General Bio & Animal Science Canine Body Organisation Level 3 Part B

The respiratory system is primarily responsible for gas exchange and maintaining homeostasis in the body through functions such as moving air, protecting respiratory surfaces, defending against pathogens, enabling vocal communication, and regulating blood volume, pressure, and body fluid pH. None of the incorrect answers align with the known functions of the respiratory system.

The correct answer highlights the primary functions of the upper respiratory tract, which are communication and acting as an air conditioner by cleaning, moistening, and warming the air. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the functions of the respiratory tract.

Oxygen plays a vital role in cellular respiration where ATP, the energy currency of cells, is generated. It is not directly involved in cell division, communication, or structure maintenance.

The lower respiratory tract is responsible for functions related to air flow, gas exchange, and regulation of blood volume and pH levels.

The correct answer highlights the role of hairs and mucous in preventing foreign material from entering the respiratory system.

The epiglottis acts as a protective barrier by covering the opening of the larynx during swallowing, ensuring that food travels down the esophagus to the stomach instead of entering the airways.

The larynx plays a key role in breathing, swallowing, and producing sound. It does not have any direct role in regulating blood flow, aiding in digestion, or controlling body temperature.

The correct function of the cilia-mucous escalator is for mucous to trap particles in the airways and for cilia to sweep these trapped particles towards the mouth for removal.

Bronchioles are smaller airway passages that branch off from the bronchi, which are larger airway passages. This allows for bronchioles to reach deeper into the lungs for gas exchange.

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs that are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during breathing.

The correct muscles involved in breathing are the diaphragm and external intercostals for inspiration, and the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles for expiration. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately reflect the muscles involved in the process of breathing.

The question asks to match the letter for each structure in the respiratory tract with its corresponding function, as shown in the provided correct answer. The incorrect answers do not fit within the context of the question, as they are not structures within the respiratory tract. Therefore, they are not viable options.

In inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, while in expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Forced expiration requires the contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles to actively decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, aiding in the expulsion of air. The diaphragm and external intercostals are primarily responsible for inspiration, not expiration.

In this question, the correct answers are related to the processes of respiration at different levels - cell respiration refers to the chemical exchange of gases during aerobic respiration in the cells, external respiration relates to the exchange of gases between the alveoli and capillaries in the lungs, and internal respiration involves the exchange of gases between the capillaries and cells in body tissues. The incorrect answers provided are not related to the processes of respiration and serve as distractors for the question.

Diffusion is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move passively through the alveoli walls into the pulmonary capillaries, driven by differences in concentration.

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane. Active transport requires energy to move molecules across a cell membrane. Filtration is the process of separating particles based on size using a filter.

The correct answers have been carefully chosen based on the physiological processes of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the body. 'Middle', 'under', and 'over' are not relevant to the context of the given statements and would not fit logically to complete the sentences provided.

The term 'partial pressure' refers to the pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture of gases, while the incorrect answers refer to other aspects of gas concentration such as molar concentration, vapor pressure, and solubility.

In the blood, carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions, while oxygen is transported attached to hemoglobin. Therefore, the correct answers include carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Carbon dioxide is mainly transported in the blood by being dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ion, a process that helps in maintaining acid-base balance in the body.

Carbon dioxide is the gas that controls respiration by stimulating the need to breathe. While oxygen is essential for respiration, it does not directly control it. Nitrogen and hydrogen are not directly involved in the process of respiration.

The incorrect answers do not accurately represent the functions of the nervous system which mainly involve sensory perception, integration of information, muscle coordination, and homeostasis regulation.

In this question, 'a bundle of nerve cells' refers to a nerve (a bundle of nerve cells), 'An individual nerve cell' refers to neuron (an individual nerve cell), and 'Another name for a nerve fiber' also refers to neuron (commonly used as another name for a nerve fiber).

An effector refers to an organ or tissue that generates a specific response to a stimulus. In the context of biology, effector organs such as muscles and glands play a crucial role in carrying out responses to various stimuli in the body.

In this question, the correct answers should match the specific functions described. Neurons are responsible for conveying information by electro-chemical impulses, neuroglia are support cells in the nervous system, and neuroglia also produce myelin to support neuron function.