Lecture A

The nursing process involves several key steps including assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation to ensure comprehensive and effective patient care. Each step plays a crucial role in the overall nursing process.

Dependent nursing interventions are those that require a health care provider's order for implementation, typically involving invasive procedures or medically determined therapies. They are crucial in ensuring that the patient receives appropriate and effective care under professional supervision.

Evidence based practice relies on credible sources such as research studies, quality improvement data, risk management data, audits, clinical experts, and infection control data to ensure decisions are based on solid evidence and best practices.

Medical asepsis focuses on preventing the transmission of pathogens through various practices such as hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), and maintaining a clean environment.

Surgical asepsis refers to the practice of creating and maintaining a sterile environment during surgical procedures to prevent the introduction of microorganisms that could cause infection.

A hospital-acquired infection is specifically acquired in a healthcare setting, not through contaminated food, air transmission, or pet contact.

Microorganisms can be transmitted through various routes including contact, droplet, airborne, common vehicle, and vector-borne. Other potential routes like foodborne, sexual, injection, and inhalation are also possible but are not part of the standard routes of transmission for microorganisms.

Contact precautions are necessary to prevent the spread of contagious infections to healthcare workers and other patients. Directing the patient to environmental contact, gown, gloves, and a private room helps in minimizing the risk of transmission.

Airborne precautions are necessary for conditions caused by organisms that can be spread through the air via droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns. Influenza, gastroenteritis, and head lice are typically spread through direct contact or larger droplets rather than airborne transmission.

Droplet precautions are specifically for diseases that are transmitted through respiratory droplets larger than 5 microns. These include conditions like diphtheria, streptococcal pharyngitis, pertussis, and mumps. The patient should be placed in a private room and healthcare workers should wear masks to prevent transmission.

The correct sequence for applying PPE is crucial to ensure proper protection against potential hazards. It is important to follow the correct order to minimize the risk of contamination and ensure maximum safety for the wearer.

The correct sequence for removing PPE is crucial to avoid contamination and ensure safety. The correct sequence is to first remove gloves, then goggles, followed by the gown, and finally the mask.

Blood pressure classification is crucial for determining the severity and appropriate management of hypertension. The stages provided in the correct answer reflect the standard guidelines based on SBP and DBP ranges. The incorrect answers either have incorrect ranges or misclassify the stages, highlighting the importance of accurately interpreting blood pressure readings.

It is important to check for patient allergies before using latex gloves to avoid any adverse reactions. This ensures the safety and well-being of the patient during medical procedures.

Understanding the chain of infection helps healthcare providers identify specific points where interventions can be implemented to prevent the spread of infections within healthcare settings.

Normal blood pressure is typically defined as systolic pressure ranging between 90-120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure ranging between 60-80 mm Hg. It is important to use the correct cuff size and place it one inch above the brachial artery for accurate readings.

The radial pulse is specifically located on the thumb side of the wrist and is used to check the heart rate, rhythm, and strength.

Pulse Oximetry is specifically used to monitor blood oxygen saturation levels non-invasively.

Nail polish can interfere with the light passing through the nail for accurate readings. Peripheral vascular disease, hypothermia, edema, and hypotension can all affect the blood flow and oxygen levels in the body, impacting pulse oximetry readings. Dehydration, anemia, and high blood pressure do not directly affect pulse oximetry readings.

Body temperature can vary depending on the method of measurement. The correct normal ranges are 96.8-100.4 degrees Fahrenheit for most methods, with rectal temperature being slightly higher. It is important to consider these variations when assessing an individual's temperature.

Narcotics are known to depress the central nervous system, including the respiratory centers, leading to a decrease in respiratory rate. This is why it is important to monitor patients closely when administering narcotics.

The correct answer is 'Normal adult 12-20', as this is considered the normal range for respiratory rate in adults. Rates below or above this range may indicate potential health issues.

Common pulse sites include those where major arteries can be palpated to feel the pulse in the body. The incorrect answers provided do not represent commonly used pulse sites.

A shift assessment in nursing is essential to evaluate any changes in the patient's condition and provide a baseline for care during the shift. It involves a thorough assessment from head to toe, following the Cephalocaudal pattern.

A general assessment/focused assessment is typically completed in response to a change in condition or patient complaints to address specific concerns or issues.

The Glasgow Coma Scale is a widely used tool for assessing a patient's level of consciousness and neurological status following a head injury or other neurological conditions. It is not used for measuring blood pressure, bone density, or cardiac function.

Skin lesions refer to various abnormal areas or growths on the skin. Freckles, scars, and bruises are not considered types of skin lesions.

Adventitious lung sounds are abnormal sounds heard during breathing and can indicate various respiratory conditions. Rales, rhonchi, wheezes, and pleural friction rub are examples of adventitious lung sounds that may be heard during auscultation.

The correct order for Abdominal Assessment is Inspection first, followed by Auscultation, then Palpation, and finally Percussion. This systematic approach ensures a thorough evaluation of the abdomen and helps in identifying any abnormalities.

A Peripheral Circulation Assessment focuses on examining the blood flow and circulation in the extremities. This includes checking peripheral pulses, color and warmth of extremities, capillary refill, signs of edema, and assessing CSSM -color, circulation, sensation, movement. The incorrect answers do not pertain to peripheral circulation assessment.