Advanced Topics in Male Reproductive Pathology

Peyronie disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the tunica albuginea leading to abnormal curvature of the penis, while penile fracture involves a rupture of the corpora cavernosa due to forced bending. The incorrect answers do not accurately describe the mechanisms involved in either of these conditions.

Ischemic priapism is characterized by a prolonged painful erection that lasts more than 4 hours. Trazodone and Sildenafil are commonly tested drugs associated with causing this condition. Sickle cell disease is a common underlying disease predisposing to priapism due to the obstruction of small vessels by sickled RBCs.

Penile cancer is relatively rare, with Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) being the most common type of penile cancer, specifically in SOUTH America like Brazil. Other important associations include HPV infection and being uncircumcised.

ERYTRHOPLASIA of QUEYRAT is a type of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that specifically affects the glans of the penis, presenting as erythroplakia. It is important to differentiate this condition from other benign lesions like Genital Warts, Psoriasis, and Seborrheic Keratosis for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

In both cases, FSH levels increase due to decreased inhibin B levels. Testosterone levels are decreased in Bilateral cryptorchidism and usually normal in Unilateral cryptorchidism. Testosterone serves as negative feedback on LH secretion.

Testicular torsion is often caused by inadequate fixation of the lower pole of the testis to the tunica vaginalis, not by insufficient blood supply, abnormal growth of testicular tissue, or failure of the cremaster reflex.

Varicocele is the most common cause of scrotal enlargement due to the dilation of the pampiniform plexus, leading to a 'bag of worm' appearance in the scrotum. It is more commonly found on the left side and can result in infertility due to increased temperature affecting spermatogenesis. Treatment options include retroperitoneal high ligation and embolization of vessels to prevent infertility.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma is a unique extragonadal germ cell tumor that specifically grows at the base of the coccyx, developing from the primitive streak, which contrasts with the usual locations of extragonadal germ cell tumors in adults such as mediastinal or retroperitoneal regions.

Spermatocele is a cystic structure resulting from dilation of the epididymal duct or RETE TESTES. Hydrocele is fluid accumulation around the testicle, Varicocele refers to swollen, twisted veins in the scrotum, and Orchitis is inflammation of the testicles.

Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumors are the most common testicular tumors in children and are typically associated with elevated AFP levels and the presence of Schiller-duval bodies. These tumors have a variable prognosis depending on the stage at diagnosis.

Seminoma is the most common testicular germ cell tumor in adult males, with classic histologic findings as described. The analog in females is Dysgerminoma. Seminoma has a good prognosis due to its response to radiotherapy and late metastasis in the disease course.

Teratoma is a germ cell tumor that can contain cells or tissues from all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). In males, teratoma is typically malignant, while in females it is usually benign. The increased AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) and beta-hcg levels are associated with teratoma due to the presence of mature fetal tissue components.

The correct answer highlights the unique characteristics of embryonal carcinoma and its response to chemotherapy. The first incorrect answer contradicts the fact that the tumor is composed of immature primitive cells, while the second incorrect answer inaccurately suggests surgery as the main treatment. The third incorrect answer confuses the typical metastatic behavior of the tumor and its mixed components with other types of testicular tumors.

Androblastomas of testicles are a form of testicular NON-germ cell tumor that arises from SEX CORD STROMA, specifically Sertoli cells. They are usually clinically silent.

Testicular cancer in older males over 60 is most commonly due to metastases of lymphoma, specifically non-Hodgkin lymphoma known as diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor are more common in younger males.

NON-germ cell tumors refer to a wide range of tumors that can occur in various parts of the body. However, the majority of these tumors are benign, meaning they are not cancerous and have a good prognosis. It is important to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors for appropriate treatment and management.

Digital rectal examination (DRE) is a good screening test for prostate cancer because it allows healthcare providers to physically feel the prostate gland and check for any abnormalities, especially in the posterior periphery where prostate cancer commonly starts. This proximity to the rectum makes it easier to detect any early signs of prostate cancer before symptoms may arise, leading to potentially better outcomes with early intervention.

The correct answer is E.coli for older men and Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae for younger men based on the typical pathogens associated with acute prostatitis in different age groups.

A partial mole is triploid (69 chromosomes) because it is a result of a combination of 2 sperms and 1 egg.

The correct answer is based on the association between pregnancy-related conditions like pre-eclampsia and molar pregnancies with the increased risk of choriocarcinoma.