is because the question is asking for an example of physiological hypertrophy, which refers to the enlargement of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its cells. In this case, the pectoral muscles undergo hypertrophy as a result of physical exercise, which is a known physiological response to muscle training.

The correct answer is the first option, which includes "იშემიური, თავისუფალი რადიკალებით გამოწვეული, ქიმიური, ვირუსუსული." This option lists the main forms of pathogenesis, which include reactive, free radical-induced, chemical, and viral. The other options do not include all of these forms or include additional forms that are not mentioned in the given information.

During the citotoxic viral infection, the functional capacity of the cell is altered. This can lead to various biological effects, such as changes in cell morphology, alterations in cellular metabolism, disruption of normal cellular functions, and ultimately cell death. These biological effects are a result of the virus's ability to hijack the cell's machinery and utilize it for its own replication and survival.

The most likely cause of dental hypoplasia is a deficiency in vitamin D, which can lead to enamel defects during tooth development. This deficiency can be caused by various factors such as poor nutrition, lack of sunlight exposure, or certain medical conditions that affect the absorption or metabolism of vitamin D. Dental hypoplasia can result in enamel that is thin, weak, or discolored, making the teeth more susceptible to decay and other dental problems.

During the cytotoxic viral infection, the virus causes changes in the morphology of the cells, leading to the formation of plasma cells. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to help fight off the infection. This immune response is a crucial part of the body's defense mechanism against the viral infection.

Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ. This can occur due to an increase in the number of cells within the tissue or an increase in the number of cells in the organ. It can also occur when one type of tissue (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another type of tissue. Additionally, hyperplasia can occur as a response to the decrease in the size of a tissue or organ, which is known as atrophy. Therefore, the correct answer is the increase in the number of cells within the tissue or organ, which leads to an increase in the organ's mass.

The question asks which substance does not contribute to the activation of the antioxidant system in free radicals. The correct answer is "შრატის ცილა ცერულოპლაზმინი" (meaning "Bilirubin ceruloplasmin" in English). This means that bilirubin ceruloplasmin does not activate the antioxidant system in free radicals, while the other options (beta-carotene, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and shark liver oil) do contribute to the activation of the antioxidant system.

The process of bone remodeling involves both structural and functional changes in the bone. This includes the accumulation of cells, minerals, and matrix in the bone tissue. It also includes both osteoblastic (bone formation) and osteoclastic (bone resorption) activities. These changes are necessary for maintaining the balance of bone growth and breakdown, which is essential for bone health and homeostasis.

Hypertrophy refers to the enlargement of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its cells. In the given options, the only scenario that can result in hypertrophy is when there is an increase in the workload on the myocardium, such as during exercise or physical activity. This increased workload leads to the enlargement of the cardiac muscle cells, resulting in hypertrophy. Therefore, the correct answer is "მიოკარდიუმის ჰიპერტროფია სარქვლების ნაკლოვანების დროს" (Hypertrophy of the myocardium during increased workload).

Endometrial atrophy occurs during menopause. This is when the endometrium, the lining of the uterus, becomes thin and stops growing due to the decrease in estrogen levels. Menopause is a natural process that marks the end of a woman's reproductive years. During this time, the ovaries stop producing eggs and estrogen levels decline, leading to various changes in the body, including endometrial atrophy.

During the chemical digestion of the nucleus, there is a displacement of polar bonds, which leads to the monoribosomes being transformed into polysomes. This process enhances the cytotoxic activity of toxic metabolites and modifies the cells through the modification of the cytoplasm.

In the given options, the only one that does not contribute to the inactivation of free radicals is E Vitamin. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can cause damage to cells and tissues. Antioxidants, such as the ones listed in the other options, help neutralize these free radicals and prevent their harmful effects. However, Vitamin E is not directly involved in this process and does not have antioxidant properties. Therefore, it does not contribute to the inactivation of free radicals.

Immune complexes are formed when antibodies bind to antigens. These complexes can then activate the immune system, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. In the context of the question, immune complexes can contribute to joint inflammation and damage, which is characteristic of conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, it is plausible that immune complexes can be involved in the pathogenesis of joint diseases.

During the process of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain leads to the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP. This process is known as substrate-level phosphorylation and is a key step in the production of ATP, the main energy currency of the cell.

During intense exercise, the demand for energy increases. To meet this demand, the body relies on anaerobic glycolysis and the breakdown of glycogen stores. Anaerobic glycolysis is the process by which glucose is converted into energy in the absence of oxygen. This process produces lactate as a byproduct. Additionally, the breakdown of glycogen stores provides a quick source of glucose for energy production. Therefore, during intense exercise, the body will rely on anaerobic glycolysis and the breakdown of glycogen stores to meet the increased energy demands.

During the viral infection of the nucleus, there will be changes in the morphological structure of the nucleus. These changes can include alterations in the contour of the nucleus, which refers to the shape and boundaries of the nucleus. However, the given answer states that there will be no genotoxic effects. Genotoxic effects refer to the damage caused to the genetic material, such as DNA, which can lead to mutations or other genetic abnormalities. Therefore, the correct answer is that there will be no genotoxic effects during the viral infection of the nucleus.

During the cytotoxic viral infection of the nucleus, the functional activity of the organelle is affected. This can lead to various changes in the nucleus, including alterations in the nuclear contour, the appearance of chromatin condensation, and the formation of nuclear blebs. However, the generation of genotoxic effects refers to the induction of genetic damage or mutations within the nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is genotoxic effects.

During muscle contraction, the influx of calcium ions is necessary for the release of ATP, which is required for muscle contraction. Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change in tropomyosin, which exposes the myosin-binding sites on actin. This allows the myosin heads to bind to actin and initiate the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction. Therefore, the influx of calcium ions is essential for the synthesis of ATP during muscle contraction.

The correct answer is that it is necessary to exercise for 3-5 minutes to stimulate the neurons of the brain. The other options provided different durations of exercise, but only the option of 3-5 minutes falls within the suggested range for stimulating the neurons.

During the cytotoxic effects of a viral infection, the shape of the nucleus undergoes changes. These changes can include alterations in the contour of the nucleus. This is likely due to the virus affecting the structure and organization of the nuclear envelope and the proteins involved in maintaining the shape of the nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is "უჯრედის კონტურების მომრგვალება" (alterations in the contour of the nucleus).

During skeletal muscle contraction, the breakdown of ATP in the mitochondria is necessary for the synthesis of new ATP molecules. This process is known as the resynthesis of ATP in the mitochondria. The other options listed do not directly relate to the synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria during muscle contraction.

During muscle contraction, the intracellular concentration of sodium increases. This is because the action potential that triggers muscle contraction causes sodium channels to open, allowing sodium ions to enter the muscle cell. This influx of sodium ions is necessary for the depolarization of the muscle cell membrane and the subsequent contraction of the muscle. Therefore, the synthesis of ATP is required to maintain the concentration gradient of sodium ions across the cell membrane, ensuring proper muscle function.

During the process of bone remodeling, activation of phosphoproteins and phospholipids leads to the accumulation of AMP. This suggests that the activation of phosphoproteins and phospholipids plays a role in bone remodeling.

During chronic viral infections, there are persistent changes in the type and structure of infected cells, which can affect the replication of the virus. These changes can include alterations in the cellular environment that make it more difficult for the virus to replicate, such as changes in gene expression or the formation of viral inclusion bodies. These changes can prolong the replication cycle of the virus and contribute to the persistence of the infection.

The correct answer is "უჯრედის დაზიანება" (bone degeneration). Bone degeneration refers to the loss of bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue. This condition can lead to weakened bones, increased risk of fractures, and various skeletal problems. Adaptation of bone tissue to mechanical stress is essential for maintaining bone health. However, in the case of bone degeneration, this adaptive response is impaired, making it impossible to integrate and respond to mechanical stimuli effectively.

Electric shock can cause damage to the body's tissues and organs, but it does not directly affect the genetic factors responsible for the formation of the skeleton. Medications, toxic substances, herbicides, alcohol, and drugs can all have an impact on bone development and growth.

During the cytotoxic phase of viral infection, the virus causes the formation of giant multinucleated cells. These cells are formed when multiple infected cells fuse together, resulting in a larger cell with multiple nuclei. This is a characteristic morphological change that occurs during certain viral infections.

The given answer states that bone tissue contains the accumulation of cells, fluids, salts, and minerals. This is a correct statement because bone tissue is composed of a matrix of collagen fibers, which provide strength and flexibility, and a mineralized matrix of calcium phosphate, which provides rigidity and hardness. Within this matrix, there are also cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for the remodeling and maintenance of bone tissue. Additionally, bone tissue accumulates minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, as well as other substances like blood vessels and nerves.

During the process of damage caused by free radicals, there is a modification of cells. This modification refers to changes in the structure or function of cells due to the attack of free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can cause damage to cells by stealing electrons from other molecules, leading to cellular dysfunction and potential harm to the body. Therefore, the modification of cells through the action of free radicals is a correct answer in this context.

Senile atrophy refers to the degeneration and shrinkage of brain cells and tissues that occurs with aging. The answer choice "უჯრედთა განახლებასა და აპოპტოზს შორის დისბალანსით" translates to "with imbalance between bone remodeling and apoptosis." This answer choice suggests that the degeneration of brain cells and tissues in senile atrophy is due to an imbalance between the processes of bone remodeling and apoptosis.

The correct answer is "ქრონიკული ვირუსუსლი ინფექცია" which means "chronic viral infection" in English. This answer is supported by the context of the question which mentions different types of infections. Out of the given options, chronic viral infection is the only one that fits the context and is a valid explanation for the statement.

During oncogenic viral infections, the viral genome undergoes uncontrolled expression, leading to the transformation of cells. This transformation includes the formation of abnormal structures in the cell's cytoskeleton, which is known as cytoskeletal rearrangement. This rearrangement allows the virus to manipulate the cell's structure and function, promoting its replication and spread. Therefore, the answer "უჯრედების ავთვისებიანი ტრანსფორმაცია" (cytoskeletal rearrangement) is the correct explanation.

The given answer suggests that the presence of free radicals during the damage of a crystal can lead to the degradation of the crystal lattice. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can cause damage to surrounding molecules and structures. In this case, the free radicals may interact with the crystal lattice, causing it to become damaged. This explanation aligns with the context provided in the question, which discusses the detrimental effects of free radicals on the crystal structure.

The correct answer is "ასაკობრივი ინვოლუცია" which means "systemic infection" in English. The given options list possible causes for bone marrow failure, and systemic infection is one of them. Systemic infection can lead to bone marrow failure by affecting the production of blood cells in the bone marrow.

The given answer states that the atrophy of the bone is progressive. This means that the degeneration and loss of bone tissue is ongoing and gradually worsens over time. This can be caused by various factors such as aging, hormonal changes, lack of physical activity, and certain medical conditions. The progressive nature of the atrophy implies that it will continue to worsen if left untreated or unmanaged.

During the cytotoxic viral infection, the virus causes changes in the morphology of the cell. These changes can include alterations in the shape, size, and structure of the infected cell. This is known as cytolysis, where the cell membrane ruptures and releases the viral particles into the surrounding environment. Cytolysis is a common mechanism used by many viruses to spread and infect other cells.