Anatomy & Physiology 1 (biol 2401) Chapter 4

1. What are hemidesmosomes?

Hemidesmosomes are found in connective tissue.

Hemidesmosomes connect two cells together.

Rather than linking two cells (like desmosomes), hemidesmosomes attach one cell to the extracellular matrix (not connective tissue like desmosomes).

Hemidesmosomes are a type of cellular junction that allows for communication between neighboring cells.

Hemidesmosomes differ from desmosomes in their function and location in the cell, providing a distinct role in cell adhesion.

Explanation

Hemidesmosomes differ from desmosomes in their function and location in the cell, providing a distinct role in cell adhesion.

2. Describe epithelial tissue.

C. Epithelial cells are loose and unstructured.

D. Epithelial tissue does not play a role in lining body surfaces.

Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialised to form the covering or lining of all internal and external body surfaces. Epithelial cells are packed tightly together, with almost no intercellular spaces and only a small amount of intercellular substance.

A. Epithelial tissue is found only in the internal organs of the body.

B. Epithelial tissue is made up of cells with large intercellular spaces.

Epithelial tissue is a vital component that covers all body surfaces, both internal and external, and the cells are tightly packed without large intercellular spaces. It serves the function of lining and covering various body parts and organs.

Explanation

Epithelial tissue is a vital component that covers all body surfaces, both internal and external, and the cells are tightly packed without large intercellular spaces. It serves the function of lining and covering various body parts and organs.

3. What is the basement membrane?

A layer of paint applied to the foundation of a building

Liquid used for waterproofing basements

A type of underground storage facility

Epithelial tissue, regardless of the type, is usually separated from the underlying tissue by a thin sheet of connective tissue; basement membrane. The basement membrane provides structural support for the epithelium and also binds it to neighboring structures.

The basement membrane is a specific structure in biological tissues that separates epithelial tissue from underlying tissues, providing support and binding to neighboring structures. It is not associated with waterproofing, underground storage, or building foundations in the context of biology.

Explanation

The basement membrane is a specific structure in biological tissues that separates epithelial tissue from underlying tissues, providing support and binding to neighboring structures. It is not associated with waterproofing, underground storage, or building foundations in the context of biology.

4. What is the function of microvilli?

Sensory structures for taste perception

Produces enzymes for digestion

Also known as the brush border. Increase surface area exposed to open body cavity such as the small intestine.

Helps in absorption of water

Microvilli are small, finger-like projections found on the surface of certain epithelial cells, particularly in the small intestine. They increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients and play a crucial role in digestion.

Explanation

Microvilli are small, finger-like projections found on the surface of certain epithelial cells, particularly in the small intestine. They increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients and play a crucial role in digestion.

5. What does avascular mean?

Relies on neighboring tissues for blood supply.

Has an excessive amount of blood vessels.

Does not have its own blood supply. Gets nutrients from blood vessels below via diffision.

Obtains nutrients from the air instead of blood vessels.

Avascular means lacking its own blood supply and receiving nutrients from blood vessels below via diffusion. The incorrect answers provide alternative interpretations that do not accurately define avascular.

Explanation

Avascular means lacking its own blood supply and receiving nutrients from blood vessels below via diffusion. The incorrect answers provide alternative interpretations that do not accurately define avascular.

6. What does regenerative mean?

Destruction of cells

Development of cancer cells

Replacement via mitosis.

Growth via meiosis

Regenerative refers to the process of replacing cells through mitosis, not the destruction of cells, growth via meiosis, or the development of cancer cells.

Explanation

Regenerative refers to the process of replacing cells through mitosis, not the destruction of cells, growth via meiosis, or the development of cancer cells.

7. What are the layers and structures of epithelial tissue?

Inner layer with muscle fibers

Outer layer with blood vessels

Middle layer with nerve endings

See image.

Epithelial tissue consists of closely packed cells that form a continuous sheet lining the body surfaces. It does not have blood vessels, nerve endings, or muscle fibers within the tissue itself.

Explanation

Epithelial tissue consists of closely packed cells that form a continuous sheet lining the body surfaces. It does not have blood vessels, nerve endings, or muscle fibers within the tissue itself.

8. What are the different arrangements of layers and shapes of epithelial cells?

Random and zig-zag

Maltese cross and star-shaped

See image.

Circular and square

Epithelial cells can be arranged in different layers (simple, stratified) and shapes (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). Each arrangement serves specific functions in the body.

Explanation

Epithelial cells can be arranged in different layers (simple, stratified) and shapes (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). Each arrangement serves specific functions in the body.

9. What does Simple Squamous Epithelia look like?

See image.

Stratified squamous shape with multiple layers

Cuboidal shape with cilia lining

Columnar shape with microvilli on surface

Simple Squamous Epithelia is a single layer of flattened cells that allow for efficient diffusion. It is not cuboidal, stratified, or columnar in shape.

Explanation

Simple Squamous Epithelia is a single layer of flattened cells that allow for efficient diffusion. It is not cuboidal, stratified, or columnar in shape.

10. What does Simple Cuboidal Epithelia look like?

Star-shaped

Round in shape

See image.

Long and thread-like

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia are cube-shaped cells commonly found lining the kidney tubules and glands. The correct answer advises the examinee to refer to an image for a visual representation.

Explanation

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia are cube-shaped cells commonly found lining the kidney tubules and glands. The correct answer advises the examinee to refer to an image for a visual representation.

11. What does Simple Columnar Epithelia look like?

See image.

It appears as irregular in shape.

It has a cuboidal shape.

It is squamous in nature.

Simple Columnar Epithelia is a type of epithelial tissue that appears tall and column-like in shape when viewed under a microscope.

Explanation

Simple Columnar Epithelia is a type of epithelial tissue that appears tall and column-like in shape when viewed under a microscope.

12. What does Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia look like?

See image.

Smooth and flat

Loosely arranged squamous cells

Cube-shaped with cilia on surface

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia is a type of epithelial tissue that appears to be stratified due to the varying height of its cells, but all cells touch the basement membrane, giving it a single-layer appearance. It is typically found in areas like the respiratory tract where secretion and absorption occur.

Explanation

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia is a type of epithelial tissue that appears to be stratified due to the varying height of its cells, but all cells touch the basement membrane, giving it a single-layer appearance. It is typically found in areas like the respiratory tract where secretion and absorption occur.

13. What does Stratified Squamous Epithelia look like?

A mix of cuboidal and columnar cells arranged in multiple layers.

See image.

A cluster of irregularly shaped cells with no defined pattern.

A single layer of flat cells stacked on top of each other.

Stratified Squamous Epithelia is a type of tissue that consists of multiple layers of flat, scale-like cells. It provides protection and is found in areas subject to abrasion and friction.

Explanation

Stratified Squamous Epithelia is a type of tissue that consists of multiple layers of flat, scale-like cells. It provides protection and is found in areas subject to abrasion and friction.

14. What does Transitional (Uroepithelium/bladder) Epithelia look like?

See image.

A single layer of flat, scale-like cells.

A smooth layer of cells with cillia on the surface.

Thin, elongated cells stacked on top of each other.

Transitional epithelium is a type of stratified epithelium consisting of multiple layers of cells that can change shape from cuboidal to squamous. It is typically described as looking like a wavy or scalloped appearance due to the varying shapes of the cells.

Explanation

Transitional epithelium is a type of stratified epithelium consisting of multiple layers of cells that can change shape from cuboidal to squamous. It is typically described as looking like a wavy or scalloped appearance due to the varying shapes of the cells.

15. What do the rare Stratified Cuboidal and Stratified Columnar Epithelia look like?

Circular

Square

See image.

Spiky

Stratified Cuboidal and Stratified Columnar Epithelia are not typically circular, spiky, or square in shape. The correct answer directs to visual representation for accurate identification.

Explanation

Stratified Cuboidal and Stratified Columnar Epithelia are not typically circular, spiky, or square in shape. The correct answer directs to visual representation for accurate identification.

16. What are the 2 types of glandular epithelia involved in secretion?

1) Exocrine glands-secrete hormones directly into the blood. 2) Endocrine glands-ductless glands (no tubes), secrete hormones onto body surface and into body cavity via ducts.

1) Sebaceous glands-secrete sweat onto body surface and into body cavity via ducts. 2) Adrenal glands-ductless glands (no tubes), secrete hormones directly into the blood.

1) Sudoriferous glands-secrete oil onto body surface and into body cavity via ducts. 2) Salivary glands-ductless glands (no tubes), secrete hormones directly into the blood.

!) Endocrine glands-ductless glands (no tubes), secrete hormones directly into the blood. Exocytosis --> ECF --> Blood --> Organ
2) Exocrine glands-secrete hormones onto body surface and into body cavity via ducts.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood without the use of ducts, while exocrine glands secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities via ducts. Sudoriferous glands are sweat glands, and salivary glands secrete saliva. Sebaceous glands secrete oil, and adrenal glands are involved in the endocrine system.

Explanation

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood without the use of ducts, while exocrine glands secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities via ducts. Sudoriferous glands are sweat glands, and salivary glands secrete saliva. Sebaceous glands secrete oil, and adrenal glands are involved in the endocrine system.

17. What are the 3 types of exocrine glands?

1) Merocrine-Secretory products discharged by exocytosis.
2) Apocrine-Accumulate secretory products at apical surface; that portion pinches off with remaining part of cell repairing itself.
3) Holocrine-Accumulate product in cytosol, cell dies, products are discharged, cell replaced

1) Endocrine-Secretory products released into bloodstream. 2) Paracrine-Secretory products released into nearby cells. 3) Autocrine-Secretory products that act on the same cell that produced them.

Exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts, while endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Paracrine glands act on nearby cells, and autocrine glands act on the same cells that produced them. Exocrine glands are classified into merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine based on how they discharge their secretory products.

Explanation

Exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts, while endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Paracrine glands act on nearby cells, and autocrine glands act on the same cells that produced them. Exocrine glands are classified into merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine based on how they discharge their secretory products.

18. Describe connective tissue.

Most abundant and widly distributed.
Its functions are binding, support, protection, insulation and transportation.
Has varying degrees of vascularity.
The extracellular matrix is made up of ground substance, fibers and cells-resembles jello.

Connective tissue always has a high degree of vascularity.

Connective tissue is only found in a few specific locations in the body.

Connective tissue has no role in providing support or protection to the body.

Connective tissue is a diverse type of tissue that is present in various parts of the body and has important functions. It is characterized by its wide distribution and support for different organs and structures. This type of tissue varies in vascularity and can have different compositions based on its location and function.

Explanation

Connective tissue is a diverse type of tissue that is present in various parts of the body and has important functions. It is characterized by its wide distribution and support for different organs and structures. This type of tissue varies in vascularity and can have different compositions based on its location and function.

19. What are the classes of connective tissue?

1) Connective Tissue Proper (CTP)
2) Cartilage
3) Osseous (bone)
4) Blood

1) Muscle 2) Nerve 3) Adipose (fat)

Connective tissue includes various types such as connective tissue proper, cartilage, osseous tissue, and blood. Muscle and nerve tissues are not classified as connective tissue, while adipose tissue is a subtype of connective tissue proper.

Explanation

Connective tissue includes various types such as connective tissue proper, cartilage, osseous tissue, and blood. Muscle and nerve tissues are not classified as connective tissue, while adipose tissue is a subtype of connective tissue proper.

20. What is CTP?

Contains primarily nervous tissue

Is found only in plants

Has a bad vascular source.
Subclasses:
1) Loose connective tissue
a) Areolar
b) Adipose
c) Reticular
2) Dense connectie tissue
a) regular
b) Irregular
c) Elastic

Is a type of muscle tissue

CTP stands for Connective Tissue Proper, which is a type of tissue that has a bad vascular source and consists of two subclasses: Loose connective tissue and Dense connective tissue.

Explanation

CTP stands for Connective Tissue Proper, which is a type of tissue that has a bad vascular source and consists of two subclasses: Loose connective tissue and Dense connective tissue.

21. What are the characteristics of cartilage?

Is a type of muscle tissue. Subclasses: 1) Smooth muscle 2) Cardiac muscle 3) Skeletal muscle.

Has a good vascular source. Subclasses: 1) White cartilage 2) Red cartilage 3) Green cartilage.

Is made of bone. Subclasses:1) Compact bone 2) Spongy bone 3) Hollow bone.

Has a bad vascular source.
Subclasses:
1) Hyaline cartilage
2) Fibrocartilage
3) Elastic cartilage

Cartilage is a tough, elastic connective tissue found throughout the body. It has a poor blood supply, hence the term 'bad vascular source'. The three subclasses mentioned are the most common types of cartilage found in the human body.

Explanation

Cartilage is a tough, elastic connective tissue found throughout the body. It has a poor blood supply, hence the term 'bad vascular source'. The three subclasses mentioned are the most common types of cartilage found in the human body.

22. What is the proper classification of blood?

Vascular.

Liquid

Inorganic

Organic

Blood is classified as a vascular liquid connective tissue.

Explanation

Blood is classified as a vascular liquid connective tissue.

23. What does Loose Areolar Connective Tissue Proper look like?

It has a rigid structure.

It appears yellow in color.

See image.

It is composed of primarily bone cells.

Loose Areolar Connective Tissue Proper is a type of connective tissue that appears as a loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers. It does not have a rigid structure, is not yellow in color, and is not composed of bone cells.

Explanation

Loose Areolar Connective Tissue Proper is a type of connective tissue that appears as a loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers. It does not have a rigid structure, is not yellow in color, and is not composed of bone cells.

24. What are tissues?

Group of similar cells that usually have a similar embryological origin and are specialized for a particular function.

Individual cells with no specific function.

A type of food made from plants and animals.

Organs that perform multiple functions in the body.

Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function, they are not individual cells, organs or a type of food.

Explanation

Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function, they are not individual cells, organs or a type of food.

25. What are the 4 principle types of tissues?

3) Adipose tissue - responsible for storing excess nutrients as fat

2) Cardiac tissue - responsible for pumping blood throughout the body

1) Skeletal tissue - supports the body and provides structure

1) Eptithelial tissue-covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts; forms glands
2) Connective tissue-binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, provides immunity
3) Muscle tissue-movement and generation of force
4) Nervous tissue-initiates and transmits action potentials (nerve impulses)

The correct answer includes Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues, which are the primary types of tissues in the human body. Skeletal tissue, cardiac tissue, and adipose tissue are specific types of connective tissue and muscle tissue respectively, and are not considered as the principle types of tissues.

Explanation

The correct answer includes Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues, which are the primary types of tissues in the human body. Skeletal tissue, cardiac tissue, and adipose tissue are specific types of connective tissue and muscle tissue respectively, and are not considered as the principle types of tissues.

26. What are the primary germ layers within an embryo?

1) Exoderm (bottom) 2) Endoderm (middle) 3) Mesoderm (top/superficial]

1) Endoderm (bottom)
2) mesoderm (middle)
3) Ectoderm (top/superficial)

1) Mesoderm (bottom) 2) Ectoderm (middle) 3) Endoderm (top/superficial]

1) Ectoderm (bottom) 2) Exoderm (middle) 3) Mesenchyme (top/superficial]

In an embryo, the primary germ layers are Endoderm (bottom), Mesoderm (middle), and Ectoderm (top/superficial). The other options presented do not correctly represent the primary germ layers within an embryo.

Explanation

In an embryo, the primary germ layers are Endoderm (bottom), Mesoderm (middle), and Ectoderm (top/superficial). The other options presented do not correctly represent the primary germ layers within an embryo.

27. What are the 3 major types of cell junctions?

3) Plasmodesmata- channels between plant cell walls for communication and transportation of nutrients and water.

1) Loose junctions-allow for some movement between cells, found in skin and other tissues.

1) Tight junctions-form a watertight seal, cells line GI tract and bladder
2) Adherens junctions-look like long bands, form plaque which is a dense layer of proteins inside cell. Microfilaments extend into cytoplasm, integral membrane proteins connect cells
3) Gap juntions-tiny space between membranes crossed by protein channels called connexons forming fluid tunnels. Cell communication with ions and small molecules. Found in cardiac and smooth muscle.

2) Desmosomes- strong spot welds between cells, made up of proteins such as cadherins, found in tissues that withstand mechanical stress.

28. What are desmosomes?

Where epithelial cells attach to connective tissues. Intracellular intermediate filaments cross cytoplasm. Found in cardiac muscle.

A type of bone joint found in the human body.

The process by which plants absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.

A type of neurotransmitter in the brain.

Desmosomes are specialized cell structures that serve as anchoring junctions, primarily between epithelial cells. They are essential for providing mechanical strength and integrity to tissues, such as skin and heart muscle. Desmosomes are not related to neurotransmitters, photosynthesis, or bone joints.

Explanation

Desmosomes are specialized cell structures that serve as anchoring junctions, primarily between epithelial cells. They are essential for providing mechanical strength and integrity to tissues, such as skin and heart muscle. Desmosomes are not related to neurotransmitters, photosynthesis, or bone joints.