Latih Tubi 1 By Suzy

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1. Dalam tingkahlaku sosiologi, cara untuk mendapatkan rawatan bagi masyarakat moden ialah dengan berjumpa  

Explanation

In the field of sociology, the most appropriate way to seek treatment for modern society is through doctors. Doctors are trained medical professionals who have the knowledge and skills to diagnose and treat various health conditions. They follow evidence-based practices and use modern medical technologies to provide the best possible care to individuals and communities. Seeking treatment from doctors is considered a reliable and effective approach in addressing the health needs of modern society.

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2. Perhubungan di antara jururawat dan pesakit  lebih efektif  jika mengamal komunikasi jenis ini.    

Explanation

Two-way communication is more effective in the relationship between nurses and patients. This type of communication allows for a back-and-forth exchange of information, ideas, and feelings between the nurse and the patient. It promotes active listening, understanding, and collaboration. Two-way communication ensures that both parties have the opportunity to express themselves, ask questions, and clarify any misunderstandings. This fosters a sense of trust, empathy, and mutual respect, leading to better patient outcomes and satisfaction.

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3. Apakah objektif utama program komuniti psikiatri ?  

Explanation

The main objective of the community psychiatry program is to encourage socialization of patients with the community. This means that the program aims to promote interactions and integration of patients with the wider society, helping them to develop social skills, build relationships, and participate in community activities. This objective is important for the overall well-being and recovery of patients, as it helps to reduce stigma, isolation, and promote a sense of belonging and support.

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4. Tulang yang menghasilkan red blood cell, white blood cell dan platelet adalah terdiri dari tulang

Explanation

The explanation for the correct answer, "panjang," is that long bones, such as the femur and humerus, are responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These bones contain bone marrow, which is the site of hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell production. Flat bones, like the skull and sternum, also contain bone marrow but primarily produce red blood cells. Short bones, such as the carpals and tarsals, and irregular bones, like the vertebrae and hip bones, do not have as much bone marrow and are not major sites of blood cell production.

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5. Puan M mengalami Osteosarcoma. Beliau kelihatan risau dan bimbang berkaitan dengan penyakit yang dialaminya. Intervensi kejururawatan bagi mengatasi masalah beliau adalah  

Explanation

Puan M is experiencing Osteosarcoma and is visibly worried and anxious about her condition. The nursing intervention to address her concerns would be to provide information related to the disease she is experiencing. This would help alleviate her fears and provide her with a better understanding of her condition, treatment options, and prognosis. By providing education and explanation, Puan M can make informed decisions about her healthcare and feel more empowered in managing her illness.

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6. Data subjektif yang boleh dikenalpasti semasa melakukan asessmen ialah

Explanation

The subjective data that can be identified during assessment is the patient's complaint. This refers to any symptoms or concerns that the patient expresses verbally. In this case, the complaint is not provided, but it is stated that "aduan pesakit" is the correct answer. This suggests that the patient's complaint is an important aspect of subjective data in the assessment process.

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7. Manakah antara organel berikut penting dalam menghasilkan tenaga kepada sel?  

Explanation

Mitochondria is the correct answer because it is an organelle that plays a crucial role in producing energy for the cell. It is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell because it is responsible for generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the main source of energy for cellular activities. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration, a process that converts nutrients into ATP through a series of chemical reactions. Without mitochondria, cells would not have enough energy to perform their functions effectively.

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8. Saraf  kranial yang membawa utusan pendengaran adalah saraf

Explanation

The correct answer is auditory because the question is asking about the cranial nerve that carries auditory information. The optic nerve is responsible for vision, the trochlear nerve controls eye movement, and the olfactory nerve is responsible for the sense of smell. Therefore, the auditory nerve is the most appropriate answer as it is specifically related to hearing.

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9. Puan S,mengalami cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) dan hemiplegia. Apakah maksud hemiplegia  

Explanation

Hemiplegia refers to paralysis or weakness on one side of the body. In this case, the correct answer states that hemiplegia means paralysis on one side of the body.

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10. Apakah factor yang menyebabkan wheezing yang berlaku kepada penghidap asthma?  

Explanation

Wheezing is a common symptom experienced by individuals with asthma. It is caused by the narrowing of the airways, which leads to difficulty in breathing. This narrowing of the airways is referred to as "penyempitan salur pernafasan" in the given answer. When the airways become inflamed and irritated, they constrict, making it harder for air to flow in and out of the lungs. This results in the characteristic wheezing sound. Therefore, the correct answer explains the factor that causes wheezing in individuals with asthma.

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11. Apakah tujuan melakukan perancangan dalam proses kejururawatan?

Explanation

The purpose of planning in the nursing process is to prioritize identified problems. This involves determining which issues need to be addressed first in order to provide effective and efficient care. By giving priority to identified problems, nurses can ensure that the most pressing needs of the patient are addressed promptly, leading to improved patient outcomes.

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12. Encik Z telah didiagnoskan sebagai schizophrenia. Keadaan ini berlaku kerana ibunya juga mengalami masalah penyakit yang sama. Faktor penyebab penyakit ini ialah

Explanation

The correct answer is "biological." Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is believed to have a strong biological component. Research has shown that individuals with a family history of schizophrenia are more likely to develop the disorder themselves, suggesting a genetic predisposition. Additionally, abnormalities in brain structure and function, as well as imbalances in neurotransmitters, have been observed in individuals with schizophrenia. These biological factors contribute to the development and perpetuation of the disorder.

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13. Intervensi kejururawatan utama bagi klien yang mengalami kebakaran ialah

Explanation

The correct answer is "ganti cecair dan elektrolit" which means "replace fluids and electrolytes" in English. This intervention is crucial for clients who have experienced a burn because burns can cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances in the body. Replacing fluids and electrolytes helps maintain the client's hydration and balance of essential minerals in their body, which is important for their overall health and recovery.

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14. Keluarga merupakan pewaris kepada pesakit.  Manakah antara berikut bukan peranan pewaris semasa menjaga pesakit di hospital ?  

Explanation

The correct answer is "Merancang perawatan pesakit." This option is not a role of the caregiver when taking care of a patient in the hospital. The other options, such as "Menyimpan harta pesakit" (keeping the patient's belongings), "Memberi kebenaran/consent" (giving permission/consent), and "Memberi maklumat kesihatan" (providing health information) are all responsibilities that the caregiver may have while taking care of the patient in the hospital.

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15. Tujuan pengambilan pap smear adalah  

Explanation

The correct answer is "Mengesan kanser serviks." Pap smear is a screening test used to detect cervical cancer or precancerous changes in the cells of the cervix. By examining the cells collected from the cervix during a pap smear, healthcare providers can identify any abnormal cell growth that may indicate the presence of cervical cancer. Early detection through regular pap smears can significantly increase the chances of successful treatment and improve outcomes for individuals with cervical cancer.

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16. Psikologi adalah kajian tentang   

Explanation

Psikologi adalah kajian tentang tingkah laku manusia secara saintifik. Ini berarti bahwa psikologi melibatkan pengamatan, pengukuran, dan analisis ilmiah terhadap perilaku manusia. Dalam psikologi, tingkah laku manusia dipelajari dengan menggunakan metode ilmiah untuk memahami pola-pola, faktor-faktor, dan pengaruh yang mempengaruhi perilaku manusia. Dengan pendekatan saintifik ini, psikologi berusaha untuk mengembangkan pengetahuan yang objektif dan dapat diandalkan tentang tingkah laku manusia.

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17. Tanda positif yang menunjukkan luka sedang dalam proses penyembuhan yang sempurna ialah apabila terdapat  

Explanation

Tisu granulasi di sekeliling luka menunjukkan bahwa luka sedang dalam proses penyembuhan yang baik. Tisu granulasi adalah jaringan baru yang terbentuk selama fase penyembuhan luka, dan biasanya berwarna merah muda atau merah. Kehadiran tisu granulasi menandakan bahwa luka sedang dalam tahap penyembuhan di mana jaringan baru sedang dibentuk untuk menggantikan jaringan yang rusak.

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18. Semasa rawatan susulan didapati tekanan darah Puan S adalah 120/70 mmHg. Apakah nasihat anda terhadap beliau?

Explanation

The correct answer is to continue taking the antihypertensive drug. This is because Puan S's blood pressure reading of 120/70 mmHg indicates that her blood pressure is within the normal range. Therefore, there is no need for her to stop or adjust the medication. Continuing to take the antihypertensive drug will help maintain her blood pressure at a healthy level and prevent any potential complications.

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19. Apakah kumpulan ubat yang digunakan untuk dissolve serta memecahkan darah beku dalam kes myocardial infection?  

Explanation

A thrombolytic agent is a type of medication that is used to dissolve and break up blood clots. In the case of myocardial infection, blood clots can form and block the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. By using a thrombolytic agent, these blood clots can be dissolved, allowing blood flow to be restored to the affected area of the heart. This can help to reduce damage to the heart muscle and improve outcomes for patients with myocardial infection.

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20. Ramlah  seorang jururawat yang peramah, mudah mesra dan sangat aktif dalam aktiviti kumpulan. Personaliti beliau  dikategorikan sebagai .  

Explanation

The description of Ramlah as friendly, sociable, and active in group activities suggests that her personality is extroverted. Extroverts tend to be outgoing, enjoy socializing, and thrive in group settings. This aligns with Ramlah's behavior and characteristics.

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21. Encik P dimasukkan ke wad dengan fracture femur kiri. Semasa melakukan asesmen berpandukan circulation chart, beliau mengadu kebas di hujung jari kaki terlibat. Keadaan ini menunjukkan gangguan pada  

Explanation

The patient's complaint of numbness in the involved toe suggests a disturbance in the neurovascular status. Neurovascular status refers to the assessment of both the neurological and vascular functions of a limb. In this case, the fracture may have caused damage to the nerves or blood vessels in the leg, leading to the symptoms of numbness. Monitoring the neurovascular status is important to ensure adequate blood flow and nerve function, which are crucial for proper healing and prevention of complications.

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22. Tindakan kejururawatan untuk threatened abortion ialah  

Explanation

In cases of threatened abortion, where there is a risk of miscarriage, complete bed rest is recommended. This is to reduce physical activity and minimize any potential stress or strain on the body, which may help to prevent further complications or the actual occurrence of a miscarriage. By resting fully on the bed, the pregnant individual can avoid any activities that may potentially worsen the situation and give the body a chance to recover and stabilize.

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23. Salur darah yang membawa  darah kurang kadar oksigen adalah  

Explanation

The correct answer is pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. This oxygenated blood is then returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. The ascending aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, while the descending aorta carries deoxygenated blood to the lower part of the body. Therefore, the pulmonary arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood with low oxygen levels.

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24. Isipadu tidal volume yang normal bagi seorang dewasa ialah  

Explanation

The normal tidal volume for an adult is the amount of air that is typically inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath. The average tidal volume for an adult is around 500 milliliters. This means that during a normal breath, an adult typically inhales and exhales around 500 milliliters of air.

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25. Fasa proses kejururawatan yang dapat memenuhi keseluruhan proses kejururawatan ialah

Explanation

The correct answer is "asesmen, masalah kejururawatan, perancangan, intervensi, dan penilaian." This answer is correct because it follows the correct sequence of the nursing process, which includes assessment (asesmen), identifying nursing problems (masalah kejururawatan), planning (perancangan), implementing interventions (intervensi), and evaluating outcomes (penilaian). This sequence ensures a systematic and comprehensive approach to nursing care.

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26. Nasihat kepada kanak-kanak yang mengalami Haemophilia A ialah  

Explanation

The advice given to children with Haemophilia A is to avoid injuries. This is because Haemophilia A is a bleeding disorder where the blood does not clot properly, making individuals more prone to excessive bleeding. By avoiding injuries, children with Haemophilia A can reduce the risk of bleeding episodes and potential complications.

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27. Proses dimana uterus kembali ke keadaan pragravid semasa pueperium dikenali sebagai  

Explanation

Involution refers to the process in which the uterus returns to its pre-pregnancy state during the postpartum period. This involves the shrinking of the uterus, elimination of excess tissue, and restoration of the uterine lining. It is a natural process that helps the uterus regain its normal size and function after childbirth.

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28. Pesakit yang mengalami spinal injury memerlukan katil tanpa spring untuk  

Explanation

Patients with spinal injuries need a bed without springs to maintain body alignment. This is because a bed without springs provides a more stable and even surface for the body, which helps to prevent any further misalignment or deformities in the spine. By maintaining proper alignment, the bed can help to alleviate pressure on the affected areas, reduce pain, and prevent the development of pressure sores or ulcers.

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29. Pn.Y, seorang pengidap penyakit mental mempercayai dirinya keturunan diraja dan mempunyai kuasa luarbiasa. Apakah delusi yang dialami oleh beliau?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Grandiose." This is because the individual believes that they are of royal descent and possess extraordinary powers, which are characteristics of grandiose delusions.

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30. Hormon yang dirembeskan  sebagai tindak balas kepada tahap kalsium dalam darah yang rendah adalah

Explanation

Parathyroid hormone is released in response to low levels of calcium in the blood. It helps to regulate calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium loss in the kidneys. Oxytocin is a hormone involved in childbirth and breastfeeding. Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism. Growth hormone stimulates growth and cell reproduction. Therefore, the correct answer is parathyroid hormone.

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31. Apakah teknik yang paling berkesan semasa menggunakan metered Dose inhaler?  

Explanation

The most effective technique while using a metered dose inhaler is to inhale simultaneously while pressing the inhaler. This allows the medication to be properly delivered into the lungs. Holding the breath for 10 seconds before inhaling the medication or doing breathing exercises before using the inhaler may not be as effective in ensuring the medication reaches the lungs. Exhaling through the mouth immediately after inhaling the medication may also result in the medication being exhaled out before it can be fully absorbed.

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32. Golongan wanita  adalah lebih mudah terdedah kepada urinary tract infections kerana mereka mempunyai

Explanation

Wanita lebih mudah terdedah kepada urinary tract infections kerana mereka memiliki urethra yang lebih pendek dibandingkan dengan lelaki. Urethra adalah saluran yang menghubungkan kandung kemih dengan luar tubuh, dan urethra yang lebih pendek pada wanita memungkinkan bakteri lebih mudah masuk ke dalam kandung kemih dan menyebabkan infeksi saluran kemih.

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33. Apakah kesan sampingan yang mungkin dialami oleh pesakit yang mengambil ubat salbutamol?

Explanation

Palpitation is a possible side effect that may be experienced by patients taking salbutamol. Palpitation refers to a rapid or irregular heartbeat that can be felt by the patient. This side effect is commonly associated with the use of bronchodilators like salbutamol, as it can stimulate the heart and cause it to beat faster. Patients who experience palpitations while taking salbutamol should consult their healthcare provider for further evaluation and guidance.

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34. Tujuan pengambilan sputum for cytology untuk pesakit kanser paru-paru adalah untuk menilai dan menentukan  

Explanation

The purpose of taking sputum for cytology in lung cancer patients is to assess and determine the type of tumor.

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35. Intervensi kejururawatan kepada pesakit Rheumatoid Arthritis yang mengalami kebengkakan adalah dengan  

Explanation

The correct answer is "aplikasi demahan sejuk" because applying cold compress can help reduce inflammation and swelling in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cold therapy helps to numb the area, constrict blood vessels, and reduce fluid buildup, which can alleviate pain and discomfort.

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36. Tujuan menggunakan pressure garment bagi pesakit kebakaran adalah untuk  

Explanation

The correct answer is "mengelakkan kejadian parut hipertropik." This means that the purpose of using a pressure garment for burn patients is to prevent the occurrence of hypertrophic scars. Hypertrophic scars are thick, raised, and red scars that can form after a burn injury. Pressure garments help to apply constant pressure to the healing wound, which can help flatten and soften the scar tissue, reducing the likelihood of hypertrophic scarring.

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37. Langkah perawatan yang diberikan kepada pesakit selepas menjalani bronchoscopy adalah  

Explanation

After undergoing bronchoscopy, it is important to maintain fasting until the gag reflex returns. This is because during the procedure, the patient's throat is numbed, which can temporarily impair the gag reflex. Maintaining fasting helps to prevent any aspiration or choking on food or liquids until the gag reflex is fully restored.

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38. Puan L dimasukkan ke wad psikiatri kerana mengalami masalah mental disorder. Apakah tanggungjawab utama jururawat semasa menerima kemasukkan beliau?  

Explanation

The main responsibility of the nurse when receiving Puan L's admission is to check the correct admission form. This is important to ensure that all the necessary information is accurate and complete, which includes personal details, medical history, and any specific instructions or requirements. By verifying the admission form, the nurse can ensure that Puan L receives the appropriate care and treatment for her mental disorder.

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39. Antara ciri- ciri yang perlu ada untuk mewujudkan verbal communication yang berkesan adalah yang berikut kecuali

Explanation

Incongruence is not a characteristic that is necessary for effective verbal communication. Intonation, simplicity, and credibility are all important aspects of effective verbal communication. Intonation refers to the tone and pitch of one's voice, which can convey meaning and emotions. Simplicity refers to using clear and concise language that is easy to understand. Credibility means being trustworthy and reliable in one's communication. Incongruence, on the other hand, refers to a lack of harmony or consistency between verbal and nonverbal communication, which can create confusion or mistrust.

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40. Langkah pertama dalam peringkat perlaksanaan proses kejururawatan ialah

Explanation

The correct answer is "mengenalpasti keperluan dan masalah pesakit" because it is the first step in the implementation of the nursing process. Before any interventions or planning can be done, it is important to identify the needs and problems of the patient. This involves assessing the patient's condition, gathering information, and understanding their individual needs and concerns. By identifying the needs and problems of the patient, nurses can then proceed to plan and implement appropriate interventions to address them.

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41. Jururawat A tidak memberikan ubatan kepada pesakit pada masa yang ditetapkan. Dalam aspek medico legal keadaan ini dikenali sebagai

Explanation

In this scenario, the nurse failed to administer medication to the patient within the prescribed time. This act of negligence refers to a breach of duty or carelessness on the part of the nurse, which resulted in harm or injury to the patient. Negligence in a medical context involves the failure to meet the expected standard of care, leading to potential legal consequences.

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42. Berikut adalah kenyataan berkenaan dengan larynx.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Larynx terletak di bawah oropharynx." This statement is true because the larynx, also known as the voice box, is located below the oropharynx. The oropharynx is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and is responsible for the passage of both air and food. The larynx serves as the connection between the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract, and it plays a crucial role in speech production and protecting the airway during swallowing.

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43. Tujuan utama stump bandaging adalah untuk

Explanation

The main purpose of stump bandaging is to allow the use of a prosthesis. Stump bandaging helps to create a smooth and even surface on the residual limb, which is essential for the proper fitting and function of a prosthetic limb. By providing support and compression, stump bandaging helps to reduce swelling and shape the stump, making it easier to attach and wear a prosthesis comfortably. Additionally, stump bandaging can also help to protect the residual limb from pressure sores and skin breakdown that can occur from wearing a prosthesis.

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44. Faktor-faktor yang boleh membawa perubahan kepada homeostasis adalah seperti berikut kecuali

Explanation

Faktor-faktor yang boleh membawa perubahan kepada homeostasis adalah suhu badan, paras glukos dalam darah, dan pH darah dan cecair badan. Namun, kadar nitrogen dalam darah tidak mempengaruhi homeostasis. Homeostasis adalah keadaan keseimbangan dalam tubuh yang dijaga oleh sistem pengaturan yang kompleks. Suhu badan, paras glukos dalam darah, dan pH darah dan cecair badan adalah faktor-faktor yang perlu dikekalkan dalam julat yang normal untuk memastikan fungsi tubuh yang betul. Kadar nitrogen dalam darah tidak memainkan peranan dalam pengaturan homeostasis.

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45. Bukaan kepada tiub eustachia terdapat di  

Explanation

The correct answer is nasopharynx. The opening to the eustachian tube is located in the nasopharynx. The eustachian tube is a small canal that connects the middle ear to the back of the throat. It helps to equalize pressure in the middle ear and allows fluid to drain from the ear. The nasopharynx is the upper part of the throat that lies behind the nose and above the soft palate. It is the passage through which air passes from the nose to the throat during breathing.

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46. Komplikasi yang perlu diawasi setelah pesakit menerima spinal anesthesia ialah

Explanation

After receiving spinal anesthesia, one of the complications that needs to be monitored is hypotension. Spinal anesthesia can cause a sudden drop in blood pressure, leading to hypotension. This occurs because the anesthesia affects the nerves that control blood vessel dilation and constriction, resulting in a decrease in blood flow and pressure. Monitoring and managing hypotension is important to prevent complications such as organ damage and inadequate oxygen supply to the body's tissues.

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47. Pengetahuan  perhubungan  awam dapat  membantu  jururawat  memberi  perkhidmatan yang berkesan kerana  jururawat  dapat  

Explanation

Pengetahuan perhubungan awam dapat membantu jururawat merapatkan hubungan di antara organisasi dan orang awam. Dengan pengetahuan ini, jururawat dapat memahami cara terbaik untuk berkomunikasi dengan orang awam, membangun hubungan yang baik, dan meningkatkan kepercayaan antara organisasi kesehatan dan masyarakat. Hal ini juga dapat membantu dalam mempromosikan kesedaran tentang perkhidmatan kesihatan dan memfasilitasi kolaborasi yang lebih baik antara organisasi dan masyarakat.

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48. Sumber ubatan sintetik digunakan secara meluas kerana

Explanation

Synthetic drugs are widely used because they can act with acids and dissolve in body fluids. This property allows them to be easily absorbed and distributed within the body, enhancing their effectiveness in combating different organisms.

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49. Peraturan masyarakat mengenai tingkahlaku yang betul atau salah dikenali sebagai

Explanation

The correct answer is "norma". In society, there are rules and expectations regarding proper behavior, which are known as norms. These norms guide individuals on what is considered right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable in a particular culture or community. They help maintain social order and harmony by establishing standards of conduct that are widely recognized and followed by members of the society.

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50. Defisit cecair boleh berlaku akibat dari keadaan ini  

Explanation

A cecair boleh berlaku akibat dari kehilangan sodium yang berlebihan means that a fluid deficit can occur due to excessive loss of sodium. This suggests that the excessive loss of sodium can lead to a fluid deficit.

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51. Lebaga Jururawat Malaysia telah diberi kuasa untuk mengawal peraturan dan  pendtadbiran Nurses Act.  Kuasa tersebut dikategorikan sebagai  

Explanation

The correct answer is Legislative Law. Legislative Law refers to the branch of law that is responsible for creating and passing laws. In this context, the Lebaga Jururawat Malaysia has been given the authority to control the regulations and administration of the Nurses Act. This falls under the jurisdiction of Legislative Law as it involves the creation and enforcement of laws related to nursing in Malaysia.

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52. Lapisan luar meninges yang meliputi periosteum  dan berfungsi melindungi otak adalah

Explanation

The correct answer is skin. The question is asking for the outer layer of the meninges that protects the brain. The options given are pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater, and skin. Pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid mater are all layers of the meninges, but the outermost layer that covers the meninges is the skin.

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53. Istilah bagi bahan yang merencatkan pertumbuhan dan penggandaan bakteria ialah

Explanation

Bacteriostatic refers to a substance that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria without killing them. This means that it prevents the bacteria from multiplying and spreading, but does not completely eliminate them.

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54. Bagaimanakah ubat captopril bertindak dalam mengawal tekanan darah?  

Explanation

Ubat captopril bertindak dengan merencat mekanisma renin-angiotensin. Mekanisma renin-angiotensin adalah proses di dalam tubuh yang mengawal tekanan darah. Renin adalah enzim yang dihasilkan oleh ginjal dan ia bertindak untuk mengubah angiotensinogen menjadi angiotensin I. Angiotensin I kemudian diubah menjadi angiotensin II oleh enzim angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II menyebabkan pembuluh darah menyempit dan meningkatkan tekanan darah. Captopril adalah sejenis ubat yang termasuk dalam kumpulan ACE inhibitor yang bertindak untuk menghalang enzim ACE daripada mengubah angiotensin I menjadi angiotensin II. Dengan menghalang proses ini, captopril membantu mengurangkan tekanan darah.

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55. Sel interstitial dalam testes menghasilkan .

Explanation

The correct answer is "testosterone." Testosterone is a hormone produced by the interstitial cells in the testes. It plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues, including the production of spermatozoa (sperm cells). Testosterone also influences secondary sexual characteristics in males, such as muscle mass, bone density, and facial hair growth. It is not related to the production of semen or aldosterone, which is a hormone involved in regulating salt and water balance in the body.

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56. Tindakbalas badan ke atas molekul ubat dikenali sebagai .

Explanation

The correct answer is pharmacodynamics. Pharmacodynamics refers to the study of how a drug interacts with the body and produces its effects. It involves understanding the biochemical and physiological effects of a drug on the body, including its mechanism of action, potency, and efficacy. This is different from pharmacokinetics, which focuses on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug in the body. Pharmaceutic refers to the formulation and preparation of drugs, while pharmacotherapeutics refers to the use of drugs for therapeutic purposes.

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57. Encik R terjatuh semasa bersukan di sekolah dan mengalami sprain di bahagian kaki kiri. Apakah tindakan anda bagi immobilize kaki beliau?  

Explanation

The correct answer is to "balut dengan bandage" or wrap the injured leg with a bandage. This is because bandaging the sprained area helps to provide support and stability to the injured limb, reducing the risk of further damage and promoting healing. It also helps to minimize swelling and immobilize the injured area, allowing for proper rest and recovery.

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58. Menurut Maslow's Hierrachy  of Needs individu yang sedang melanjutkan pelajaran ke tahap tertinggi dianggap dalam peringkat keperluan  

Explanation

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, individuals who are pursuing self-actualization are considered to be at the highest level of needs. Self-actualization refers to the need for personal growth, fulfillment, and reaching one's full potential. This level of need comes after the need for safety, love and belonging, and esteem. Therefore, the correct answer is "Penghargaan diri" which translates to "self-esteem" or "self-actualization" in English.

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59. Pernyataan berikut adalah berkaitan dengan epidermis kecuali

Explanation

The statement "membekal nutrient kepada demis" is not related to the epidermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and its main functions include protecting the body from external factors, regulating body temperature, and preventing water loss. It is primarily composed of keratinocytes, which produce the protein keratin that gives the skin its strength and waterproofing properties. The epidermis is also responsible for giving color to the skin through the presence of melanocytes. However, supplying nutrients to the dermis, which is the layer beneath the epidermis, is not a function of the epidermis.

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60. Systemic Decensitization adalah terapi yang digunakan bagi pesakit yang mengalami

Explanation

Systemic Desensitization is a therapy used for patients who experience phobia. This therapy involves gradually exposing the individual to the feared object or situation in a controlled and safe manner, while teaching relaxation techniques. The goal is to reduce the fear response and help the individual develop coping strategies to manage their phobia. This therapy has been found to be effective in treating various phobias, such as fear of flying, spiders, heights, and social situations.

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61. Keputusan full blood picture menunjukkan microcytic dan hypochromic red blood cells. Jenis anemia yang dialami pesakit ialah  

Explanation

The full blood picture shows microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells, which are characteristic of iron deficiency anemia. This type of anemia occurs when the body doesn't have enough iron to produce sufficient hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by inadequate dietary intake of iron, poor absorption of iron in the body, or excessive blood loss. Treatment usually involves iron supplementation and addressing the underlying cause of the deficiency.

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62. Apakah keadaan yang menyebabkan berlakunya oedema dengan pesakit congestive cardiac Failure  

Explanation

Peningkatan tekanan dalam vena dan kapilari dapat menyebabkan berlakunya oedema pada pesakit congestive cardiac failure. Oedema terjadi ketika cairan menumpuk di dalam jaringan tubuh, dan peningkatan tekanan dalam vena dan kapilari dapat mengganggu aliran darah kembali ke jantung. Hal ini menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan hidrostatik dalam pembuluh darah, yang mendorong cairan keluar dari pembuluh darah ke jaringan sekitarnya. Akibatnya, cairan menumpuk dan menyebabkan pembengkakan atau oedema.

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63. Struktur di mata yang berbentuk cembung tanpa salur darah tapi kaya dengan saraf ialah   

Explanation

The correct answer is sclera. The sclera is the white, tough, fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner structures. It is concave in shape and does not contain any blood vessels but is richly supplied with nerves. The sclera provides support and attachment for the muscles that move the eye and helps to maintain the pressure within the eye.

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64. Encik J, mengalami "burning sensation of the tongue, inflammation of the lips and spoon shape nail", Apakah penyakit yang dialami oleh beliau  

Explanation

The symptoms described, such as burning sensation of the tongue, inflammation of the lips, and spoon-shaped nails, are characteristic of iron deficiency anemia. Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the body's tissues. When there is a deficiency of iron, the body cannot produce enough healthy red blood cells, leading to symptoms like fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Additionally, iron deficiency can affect the tongue, causing a burning sensation, and the nails, causing them to become thin and spoon-shaped. Therefore, based on the symptoms mentioned, it is likely that Encik J is suffering from iron deficiency anemia.

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65. Jururawat perlu memotong suture di bawah simpulan benang berdekatan  kulit semasa prosidur menanggalkan suture (STO) adalah untuk  

Explanation

The reason for cutting the suture below the knot close to the skin during the suture removal procedure is to avoid exposing the suture to contamination, which could potentially infect the wound. By cutting the suture close to the skin, the risk of introducing bacteria or other pathogens into the wound is minimized, reducing the chances of infection.

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66. Puan R disahkan mengalami pulmonary embolism.Apakah terapi anti coagulant yang mungkin diarahkan untuk beliau?  

Explanation

Heparin is the most appropriate anti-coagulant therapy for Puan R who is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Aspirin is not as effective in preventing blood clots in the lungs. Ticlopidine is an anti-platelet medication and may not be sufficient for treating pulmonary embolism. Streptokinase is a thrombolytic agent used in certain cases of pulmonary embolism, but it carries a higher risk of bleeding complications compared to heparin. Therefore, heparin is the most suitable choice for Puan R's condition.

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67. Prinsip utama yang perlu diambilkira semasa melakukan dressing adalah   

Explanation

The main principle to consider when performing dressing is to ensure that only sterile equipment touches the wound. This is important to prevent the introduction of any bacteria or contaminants that could lead to infection. Using sterile equipment helps maintain a clean and safe environment for the wound to heal properly.

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68. Tujuan utama pencegahan primer bagi penyakit mental ialah  

Explanation

The main goal of primary prevention for mental illnesses is to reduce the incidence rate of these illnesses. By implementing strategies and interventions that target risk factors and promote protective factors, the aim is to prevent the development of mental disorders in the first place. This can be achieved through various means such as education, awareness campaigns, early intervention programs, and promoting mental well-being. By reducing the occurrence of mental illnesses, the overall burden on individuals, families, and society can be minimized.

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69. Pernafasan yang cepat dan dalam semasa respiratory acidosis akan  

Explanation

During respiratory acidosis, the body's breathing rate increases in order to eliminate excess carbon dioxide from the bloodstream. This is because respiratory acidosis occurs when there is an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood, leading to an increase in hydrogen ion concentration and a decrease in blood pH. By increasing the breathing rate and depth, the body is able to remove the excess carbon dioxide and restore the acid-base balance. Therefore, the correct answer is "menyingkirkan karbon dioksida" which means "eliminating carbon dioxide."

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70. Komplikasi salphingitis adalah seperti berikut kecuali  

Explanation

The given options describe different complications of salpingitis, which is inflammation of the fallopian tubes. Infertility is a possible complication as the inflammation can cause scarring and blockage of the tubes, preventing the egg from reaching the uterus. Peritonitis is also a possible complication if the infection spreads to the abdominal cavity. Tubo ovarian abscess is another possible complication where the infection forms an abscess in the fallopian tubes and ovaries. However, cervical cancer is not directly related to salpingitis and is not considered a complication of the condition.

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71. Tenderness dan bengkak yang dialami oleh pesakit lymphadenitis adalah disebabkan oleh  

Explanation

The tenderness and swelling experienced by patients with lymphadenitis are caused by an increase in macrophage activity. Macrophages are immune cells that play a crucial role in the body's defense against infections. When there is an infection or inflammation in the lymph nodes, macrophages are activated and their activity increases. This increased activity leads to the release of inflammatory mediators and the recruitment of other immune cells, resulting in tenderness and swelling at the affected site.

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72. Manifestasi major pesakit dengan Acute Rheumatic Fever adalah semua berikut kecuali 

Explanation

The major manifestation of Acute Rheumatic Fever includes karditis, poliartitis, and chorea. Rhinitis, which refers to inflammation of the nasal passages, is not typically associated with Acute Rheumatic Fever.

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73. Komplikasi yang mungkin dialami oleh adik S akibat dari rheumatic fever adalah  

Explanation

Adik S mungkin mengalami kerosakan valvular sebagai komplikasi dari rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever adalah penyakit peradangan yang dapat mempengaruhi jantung, terutama katup jantung. Jika tidak diobati, peradangan ini dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada katup jantung, yang dapat mengganggu aliran darah normal dan menyebabkan gangguan pada fungsi jantung. Oleh karena itu, kerosakan valvular adalah komplikasi yang mungkin terjadi pada adik S akibat rheumatic fever.

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74. Bagaimanakah tindakan ubat Captroprill (Capoten) yang dipreskripsikan kepada pesakit hypertension  

Explanation

Captroprill (Capoten) adalah sejenis ubat yang digunakan untuk merawat pesakit dengan tekanan darah tinggi. Ubat ini bekerja dengan menyekat penyerapan semula sodium di dalam tubuh. Sodium adalah sejenis garam yang dapat menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan darah apabila terlalu banyak diserap semula oleh tubuh. Dengan menyekat penyerapan semula sodium, Captroprill membantu mengurangkan jumlah sodium dalam tubuh, yang pada gilirannya mengurangkan jumlah air yang diserap oleh tubuh. Ini membantu mengurangkan tekanan darah dan mengawal hipertensi.

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75. Pesakit yang telah dipasangkan dengan central venous catheter (CVC) memerlukan pemeriksaan sinar x-ray kerana  

Explanation

Patients who have been fitted with a central venous catheter (CVC) require an X-ray examination to detect pneumothorax before medication is administered. Pneumothorax is a condition where air accumulates in the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse. It is important to detect pneumothorax before administering medication through the CVC to avoid further complications or worsening of the condition. X-ray imaging can help identify any signs of pneumothorax, allowing healthcare professionals to take appropriate measures before proceeding with treatment.

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Tenderness dan bengkak yang dialami oleh pesakit lymphadenitis adalah...
Manifestasi major pesakit dengan Acute Rheumatic Fever adalah semua...
Komplikasi yang mungkin dialami oleh adik S akibat dari rheumatic...
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