Biol 436 (genetics) Lecture 1/2

1. What is the breakdown of the MT genome?

The MT genome consists of 30 genes, including 11 protein-coding genes, 15 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes.

The MT genome consists of 24 genes, including 10 protein-coding genes, 12 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes.

The MT genome consists of 45 genes, including 15 protein-coding genes, 25 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 5 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes.

The correct breakdown of the MT genome consists of 37 genes, which include 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. This organization is crucial for the proper functioning of the mitochondria in the cell.

Explanation

The correct breakdown of the MT genome consists of 37 genes, which include 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. This organization is crucial for the proper functioning of the mitochondria in the cell.

2. What proportion of the MT and nuclear genome are protein or RNA encoding?

Nuclear genome: 3/4 is protein coding genes and 1/4 is RNA genes

MT: 1/2 is protein coding genes and 1/2 is RNA genes

MT: 2/3 is protein coding genes in MT genome. about 1/3 is for RNA genes. So it is similar to a prokaryote, know because derived from symbiotic relationship between highly aerobic ? engulfed by facultative anaerobe so t’s orangization is also similar to a prokaryote

MT: 1/4 is protein coding genes and 3/4 is RNA genes

The correct answer provides information on the proportion of protein or RNA encoding in MT genome. The incorrect answers provide alternative proportions which are not supported by the explanation given.

Explanation

The correct answer provides information on the proportion of protein or RNA encoding in MT genome. The incorrect answers provide alternative proportions which are not supported by the explanation given.

3. What is 7S DNA?

7S DNA is a term for DNA found only in seven species of animals.

7S DNA is a type of DNA with seven strands.

7S DNA is a genetic mutation that causes a specific disorder.

7S DNA refers to a class of repetitive DNA sequences that form a complex secondary structure known as a 'large ribonucleoprotein complex'.

Explanation

7S DNA refers to a class of repetitive DNA sequences that form a complex secondary structure known as a 'large ribonucleoprotein complex'.

4. What is the difference between the heavy and light strand of the MT genome?

Heavy strand: Comprised mostly of C | Light strand: Rich in G (purine)

Heavy strand : strand rich in G (purine)
light strand= other stand comprised mostly of C

Heavy strand: Comprised mostly of A (purine) | Light strand: Comprised mostly of T (pyrimidine)

Heavy strand: Rich in C (pyrimidine) | Light strand: Rich in G (purine)

The heavy strand of the MT genome is rich in G (purine), whereas the light strand is comprised mostly of C. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately describe the differences between the two strands.

Explanation

The heavy strand of the MT genome is rich in G (purine), whereas the light strand is comprised mostly of C. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately describe the differences between the two strands.

5. In which direction does the heavy strand replicate?

Starts at Origin of Replication for heavy (OH) ,
when replicates startes to unwind and synthesis,
it goes ANTICLOCKWISE

Replication direction is completely random and not specific to heavy or light strands.

Starts at Origin of Replication for light (OL) and goes clockwise.

Starts at the end of the DNA strand and moves towards the Origin of Replication.

The replication direction of the heavy strand is specifically from the Origin of Replication towards the anticlockwise direction. This process is crucial for DNA synthesis and proper replication.

Explanation

The replication direction of the heavy strand is specifically from the Origin of Replication towards the anticlockwise direction. This process is crucial for DNA synthesis and proper replication.

6. Where is the OH in the MT genome?

•The OH is found in the nucleus of the cell

•The OH is located in the mitochondria of the cell

• in region of genome is actually non coding (no protein or RNA) very special region,

•known as D loop, triple helix (while rest of genome is double helix) the piece of extra DNA like sandwhich, juicy material is the 7S DNA.

• this region is supposed to regulate DNA synthesis and other things (eg transcription. S means Svedburg constant (indirectly reflects its size)

•The OH is located in the coding region of the MT genome

The OH in the MT genome is actually found in a non-coding region known as the D loop, which is a triple helix structure. This region is important for regulating DNA synthesis and other cellular processes.

Explanation

The OH in the MT genome is actually found in a non-coding region known as the D loop, which is a triple helix structure. This region is important for regulating DNA synthesis and other cellular processes.

7. What are genetic polymorphisms?

Genetic polymorphism refers to having multiple copies of the same gene in an individual.

Genetic polymorphism refers to the crossing over of genetic material between chromosomes.

Genetic polymorphism refers to alterations in the structure of DNA that result in genetic disorders.

Genetic polymorphisim: genes in my genome are slightly different than yours (eg ABO blood grou)

Genetic polymorphisms are variations in the genetic sequence that exist among individuals in a population. These variations can have different effects, such as determining blood groups in the case of ABO blood group polymorphism.

Explanation

Genetic polymorphisms are variations in the genetic sequence that exist among individuals in a population. These variations can have different effects, such as determining blood groups in the case of ABO blood group polymorphism.

8. What is the most highly polymorphic region of the human genome?

C. Telomeres exhibit the most polymorphic patterns in human genomic DNA.

A. Mitochondrial DNA is the most highly polymorphic region.

B. Ribosomal DNA shows the highest polymorphism in the human genome.

7S DNA is the most highly polymorphic in human genome. often used for forensics

The 7S DNA region stands out as the most highly polymorphic in the human genome due to its variability among individuals and its significance in forensic applications.

Explanation

The 7S DNA region stands out as the most highly polymorphic in the human genome due to its variability among individuals and its significance in forensic applications.

9. When does replication of the light strand initiate?

Replication of the light strand initiates at the same time as the heavy strand synthesis.

During MT DNA synthesis, it will open up and proceed anticlockwise,

when the H strand is about 2/3 synthesized, it reaches a point in light chain (O L) which is very different from OH.

so it will open up origin for light chain such that it will begin to replicate, it goes in opposite direction (clockwise).

Replication of the light strand initiates after the heavy strand is fully synthesized.

Replication of the light strand initiates before the H strand synthesis is complete.

During mitochondrial DNA synthesis, the initiation of replication of the light strand follows a specific pattern as described in the correct answer. It is important to understand the intricate process to grasp the exact timing of when replication initiates.

Explanation

During mitochondrial DNA synthesis, the initiation of replication of the light strand follows a specific pattern as described in the correct answer. It is important to understand the intricate process to grasp the exact timing of when replication initiates.

10. How many polypeptide encoding genes are in the MT genome?How many RNA genes? How many tRNA? How many rRNA?

There are 8 polypeptide encoding genes. 19 RNA genes. 17 tRNA genes. 2 rRNA genes.

There are 15 polypeptide encoding genes. 30 RNA genes. 28 tRNA genes. 3 rRNA genes.

There are 10 polypeptide encoding genes. 20 RNA genes. 15 tRNA genes. 5 rRNA genes.

There are 13 polypeptide encoding genes.

besides these there are 24 RNA genes (in red lines).

22/24 are tRNA genes.small molecules so represented by narrow lines.

in both the heavy and light chain. there are 2 genes that encode fore ribosomal RNA

The correct answer is based on the specific number of genes found in the MT genome. It is important to pay attention to the actual count of genes mentioned in the correct answer to arrive at the accurate response.

Explanation

The correct answer is based on the specific number of genes found in the MT genome. It is important to pay attention to the actual count of genes mentioned in the correct answer to arrive at the accurate response.

11. How many genes are present in the MT genome?

40 genes: 3 rRNA, 25 tRNA, 12 polypeptides

20 genes: 5 rRNA, 15 tRNA

30 genes: 10 rRNA, 20 tRNA

37 genes:

-2 rRNA

-22 tRNA
-13 polypeptides

The correct answer includes a breakdown of the different types of genes present in the MT genome - 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA, and 13 polypeptides, totaling 37 genes.

Explanation

The correct answer includes a breakdown of the different types of genes present in the MT genome - 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA, and 13 polypeptides, totaling 37 genes.

12. How many MT tRNA recognize either a purine or pyrimidine as the last base?

10/ 22 tRNA

14/ 22 tRNA
• total of 14 x 2 = 28 codons
• i.e. the 22 mt tRNA can rec a grand total of 32 + 28 = 60 codons
• human genetic code, 43 = 64 codons

18/ 22 tRNA

22/ 22 tRNA

The correct answer is 14/22 tRNA because they can recognize a total of 28 codons (14 purine-pyrimidine pairs) as the last base in the tRNA anticodon loop.

Explanation

The correct answer is 14/22 tRNA because they can recognize a total of 28 codons (14 purine-pyrimidine pairs) as the last base in the tRNA anticodon loop.