Temporal Acuity

1. What is the Troxler Effect?

Retinal image stabilization causes a fade invision due to neural adaptation

Sensory overload leading to temporary blindness

A visual illusion where stationary objects appear to be moving

Blurring of peripheral vision caused by excessive eye movement

The Troxler Effect is a phenomenon where unchanging stimuli in the visual field fade from perception or disappear completely. This is caused by retinal image stabilization due to neural adaptation, not any of the other options provided.

Explanation

The Troxler Effect is a phenomenon where unchanging stimuli in the visual field fade from perception or disappear completely. This is caused by retinal image stabilization due to neural adaptation, not any of the other options provided.

2. What is critical flicker frequency and period?

Frequency at which a flickering light is perceived as being steady 50% of the time and the length of time taken for two complete cycles of light and dark.

Frequency at which a flickering light is perceived as being steady 100% of the time and the length of time taken for one complete cycle of light and dark.

Frequency at which a flickering light is perceived as being steady 50% of the time, this is a determination of the temporal resolving capability of the visual system, determined early in visual processing; the length of time taken for one complete cycle of light and dark; amacrine cells are important in this process; highest when eye is light adapted; at good photopic levels wavelength doesn't matter (at lower illuminations CFF varies with wavelength)

Frequency at which a flickering light is perceived as being unsteady 50% of the time and the length of time taken for one complete cycle of light and dark.

Critical flicker frequency is the frequency at which a flickering light is perceived as being steady 50% of the time, and period is the length of time taken for one complete cycle of light and dark. It is an important measure of the temporal resolving capability of the visual system. The incorrect answers provided have variations in the definition of critical flicker frequency and period, leading to confusion or incorrect information.

Explanation

Critical flicker frequency is the frequency at which a flickering light is perceived as being steady 50% of the time, and period is the length of time taken for one complete cycle of light and dark. It is an important measure of the temporal resolving capability of the visual system. The incorrect answers provided have variations in the definition of critical flicker frequency and period, leading to confusion or incorrect information.

3. What does Talbot Plateau Law state?

Talbot Plateau Law describes the relationship between plate tectonics and seismic activity.

Talbot Plateau Law is a mathematical formula used to calculate air resistance in physics.

When a light is flickering above the CFF, the brightness of the flickering light is equal to the time-averaged luminance of the flickering light
Talbot brightness = Lmin + (Lmax - Lmin)xf

Talbot Plateau Law refers to a legal doctrine related to land usage rights.

Talbot Plateau Law specifically refers to the phenomenon of flickering lights and their perceived brightness based on luminance levels. The correct answer provides the formula for calculating the brightness of a flickering light.

Explanation

Talbot Plateau Law specifically refers to the phenomenon of flickering lights and their perceived brightness based on luminance levels. The correct answer provides the formula for calculating the brightness of a flickering light.

4. What is the Brucke-Bartley phenomenon?

The phenomenon where increasing flicker rate decreases brightness.

When the flicker rate is varied without changing the time-averaged luminance, the brightness is enhanced at certain frequencies (5-20 Hz)

A phenomenon where brightness remains constant regardless of flicker rate variations.

A phenomenon that causes a decrease in brightness with an increase in time-averaged luminance.

The Brucke-Bartley phenomenon refers to the enhancement of brightness at certain frequencies when the flicker rate is changed without altering the time-averaged luminance.

Explanation

The Brucke-Bartley phenomenon refers to the enhancement of brightness at certain frequencies when the flicker rate is changed without altering the time-averaged luminance.

5. What is the Ferry-Porter Law?

As the luminance of the flicker stimulus increases, the temporal resolution acuity improves; linear relationship; varies with the wavelength of light and the area on the retina stimulated- law also holds outside the fovea and the slope of the CFF function becomes steeper with eccentricity (periphery has greater temporal acuity then fovea)

CFF = klogL + b

The Ferry-Porter Law has no correlation with the wavelength of light and only applies to the fovea of the retina.

The Ferry-Porter Law suggests that as luminance decreases, temporal resolution acuity improves.

The Ferry-Porter Law states that increased luminance of a flicker stimulus decreases temporal resolution acuity.

The correct answer explains the relationship between luminance and temporal resolution acuity, including the impact of wavelength, area on the retina stimulated, and location on the retina. The incorrect answers provide misleading statements that do not align with the actual Ferry-Porter Law principles.

Explanation

The correct answer explains the relationship between luminance and temporal resolution acuity, including the impact of wavelength, area on the retina stimulated, and location on the retina. The incorrect answers provide misleading statements that do not align with the actual Ferry-Porter Law principles.

6. What does Granit-Harper Law state?

Temporal resolution acuity decreases with the size of the stimulus.

The brightness of the stimulus does not affect CFF values.

Smaller flickering stimuli result in higher CFF values.

The larger the flickering stimulus, the higher the CFF (temporal resolution acuity improves)
CFF = klogA + b

Granit-Harper Law states that as the size of the flickering stimulus increases, the Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF) also increases, leading to improved temporal resolution acuity.

Explanation

Granit-Harper Law states that as the size of the flickering stimulus increases, the Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF) also increases, leading to improved temporal resolution acuity.

7. What does Temporal Contrast Sensitivity indicate?

Temporal Contrast Sensitivity is a term used to describe color perception in low light conditions.

Temporal Contrast Sensitivity measures the amount of light absorbed by the retina.

Indicates how the visual system responds to various combinations of temporal frequencies and contrasts
Contrast = (Lmax-Lmin)/(Lmax+Lmin)
modulation ratio = (Lmax-Lmean)/Lmean

Temporal Contrast Sensitivity determines the sharpness of images seen by the visual system.

Temporal Contrast Sensitivity refers to the visual system's response to different combinations of temporal frequencies and contrasts, and is calculated using specific formulas to quantify the contrast and modulation ratio.

Explanation

Temporal Contrast Sensitivity refers to the visual system's response to different combinations of temporal frequencies and contrasts, and is calculated using specific formulas to quantify the contrast and modulation ratio.

8. What is temporal summation (Bloch's law) related to in the visual system?

Over short periods of time (30-100 ms) the visual system shows complete temporal summation
L x t = C

C. temporal summation results in decreased visual processing efficiency

B. temporal summation is unrelated to the visual system

A. temporal summation occurs over long periods of time

Temporal summation (Bloch's law) specifically refers to the phenomenon in the visual system where over short periods of time (30-100 ms), complete temporal summation occurs. This means that the visual system effectively combines stimuli within this timeframe to produce a response, as represented by the formula x t = C.

Explanation

Temporal summation (Bloch's law) specifically refers to the phenomenon in the visual system where over short periods of time (30-100 ms), complete temporal summation occurs. This means that the visual system effectively combines stimuli within this timeframe to produce a response, as represented by the formula x t = C.

9. What is critical duration in terms of vision?

The length of time before a visual stimulus is processed by the brain.

The period during which the eye is most sensitive to a particular color of light.

The amount of time the retina will summate quanta absorbed; this duration is longer under lower light levels

The time it takes for the eyes to adjust to sudden changes in light levels.

Critical duration refers to the amount of time the retina will summate quanta absorbed, and this duration is longer under lower light levels. It is not related to how the eyes adjust to changes in light levels, the processing time of visual stimuli, or sensitivity to specific colors of light.

Explanation

Critical duration refers to the amount of time the retina will summate quanta absorbed, and this duration is longer under lower light levels. It is not related to how the eyes adjust to changes in light levels, the processing time of visual stimuli, or sensitivity to specific colors of light.

10. Broca-Sultzer effect.

Reflects the relationship between color temperature and perceived brightness.

Refers to the concept that our eyes are more sensitive to certain colors based on their wavelengths.

Describes the phenomenon where an auditory stimulus is better detected when it is presented in both ears rather than one ear alone.

Indicates that the brightness of a suprathreshold flash also depends on its duration

The Broca-Sultzer effect refers to the phenomenon where the brightness of a suprathreshold flash is influenced by its duration, showcasing the importance of timing in perception.

Explanation

The Broca-Sultzer effect refers to the phenomenon where the brightness of a suprathreshold flash is influenced by its duration, showcasing the importance of timing in perception.

11. What is the Brucke-Bartley Phenomenon?

The brightness of the flicker is enhanced at certain frequencies (even if time averaged luminance remains constant), the maximum brightness enhancement occurs for 8-10 Hz

The Brucke-Bartley Phenomenon is related to the study of ocean currents and their impact on marine life.

The Brucke-Bartley Phenomenon refers to a decrease in overall brightness of a flickering light source.

The Brucke-Bartley Phenomenon is a term used to describe the movement of light particles in a vacuum.

The Brucke-Bartley Phenomenon refers to the enhancement of brightness at certain frequencies, with the maximum enhancement occurring at 8-10 Hz, even if the time-averaged luminance remains constant.

Explanation

The Brucke-Bartley Phenomenon refers to the enhancement of brightness at certain frequencies, with the maximum enhancement occurring at 8-10 Hz, even if the time-averaged luminance remains constant.

12. What is masking?

A method used in computer programming to control the visibility of variables.

A term used in sports to describe faking out an opponent with deceptive movements.

Any situation in which the detection of a test stimulus is reduced by another stimulus presented before, during or after the test stimulus; occurs when the times intervals are far shorter than adaptation effects
3 types: background masking, simultaneous masking, forward masking
- simultaneous and forward masking are signal detection problems- backward masking is due to the fact that the response to a near-threshold test flash has a longer latency than the neural response to the bright masking flash

The process of covering one's face with a mask for cosmetic reasons.

Masking in this context refers to the reduction in the detection of a test stimulus due to the presence of another stimulus. It is not related to cosmetic procedures, programming techniques, or sports strategies.

Explanation

Masking in this context refers to the reduction in the detection of a test stimulus due to the presence of another stimulus. It is not related to cosmetic procedures, programming techniques, or sports strategies.

13. What is dichoptic masking?

It is a phenomenon where the stimuli are positioned on non-corresponding retinal elements of the two eyes.

It is a term used to describe double vision in individuals with visual impairments.

It is a visual masking technique used in photography.

Occurs when the two stimuli are positioned on corresponding retinal elements of the two eyes; this occurs in the cortex

Dichoptic masking specifically refers to the phenomenon where the two stimuli are positioned on corresponding retinal elements of the two eyes, not on non-corresponding elements. It is a concept related to perceptual psychology and is not related to photography or double vision in the context of visual impairments.

Explanation

Dichoptic masking specifically refers to the phenomenon where the two stimuli are positioned on corresponding retinal elements of the two eyes, not on non-corresponding elements. It is a concept related to perceptual psychology and is not related to photography or double vision in the context of visual impairments.

14. How is motion detection limited by the visual system?

Enhanced by the visual system's temporal resolution- visual system lacks direction-selective neurons--neurons that respond maximally to motion in a particular direction and prefer the opposite direction; these neurons can adapt to a stationary stimulus- cells in the middle temporal cortex respond adequately to the rate and direction of spot movements.

Increased by the visual system's temporal resolution- visual system has direction-selective neurons--neurons that respond minimally to motion in a particular direction and not at all in the opposite direction; these neurons cannot adapt to a moving stimulus- cells in the middle temporal cortex respond poorly to the rate and direction of spot movements.

Unaffected by the visual system's temporal resolution- visual system has no direction-selective neurons--neurons that respond equally to motion in any direction and do not adapt to a moving stimulus- cells in the middle temporal cortex do not respond to the rate and direction of spot movements.

Nonexistent due to the visual system's poor resolution- visual system lacks direction-selective neurons--neurons that respond maximally to motion in a particular direction and not at all in the opposite direction; these neurons can adapt to a moving stimulus- cells in the middle temporal cortex respond poorly to the rate and direction of spot movements.

Limited by the visual system's temporal resolution
- visual system has direction-selective neurons--neurons that respond maximally to motion in a particular direction and not at all in the opposite direction; these neurons can adapt to a moving stimulus
- cells in the middle temporal cortex respond well to the rate and direction of spot movements

The correct answer explains how motion detection is limited by the visual system's temporal resolution, the presence of direction-selective neurons, and their ability to adapt to moving stimuli.

Explanation

The correct answer explains how motion detection is limited by the visual system's temporal resolution, the presence of direction-selective neurons, and their ability to adapt to moving stimuli.

15. What is the Phi phenomenon?

Two lights, slightly displaced and flashed sequentially can provide the illusion of motion

A phenomenon where two lights, stationary and not displaced, can create the illusion of movement.

A phenomenon where two lights, spaced far apart, can create the illusion of one continuous light source.

A phenomenon where two lights, close together, can create the illusion of multiple light sources.

The Phi phenomenon refers to the perception of motion caused by two lights being flashed in sequence with a slight displacement. This creates the illusion of continuous motion between the lights.

Explanation

The Phi phenomenon refers to the perception of motion caused by two lights being flashed in sequence with a slight displacement. This creates the illusion of continuous motion between the lights.