Sem 1 : Set 9

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| By Naa Ali
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Naa Ali
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1. Kaedah pemberian anaesthesia ini menyebabkan pesakit  hilang sensori dari bahagian punggung ke aggota bawah.

Explanation

The given correct answer is "Spinal". The explanation for this answer is that the method of anesthesia described in the statement causes the patient to lose sensation from the back to the lower extremities. This is a characteristic of spinal anesthesia, which involves the injection of anesthetic medication into the spinal canal to numb the nerves in that area.

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2. Edema pada stump biasa berlaku dalam masa 24 jam selepas amputation dilakukan. Intervensi kejururawatan bagi mengelakkan berlakunya edema pada stump adalah dengan 

Explanation

Meninggikan dengan meletakkannya di atas bantal (elevating with placing it on a pillow) is the correct answer. Elevating the stump helps to reduce swelling by promoting venous return and reducing fluid accumulation. This intervention is commonly used to prevent edema after amputation. Applying cold compression, tight bandaging, and administering antibiotics are not specifically effective in preventing edema in the stump.

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3. Masalah kontemporari di kalangan wanita Malaysia ialah penyakit breast cancer. Faktor mempradispos kepada keadaan ini ialah   

Explanation

The correct answer is "mengambil hormone estrogen berpanjangan." This is because prolonged exposure to estrogen hormone can increase the risk of breast cancer in women. Estrogen is a hormone that is naturally produced in the body and plays a role in the development of female sexual characteristics. However, taking hormone replacement therapy or certain medications that contain estrogen for a long period of time can disrupt the balance of hormones in the body and potentially increase the risk of breast cancer.

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4. Prinsip yang perlu dipatuhi semasa melakukan dressing adalah

Explanation

The correct answer is "guna satu swab untuk satu sapuan" which means "use one swab for one swipe". This principle is important to prevent cross-contamination and maintain cleanliness while dressing a wound. Using a new swab for each swipe ensures that any bacteria or debris from the previous swipe does not get transferred back onto the wound, reducing the risk of infection.

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5. Pengumpulan maklumat secara subjektif boleh dilakukan melalui cara

Explanation

The correct answer is "temubual" because it refers to the method of gathering information subjectively by conducting interviews or conversations with individuals. This method allows researchers to obtain firsthand accounts and opinions from people, providing valuable insights and perspectives on a particular topic. Other options such as observation, physical examination, and laboratory research involve objective data collection methods rather than subjective information gathering.

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6. Tanggungjawab jururawat bagi mengelakkan ubat merebak ke tisu subcutenous semasa pemberiaan suntikan I/M iron-dexran ialah  

Explanation

The correct answer is "Tidak mengosok pada tempat suntikan" which means "Not rubbing the injection site". Rubbing the injection site can cause the medication to spread to the subcutaneous tissue, leading to potential complications. Therefore, it is important for nurses to avoid rubbing the injection site to prevent the medication from spreading to the subcutaneous tissue during the administration of an I/M iron-dexran injection.

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7. Keluarga Puan A tidak mempercayai rawatan moden. Beliau dibawa berjumpa dengan bomoh. Sikap ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor

Explanation

The correct answer is kebudayaan. The family's belief in traditional medicine and consulting a bomoh is influenced by their cultural beliefs and practices. In some cultures, traditional healing methods are highly valued and trusted, leading individuals to seek alternative treatments rather than relying on modern medicine.

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8. Ketua Penyelia Jururawat A sedang memberi laporan bulanan kepada Pengarah Hospital. Keadaan ini merujuk kepada aliran komunikasi

Explanation

The correct answer is "orang bawahan kepada orang atasan." This is because the scenario described in the question is the head nurse giving a monthly report to the hospital director. In this situation, the flow of communication is from the subordinate (head nurse) to the superior (hospital director).

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9. Di antara intervensi berikut yang manakah perlu diberi keutamaan ketika merawat klien mengalami chest pain semasa berjalan?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Bantu klien duduk dengan serta-merta." When a client experiences chest pain while walking, it is important to prioritize assisting the client to sit down immediately. This is because sitting down can help relieve the strain on the heart and reduce the workload. It also allows the client to rest and reduces the risk of falls or further injury. While an electrocardiogram and sublingual nitroglycerin may be necessary interventions, helping the client sit down should be the first priority in this situation.

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10. Encik Y berumur 60 tahun mengalami diarrhea yang teruk.  Keputusan ABG beliau menunjukkan bacaan pH 7.25, HCO3 18mEq/L, Paco2 32mmHg, Pao2 90mmHg dan BE – 3.  Keputusan ini menunjukkan keadaan

Explanation

The given ABG results indicate metabolic acidosis. The pH value of 7.25 is lower than the normal range, indicating acidosis. The HCO3 level of 18mEq/L is also lower than the normal range, further supporting the diagnosis of metabolic acidosis. The Paco2 level of 32mmHg is within the normal range, ruling out respiratory alkalosis. The Pao2 level of 90mmHg is also within the normal range, ruling out respiratory acidosis. The BE value of -3 indicates a negative base excess, which is consistent with metabolic acidosis. Therefore, the correct answer is metabolic acidosis.

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11. Sel epitelium yang menghasilkan melanin untuk menyerap radiasi ultraviolet ialah

Explanation

Melanocytes are the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Melanin helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation by absorbing and dispersing it. Merkel cells are involved in the sense of touch, keratinocytes are the most common type of skin cells and provide a protective barrier, and Langerhans cells are involved in the immune response. Therefore, the correct answer is melanocyte, as they specifically produce melanin for UV radiation absorption.

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12. Kesakitan yang dialami oleh pesakit carbuncle adalah disebabkan oleh

Explanation

The pain experienced by patients with carbuncles is caused by swelling that puts pressure on nerve endings.

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13. Penyiasatan untuk mendiagnos jangkitan pada injap jantung ialah  

Explanation

An echocardiogram is a diagnostic test that uses ultrasound waves to create images of the heart. It is commonly used to investigate and diagnose various heart conditions, including infections affecting the heart valves (injap jantung). This test allows healthcare professionals to visualize the structure and function of the heart, including the valves, chambers, and blood flow. By examining the images produced by an echocardiogram, doctors can identify any abnormalities or infections present in the heart valves, making it the most appropriate investigation for diagnosing heart valve infections.

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14. Puan E dimasukkan ke wad kerana disahkan menghidapi kanser endometrium Manifestasi klinikal yang dialami ialah   

Explanation

The correct answer is "pendarahan vagina yang luar biasa" because it is a clinical manifestation commonly associated with endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer is characterized by abnormal vaginal bleeding, which can include heavy or prolonged bleeding. This symptom is often one of the first signs of endometrial cancer and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. The other options listed, such as dysuria, vaginal mass, and pain in the iliac fossa, are not typically associated with endometrial cancer.

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15. Keadaan di mana terdapat rembesan endotoksin di dalam salur darah dikenali sebagai

Explanation

Toxaemia is the correct answer because it refers to the condition where endotoxins are leaking into the bloodstream. Bacteremia refers to the presence of bacteria in the blood, leukopenia refers to a decrease in white blood cells, and septicaemia refers to a severe infection in the blood. However, none of these options specifically address the presence of endotoxins in the bloodstream.

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16. Manifestasi klinikal yagn ditunjukkan oleh pesakit yang mengalami aplastik anemia adalah  

Explanation

Exertional dyspnea is a clinical manifestation commonly observed in patients with aplastic anemia. This symptom refers to difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath during physical exertion or exercise. Aplastic anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the bone marrow. This leads to a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, causing the individual to experience breathlessness during activities that require increased oxygen demand, such as exercise.

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17. Rawatan yang paling berkesan untuk ventricullar fibrillation adalah

Explanation

Defibrillation is the most effective treatment for ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening condition characterized by chaotic and uncoordinated contractions of the heart muscles. Defibrillation involves delivering an electrical shock to the heart to restore its normal rhythm. This procedure helps to reset the electrical activity of the heart and allows it to resume pumping blood effectively. In contrast, therapies such as oxygen therapy, digoxin, and IV thrombolytic are not specifically indicated for ventricular fibrillation and may not be as effective in treating this condition.

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18. Tujuan melakukan stress test ke atas pesakit yang menghidapi unstable angina adalah untuk menilai

Explanation

A stress test is performed on patients with unstable angina to assess their cardiovascular status in response to physical activity. This test helps to determine how well the heart and blood vessels are functioning during exercise and can help identify any abnormalities or limitations in the cardiovascular system. By evaluating the cardiovascular status, healthcare professionals can better understand the patient's overall heart health and make appropriate treatment decisions.

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19. Topical agents yang digunakan untuk merawat luka kebakaran dan kelecuran bertindak sebagai

Explanation

Topical agents used to treat burns and scalds act as antimicrobials. This means that they are effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses on the affected area. By preventing the growth of these microorganisms, antimicrobial agents help to prevent infections and promote healing of the burn or scald. Antidotes are substances used to counteract the effects of toxins or poisons, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, and antiseptics are used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissues.

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20. Manifestasi klinikal bagi pesakit yang mengalami systemic infection adalah

Explanation

The correct answer is "febrile". Febrile refers to having a fever, which is a common clinical manifestation in patients with systemic infection. Systemic infection can cause an increase in body temperature as the immune system responds to the infection. This can lead to symptoms such as chills, sweating, and an elevated heart rate. Other options like bradycardia (slow heart rate), tachypnea (rapid breathing), and numbness may be seen in certain conditions but are not specific to systemic infection.

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21. Tujuan pembebatan menggunakan magnesium sulphate pada abscess adalah untuk

Explanation

The purpose of using magnesium sulphate on abscesses is to promote maturation of the abscess. This means that the magnesium sulphate helps to draw out the infection and pus from the abscess, allowing it to heal more effectively. This process can help to reduce pain and inflammation associated with the abscess and ultimately aid in the healing process.

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22. Puan S pesakit psikiatri mempunyai paranoid ideation. Apakah tindakan perawatan untuk mewujudkan trusting relationship antara beliau dengan jururawat?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Libatkan pesakit dalam aktiviti wad." This is because involving the patient in ward activities helps to establish a trusting relationship between the patient and the nurse. By actively engaging the patient in activities, the nurse can build rapport, establish a sense of belonging, and create a supportive environment. This can help to reduce the patient's paranoid ideation and promote a trusting relationship between them and the nurse.

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23. Seseorang yang mempunyai personaliti extrovert akan mempamerkan ciri ini. .

Explanation

The correct answer is "Menonjolkan sifat mudah bergaul dengan orang baru" because it is the only option that describes a characteristic of extroversion. Extroverts are known for being outgoing, sociable, and comfortable in social situations, including meeting new people. The other options do not relate to extroversion and are not specific to a person's personality type.

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24. Berdasarkan kepada pengiraan body mass index (BMI) adik K,  didapati BMInya  adalah 15kg/m².  Apakah jenis makanan  yang dicadangkan untuk adik K?

Explanation

Based on the calculation of the body mass index (BMI) of adik K, which is 15kg/m², it indicates that adik K has a low body weight. To increase their weight, a high-calorie diet is recommended. This type of diet provides more calories than the body needs for daily activities, helping adik K to gain weight.

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25. Puan S mengalami kebakaran di anterior abdominal.  Berdasarkan  Wallaces Rulles of Nine,jumlah keluasan kebakaran yang dialami oleh Puan S ialah

Explanation

Based on Wallace's Rule of Nines, the anterior abdominal area accounts for 9% of the total body surface area. This rule is used to estimate the extent of burns on different body regions.

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26. Sel yang  menghasilkan kolagen semasa fasa proliferative adalah

Explanation

Fibroblast cells are responsible for producing collagen during the proliferative phase. Collagen is a structural protein that provides strength and support to tissues and organs. Fibroblasts are found in connective tissues and play a crucial role in wound healing and tissue repair. They produce and secrete collagen, which helps in the formation of new tissue and the remodeling of damaged tissue. Basophils, neutrophils, and erythrocytes do not produce collagen and have different functions in the body.

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27. Encik W mengalami tachypnea, dyspnea dan penurunan oxygen saturation selepas prosedur thoracentesis. Pressure dressing perlu dilakukan bagi mengelak komplikasi

Explanation

The symptoms described in the question, including tachypnea (rapid breathing), dyspnea (shortness of breath), and decreased oxygen saturation, are consistent with pneumothorax. Pneumothorax refers to the accumulation of air in the pleural space, which can occur as a complication of thoracentesis. The pressure dressing is necessary to prevent further air from entering the pleural space and worsening the pneumothorax. Pleurisy, empyema, and flail chest are not directly related to the symptoms described.

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28. Anda diarahkan untuk memberi oksigen melalui nasal prong kepada Encik J. Untuk memastikan amaun oksigen yang diberikan adalah betul, alat yang mesti anda sediakan ialah 

Explanation

To ensure the correct amount of oxygen is given to Encik J, a flowmeter is required. A flowmeter is a device used to regulate and measure the flow rate of oxygen being delivered to a patient. It allows healthcare providers to adjust and monitor the oxygen flow accurately, ensuring the appropriate amount of oxygen is administered to the patient. A humidifier is used to add moisture to the oxygen, a cylinder oxygen is the source of the oxygen, and a pressure gauge is used to measure the pressure of the oxygen, but they do not regulate the flow rate.

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29. Encik S, pesakit Schizophrenia tiba-tiba menjadi agresif semasa berada di wad. Ubat yang diarahkan oleh doktor untuk mengawal keadaannya adalah

Explanation

Haloperidol is the correct answer because it is a commonly prescribed medication for managing aggression in patients with schizophrenia. It belongs to a class of drugs called antipsychotics, which work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. This helps to reduce symptoms of psychosis, including aggression and agitation. Haloperidol is known for its effectiveness in controlling acute episodes of aggression and is often used in emergency settings or inpatient psychiatric units. It is important to note that the choice of medication may vary depending on the individual patient's symptoms and response to treatment.

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30. Encik S mengalami fracture femur dan plaster of paris (POP) telah dipasang keatasnya. Tujuan melakukan senaman isometric adalah untuk mengelakkan

Explanation

The purpose of performing isometric exercises after applying a plaster of paris (POP) on a fractured femur is to prevent muscle atrophy. When a person is immobilized due to a fracture and a cast, the muscles surrounding the injured area can weaken and shrink, leading to muscle atrophy. Isometric exercises involve contracting the muscles without any movement at the joints, which helps maintain muscle strength and prevent atrophy. By performing these exercises, Encik S can minimize the loss of muscle mass and maintain muscle function while his fracture heals.

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31. Jururawat X telah dikenakan tindakan tatatertib kerana kesilapan dalam pemberian ubatan. Perkara ini tertakluk dalam Akta

Explanation

The correct answer is Jururawat 1950 because the question states that Nurse X has been subjected to disciplinary action for a mistake in medication administration. This falls under the jurisdiction of the Nurses Act 1950, which governs the professional conduct and responsibilities of nurses in Malaysia.

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32. Pemerhatian pesakit yang mengalami fat embolism akibat fracture femur ialah

Explanation

The correct answer is "difficulty in breathing and hypoxia." When a patient experiences fat embolism due to a femur fracture, they may have difficulty breathing because the fat globules can block the blood vessels in the lungs, leading to a decrease in oxygen supply. This can result in hypoxia, which is a condition characterized by low oxygen levels in the body. The other options mentioned, such as hematuria, sudden onset bradycardia and hypotension, and seizure followed by loss of consciousness, are not typically associated with fat embolism.

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33. Pergerakan molekul air dari intravascular ke intracellular dipanggil

Explanation

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane. In this case, the movement of water molecules from intravascular (lower solute concentration) to intracellular (higher solute concentration) can be explained by osmosis.

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34. Gangguan koordinasi pada pergerakan halus (fine motor) disebabkan oleh kecederaan pada

Explanation

The correct answer is cerebellum. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating fine motor movements, such as those involved in precise hand movements. When there is an injury or damage to the cerebellum, it can result in disruptions in fine motor coordination.

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35. Jagaan kejururawatan untuk pesakit yang baru pulang ke wad selepas menjalani prosedur bronchoscopy adalah

Explanation

After undergoing bronchoscopy, it is important to maintain nil orally (nothing by mouth) until the patient has a gag reflex. This is because the procedure may cause irritation or damage to the throat and airways, making it difficult for the patient to swallow safely. Waiting for the return of the gag reflex ensures that the patient's ability to protect their airway is fully restored before resuming oral intake.

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36. Elemen dalam budaya korporat yang berkaitan dengan komitmen adalah

Explanation

The element in corporate culture that is related to commitment is professionalism. Professionalism refers to the behavior and attitude of individuals in a professional setting, where they display competence, reliability, and dedication to their work. It involves adhering to ethical standards, being accountable for one's actions, and maintaining a high level of integrity. In a corporate culture that values professionalism, employees are committed to their roles and responsibilities, and they strive to perform their tasks to the best of their abilities.

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37. Aurikel  berfungsi  

Explanation

The correct answer is "mengarahkan gelombang bunyi ke middle ear." This is because the auricle, also known as the outer ear, helps to collect sound waves from the environment and direct them towards the middle ear. The shape and structure of the auricle help to amplify and funnel sound waves into the ear canal, where they then travel to the middle ear. From there, the sound waves are further transmitted to the inner ear for processing and interpretation.

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38. Puan S mengalami afterpain selepas bersalin.  Apakah faktor penyebab afterpain?

Explanation

Uterine involution refers to the process in which the uterus returns to its pre-pregnancy size and condition after childbirth. Afterpain is a common discomfort experienced by women after giving birth, which is caused by the contraction of the uterus during the involution process. Therefore, uterine involution can be a factor contributing to afterpain.

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39. Seseorang jururawat yang bertugas di wad pediatrik tersalah memberi bilangan titisan infusi intravena kepada seorang bayi. Perbuatan beliau dikategorikan sebagai 

Explanation

The nurse's action of giving the wrong number of intravenous infusion drops to a baby is categorized as negligence. Negligence refers to the failure to exercise reasonable care or caution in a situation, resulting in harm or injury to another person. In this case, the nurse made a mistake by giving the wrong dosage of medication, which could potentially harm the baby. This action falls under negligence as it demonstrates a lack of proper care and attention in performing the duties of a nurse.

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40. Intervensi kejururawatan untuk mengatasi masalah pesakit yang tidak dapat rehat dan tidur dengan sempurna ialah

Explanation

The correct answer is "rancang tindakan perawatan" because it suggests that the nursing intervention to address the patient's inability to rest and sleep properly is to plan a care action. This implies that the nurse should come up with a specific plan or strategy to provide the necessary care and support to help the patient rest and sleep better. This could involve creating a conducive environment, administering appropriate medications, or implementing relaxation techniques, among other things. The other options of "berkomunikasi dua hala," "amalkan sikap penyayang," and "galakkan terapi diversional" are not directly related to addressing the patient's rest and sleep problems.

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41. Pengaliran sekresi jus gaster di fasa cephlic adalah disebabkan oleh

Explanation

The correct answer is "makanan yang dihadam sampai ke dalam usus kecil." This is because the cephalic phase of gastric secretion is stimulated by the thought, smell, sight, and taste of food. However, the actual secretion of gastric juice occurs when the food is digested and reaches the small intestine. Therefore, the presence of food in the small intestine is what triggers the secretion of gastric juice.

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42. Tempoh sesuai bagi setiap tracheostomy suction untuk mengelakkan hypoxaemia adalah tidak melebihi

Explanation

The appropriate duration for each tracheostomy suction to prevent hypoxemia should not exceed 15 seconds. This time limit ensures that the patient's oxygen levels do not drop too low during the suctioning process, reducing the risk of hypoxemia, which is a condition characterized by low levels of oxygen in the blood. Prolonged suctioning can lead to decreased oxygenation, so it is important to limit the duration to maintain adequate oxygen supply to the patient.

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43. Satu jam selepas pemberian IV  frusemide kepada klien dengan kegagalan jantung, cardiac monitor menunjukkan terdapat  takikardia ventrikel. Ketidakseimbangan elektrolit yang mungkin dialami oleh beliau ialah

Explanation

One hour after the administration of IV frusemide to a client with heart failure, the cardiac monitor shows ventricular tachycardia. This suggests that the client may be experiencing hypokalemia. Frusemide is a loop diuretic that works by increasing the excretion of water and electrolytes, including potassium, from the body. Hypokalemia, or low potassium levels, can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, such as ventricular tachycardia. Therefore, it is likely that the client's ventricular tachycardia is a result of hypokalemia caused by the frusemide administration.

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44. Fungsi interlacing smooth muscle myometrium ialah

Explanation

The correct answer is "mengawal pendarahan semasa proses labor." This means that the interlacing smooth muscle of the myometrium helps to control bleeding during the labor process. The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus, and its contractions help to push the baby out during labor. By contracting and compressing the blood vessels in the uterus, the interlacing smooth muscle helps to prevent excessive bleeding during childbirth.

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45. Struktur sel ini terdapat pada sel eukariot dan prokariot.

Explanation

The given statement states that this structure is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Among the options provided, only ribosomes are present in both types of cells. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and can be found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and on the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, ribosomes are the correct answer.

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46. Pemerhatian utama yang perlu dilakukan untuk sebarang komplikasi bagi klien yang diberi infusi morphine ialah  

Explanation

The main observation that needs to be done for any complications in clients given morphine infusion is to assess the disturbance in respiratory pattern. This is because morphine is a potent opioid analgesic that can cause respiratory depression as a side effect. Monitoring the client's respiratory rate, depth, and pattern is crucial to ensure their safety and detect any signs of respiratory distress or impairment.

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47. Merujuk kepada teori Keperluan Hierarki Maslow, individu yang sedang melanjutkan pelajaran ke tahap tertinggi berada dalam peringkat keperluan

Explanation

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory, individuals who are pursuing higher education are likely to be in the self-esteem needs category. This category includes the need for self-respect, self-confidence, and recognition from others. Pursuing higher education can be seen as a way for individuals to enhance their self-esteem and gain recognition for their achievements. Therefore, the correct answer is "penghargaan kendiri" which translates to "self-esteem" in English.

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48. Duktus limfatik kanan dan torasik mengalir secara langsung ke

Explanation

The right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct are major lymphatic vessels that drain lymphatic fluid from different parts of the body. In this case, the question is asking about the direction of flow of these ducts. The correct answer, superior vena cava, is a large vein that receives blood from the upper body. It is responsible for returning deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs back to the heart. The lymphatic fluid from the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct ultimately drains into the superior vena cava, where it mixes with the blood before returning to the heart.

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49. Pesakit yang mengalami kesakitan akibat sickle cell crisis adalah disebabkan oleh

Explanation

The correct answer is "kesekatan arteri oleh sickle cell." This means that the patient experiences pain due to the blockage of arteries by sickle cells. Sickle cell crisis occurs when the sickle-shaped red blood cells become stiff and sticky, causing them to get trapped in small blood vessels. This blockage restricts blood flow and oxygen supply to tissues and organs, leading to severe pain.

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50. Tujuan rawatan demahan sejuk bagi pesakit yang mengalami sprain di ankle dalam masa 24 jam pertama adalah untuk

Explanation

The correct answer is "mengurangkan kebengkakan" (to reduce swelling). This is because when a person sprains their ankle, there is usually inflammation and swelling in the affected area. By constricting the blood vessels, the flow of blood to the injured area is reduced, which in turn helps to decrease the swelling.

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51. Apakah struktur yang melapisi lapisan berotot dalam jantung?

Explanation

The correct answer is Pericardium. The pericardium is the structure that surrounds and protects the muscular layer of the heart. It is a double-layered sac that contains fluid to reduce friction and allow the heart to move smoothly within the chest cavity. The pericardium also helps to hold the heart in place and prevent it from overfilling with blood.

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52. Aspirin  telah dipreskrip kepada Encik B  selepas mengalami transient ischemic attack (TIA). Tujuan ubat tersebut adalah untuk

Explanation

The correct answer is "mengurangkan platelet agglutination." Aspirin is commonly prescribed after a transient ischemic attack (TIA) because it helps to reduce platelet aggregation or clumping. By doing so, it helps to prevent the formation of blood clots, which can lead to blockages in the blood vessels and potentially cause another TIA or a more severe stroke. This is why aspirin is often used as a preventive measure for individuals who have experienced a TIA.

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53. Encik F yang mengalami congestive cardiac failure perlu dirawat dalam posisi Fowler's. Apakah tujuan utama merawat Encik F dalam posisi tersebut?

Explanation

The main goal of treating Encik F in the Fowler's position is to reduce venous return. This position helps to decrease the amount of blood returning to the heart, which in turn reduces the workload on the heart and helps to alleviate symptoms of congestive cardiac failure. By reducing venous return, it helps to prevent fluid from accumulating in the lungs and reduces the risk of pulmonary congestion. Additionally, it also promotes lung expansion, which can improve oxygenation and respiratory function.

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54. Encik U mengalami  hypokalemia akibat diarrhea and vomiting yang teruk.  Cecair infusi intravena yang paling sesuai diberikan kepada beliau adalah

Explanation

Encik U mengalami hypokalemia akibat diarrhea and vomiting yang teruk. Ringer lactate adalah cecair infusi intravena yang mengandungi larutan elektrolit seperti natrium, kalium, kalsium, dan laktat. Pemberian Ringer lactate akan membantu menggantikan elektrolit yang hilang akibat diare dan muntah yang berlebihan. Dextrose 5% hanya mengandungi glukosa dan tidak menggantikan elektrolit yang hilang. Normal saline juga tidak mengandungi elektrolit yang mencukupi untuk menggantikan kehilangan elektrolit yang signifikan. Dextrose saline mengandungi glukosa dan garam, tetapi tidak mencukupi untuk menggantikan elektrolit yang hilang dengan cukup. Oleh itu, Ringer lactate adalah pilihan yang paling sesuai.

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55. Etiologi yang menyebabkan berlakunya Acute Pulmonary Oedema dikalangan pesakit jantung adalah

Explanation

Circulatory overload refers to a condition where there is an excessive volume of blood in the circulatory system, leading to an increase in pressure within the blood vessels. This increased pressure can cause fluid to leak into the lungs, resulting in acute pulmonary edema. In patients with heart disease, the heart may already be weakened and unable to efficiently pump blood, which can further contribute to circulatory overload and the development of acute pulmonary edema.

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56. Punca penyakit jantung dikalangan orang dewasa ialah arteriosclerosis. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan arteriosclerosis?

Explanation

Arteriosclerosis refers to the condition where the arteries lose their elasticity. This can occur due to the buildup of fatty deposits, known as plaque, on the arterial walls. As a result, the arteries become stiff and less flexible, which can lead to various cardiovascular problems, including heart disease. This condition is commonly seen among adults and is one of the main causes of heart disease.

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57. Wrist drop pada pesakit yang mengalami fracture shaft of humerus adalah disebabkan kecederaan pada saraf

Explanation

Wrist drop is a condition where a person is unable to extend their wrist and fingers due to weakness or paralysis of the muscles responsible for these movements. In the case of a fracture shaft of the humerus, the axillary nerve can be injured. The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid muscle and the teres minor muscle, which are responsible for shoulder abduction and external rotation. Damage to the axillary nerve can lead to weakness or paralysis of these muscles, causing wrist drop. Therefore, the correct answer is axillary.

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58. Tujuan deferoxamine (Desferal) dipreskripsikan kepada pesakit yang mengalami thalassemia major secara berkala selepas transfusi darah adalah untuk

Explanation

Deferoxamine (Desferal) adalah sejenis agen kelompok chelator yang digunakan untuk mengeluarkan kelebihan zat besi dari tubuh. Pada pesakit yang mengalami thalassemia major, mereka menerima transfusi darah secara berkala yang menyebabkan peningkatan paras zat besi dalam tubuh. Oleh itu, tujuan deferoxamine adalah untuk meningkatkan eksresi zat besi, iaitu mengeluarkan kelebihan zat besi dari tubuh pesakit.

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59. Tindakbalas homeostasis badan terhadap peningkatan kepekatan karbon dioksida dalam darah adalah

Explanation

The correct answer is "peningkatan kadar pernafasan." When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood increases, the body responds by increasing the respiratory rate. This is because carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration and needs to be removed from the body. By increasing the respiratory rate, more carbon dioxide can be exhaled, helping to restore the balance of gases in the blood and maintain homeostasis.

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60. Puan L mengambil tablet Digoxin 0.25mg daily. Berikut adalah tanggungjawab jururawat sebelum pemberian ubat ini, kecuali

Explanation

The nurse's responsibility before administering Digoxin includes checking the apical pulse, checking the serum electrolyte levels, and checking the serum Digoxin level. However, checking the blood pressure is not directly related to the administration of Digoxin and therefore is not a responsibility of the nurse in this context.

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61. Semasa membaca Central Vena Pressure ( CVP) anda dapati paras cecair dalam manometer menaik dan menurun semasa pesakit bernafas. Ini menunjukkan

Explanation

The correct answer is "kateter vena sentral tersekat." This is indicated by the fact that the fluid level in the manometer rises and falls with the patient's breathing. This suggests that there is obstruction or blockage in the central venous catheter, causing the fluctuation in fluid pressure.

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62. Puan M mengalami extra pyramidal symptom akibat pengambilan ubat Chlopromazine. Ubatan yang perlu diberikan kepada beliau untuk mengurangkan symptom ini adalah  

Explanation

Puan M is experiencing extra pyramidal symptoms due to the intake of Chlopromazine. The correct medication to be given to her to reduce these symptoms is artane.

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63. Untuk menunjukkan anda seorang pendengar yang baik, tindakan yang perlu anda tunjukkan semasa memberikan rawatan ialah 

Explanation

To show that you are a good listener, one action you should demonstrate while providing treatment is to touch the patient's shoulder. This physical contact can help convey empathy, comfort, and support to the patient, making them feel heard and understood. It can also create a sense of connection and trust between the healthcare provider and the patient, enhancing the therapeutic relationship.

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64. Anda akan melakukan asesmen ke atas pesakit dengan melakukan pemeriksaan fizikal. Tujuan pemeriksaan fizikal adalah  

Explanation

The purpose of a physical examination is to gather information related to the patient's health problems. By performing a physical examination, the healthcare provider can assess the patient's condition, identify any abnormalities or symptoms, and gather important data that can help in diagnosing and treating the patient. This information is crucial in understanding the patient's medical history, current health status, and determining the appropriate course of action for their treatment.

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65. Encik A dijadualkan untuk menjalani pembedahan right femoral cardiac catheterization. Intervensi kejururawatan yang dilakukan selepas prosedur ialah

Explanation

The correct answer is "menilai neurovascular status klien" because after a right femoral cardiac catheterization procedure, it is important to assess the neurovascular status of the client. This involves checking the circulation, sensation, and movement of the affected leg to ensure that there are no complications such as decreased blood flow or nerve damage. By assessing the neurovascular status, the healthcare team can identify any potential issues and intervene promptly to prevent further complications.

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66. Tujuan senaman Keegel's bagi pesakit yang mengalami uterine prolapse adalah untuk mengurangkan

Explanation

The correct answer is stress incontinence. Uterine prolapse is a condition where the uterus descends into the vaginal canal. One of the symptoms associated with uterine prolapse is stress incontinence, which is the involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or exercising. Kegel exercises, which involve contracting and relaxing the pelvic floor muscles, can help strengthen these muscles and improve bladder control, thereby reducing stress incontinence in patients with uterine prolapse.

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67. Patofisiologi edema yang berlaku dalam congestive cardiac failure adalah akibat

Explanation

The correct answer is "peningkatan hydrostatic pressure." In congestive cardiac failure, there is a decrease in the pumping efficiency of the heart, which leads to an accumulation of fluid in the body. This accumulation occurs due to an increase in hydrostatic pressure, which is the pressure exerted by the fluid on the blood vessel walls. As the heart fails to effectively pump blood out of the heart, the pressure in the blood vessels increases, causing fluid to leak out into the surrounding tissues, resulting in edema.

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68. Puan W yang mengalami affective disorder akan menunjukkan pelbagai gangguan. Gangguan yang paling ketara dilihat adalah  

Explanation

When someone experiences affective disorder, it is common for them to display various disturbances, with the most noticeable one being related to their emotions. Affective disorders, also known as mood disorders, can cause significant changes in a person's emotional state, leading to symptoms such as sadness, irritability, anxiety, or mood swings. These emotional disturbances are usually the primary indicator of affective disorder and can greatly impact an individual's overall well-being and functioning.

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69. Encik A, seorang pegawai tinggi di syarikat swasta, diberhentikan kerja dengan tiba-tiba menyebabkan beliau mengalami gangguan mental. Apakah faktor penyebab gangguan mentalnya?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Precipitating." In this scenario, the sudden termination of Encik A's job is the precipitating factor that caused his mental disturbance. Precipitating factors are events or circumstances that trigger or contribute to the onset of a mental health issue. In this case, the sudden loss of employment had a significant impact on Encik A's mental well-being, leading to the development of his mental disturbance.

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70. Mengikut Code of Ethics For Nurses , jururawat bertanggungjawab ke atas segala tindakan yang diambilnya adalah merujuk kepada

Explanation

According to the Code of Ethics for Nurses, accountability is a key responsibility for nurses. It means that nurses are answerable for their actions and decisions in providing care to patients. They are expected to be responsible and transparent in their practice, ensuring that they are able to justify and explain their actions. Accountability also involves taking ownership of any mistakes or errors made and working towards rectifying them. By being accountable, nurses uphold the trust and confidence placed in them by patients, colleagues, and the public.

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71. Pesakit yang mengalami acute bronchitis dinasihatkan berhenti merokok kerana kandungan dalam rokok mengakibatkan

Explanation

The correct answer is "kelemahan fungsi silia." This is because acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which are responsible for carrying air to and from the lungs. The cilia, which are tiny hair-like structures lining the bronchial tubes, help to move mucus and trapped particles out of the airways. Smoking can weaken the function of these cilia, making it harder for the body to clear mucus and irritants from the lungs.

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72. Encik D mengalami kesekatan saluran pernafasan atas.  Apakah corak pernafasan yang ditunjukkan olehnya?

Explanation

The correct answer is Stridor. Stridor is a high-pitched, harsh sound that occurs during inspiration and is caused by an obstruction in the upper respiratory tract. It is commonly associated with conditions such as croup, epiglottitis, or foreign body aspiration. In this case, Encik D is experiencing upper respiratory tract obstruction, which is indicated by the presence of stridor. Apnea refers to the temporary cessation of breathing, dyspnea is difficulty breathing, and wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound that occurs during expiration and is commonly associated with asthma.

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73. Perubahan yang berlaku pada struktur sistem pernafasan dalam kes pulmonary emphysema adalah

Explanation

Pulmonary emphysema is a condition characterized by the destruction of the alveoli in the respiratory system. This destruction leads to the enlargement of the air spaces and a decrease in the surface area available for gas exchange. The inflammation in the parenchyma of the lungs is a common feature of pulmonary emphysema. This inflammation can further contribute to the destruction of the lung tissue and worsen the symptoms of the condition. Therefore, the correct answer is "inflamasi di parenchyema paru-paru."

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74. Fasa yang memerlukan jururawat merangka masalah perawatan yang sedang dialami oleh pesakit adalah

Explanation

The correct answer is "diagnosis perawatan." In the context of the question, the phase that requires a nurse to formulate the ongoing care problems experienced by the patient is the diagnosis of treatment. This involves identifying and analyzing the patient's health issues and determining the appropriate course of action for their care.

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75. Anda diarahkan untuk melakukan nasogastric aspiration ke atas Encik Y kerana beliau disyaki mengalami masalah intestinal obstruction.  Apakah keadaan yang boleh berlaku kepada beliau?  

Explanation

When a person experiences intestinal obstruction, it can lead to vomiting. Nasogastric aspiration is a procedure to remove the contents of the stomach through a tube inserted through the nose. This can result in the loss of gastric acid, leading to a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration in the body. This loss of acid can cause metabolic alkalosis, which is characterized by an increase in blood pH and bicarbonate levels. Therefore, the correct answer is metabolic alkalosis.

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