Define The Following Concept Of Mutation Quiz

When 3 nucleotides are inserted, it shifts the reading frame by one codon, which can allow the gene to continue to be translated correctly. On the other hand, a single nucleotide insertion can cause a frameshift mutation, introduce a stop codon prematurely, or disrupt the functionality of the gene.

The correct answers for each blank are: 1. deletion removes a chromosomal segment. 2. duplication repeats a segment. 3. inversion reverses a segment within a chromosome. 4. translation moves a segment from one chromosome to another nonhomologous one.

Mutations can occur spontaneously due to errors in DNA replication or repair processes, and they can also be induced by external factors such as radiation or chemicals. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately describe the two main ways mutations occur.

Spontaneous mutations are those that happen in the absence of external influences and can result from errors during DNA replication.

Induced mutations are specifically caused by external agents known as mutagens, rather than naturally occurring genetic factors, sunlight exposure, or mutations that are beneficial to an organism's survival.

Mutagens are agents that can cause genetic mutations. Examples include deaminating agents, intercalating agents, base analogs, ionizing radiation, and non-ionizing radiation like UV light. Antibiotics, vitamins, and hormones are not typically considered mutagens.

Deaminating agents are chemicals that remove the NH2 group from a nucleotide base, causing alterations in base pairing. This change can lead to incorrect nucleotide pairings, such as 'A' pairing with 'C' instead of its usual pair 'T'. The incorrect answers provided suggest different incorrect actions by deaminating agents to highlight the specific impact of deamination on base pairing.

Intercalating agents are molecules that insert between the bases of DNA, disrupting the normal structure. This interference can lead to frameshift mutations by either adding or deleting nucleotides, which can have significant effects on gene expression and protein synthesis.

Base analogs are chemical compounds that mimic the structure of normal DNA bases, leading to potential mutations during DNA replication.

Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions and potentially causing cellular damage.

Non-ionizing radiation refers to electromagnetic radiation that does not have enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms or molecules. Instead, non-ionizing radiation can excite electrons and cause them to make new bonds.

When thymine dimer is formed due to exposure to UV light, it does not enhance DNA replication, break apart and repair DNA damage, or undergo reversible mutation to enhance gene expression. The correct answer explains the harmful consequences of thymine dimer formation.

Photolyases are enzymes specifically designed to correct thymine dimers by leveraging visible light energy. The other incorrect answers do not accurately define the function of photolyases.

Nucleotide excision repair is a mechanism to correct DNA damage by removing and replacing incorrect bases, ensuring genetic integrity.

Reversion in the context of mutations refers to mutations that reverse the original mutation, leading to the restoration of the original phenotype. It is not specifically related to viruses, radiation effects, or genetic material mixing.

The Ames Test is specifically designed to assess the mutagenic potential of chemicals by using mutant bacteria and observing their growth when exposed to different substances.

In the Ames test, the number of colonies that grow on the selective media serves as the dependent variable which indicates the mutagenicity of the tested substance.

The correct answer is 90%; mutagenic; carcinogenic, based on the correlation between substances identified as mutagenic by the Ames test also being found to be carcinogenic in subsequent testing.

Experiments are usually performed with bacteria because of their rapid reproduction, ease of manipulation, and haploid genomes that allow for a clear study of mutated genes.

Genetic transfer in organisms can occur in two main ways: through vertical transfer from parent to offspring, and horizontal transfer between unrelated individuals.

Vertical gene transfer refers to the passing of genes to the next generation within the same species, from parent to offspring. It is the natural way genes are inherited vertically through reproduction.

Horizontal gene transfer leads to genetic recombination, where genetic material is exchanged between different organisms leading to the combination of genetic traits.

Horizontal gene transfer refers to the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms. The three main types are transformation, transduction, and bacterial conjugation.

External influences such as exposure to chemicals or radiation can indeed cause mutations by triggering DNA damage during repair processes.

A mutation specifically refers to a change in the nucleotide sequence of a genome, not any of the other options provided.

Silent mutations occur when a mutation in the DNA results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid, therefore not affecting the protein sequence.

Missense mutations involve the change of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, leading to the substitution of one amino acid for another. Silent mutations do not change the amino acid sequence, nonsense mutations result in the creation of a premature stop codon, and frameshift mutations involve the insertion or deletion of nucleotides, leading to a shift in the reading frame.

Nonsense mutations are characterized by a substitution that changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon, leading to the premature termination of protein synthesis. This results in nonfunctional proteins. Missense mutations involve a substitution that changes one amino acid for another. Silent mutations do not affect the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. Frameshift mutations result from insertions or deletions causing a shift in the reading frame, leading to a completely different protein sequence.

Frameshift mutations result in a shift in the reading frame of the genetic code, leading to significant changes in the resulting protein or functional product. Point mutations involve single nucleotide changes, silent mutations do not alter the resulting protein, and missense mutations result in a change in the amino acid sequence.