Sem 1 : Set 9

The given correct answer is "Spinal". The explanation for this answer is that the method of anesthesia described in the statement causes the patient to lose sensation from the back to the lower extremities. This is a characteristic of spinal anesthesia, which involves the injection of anesthetic medication into the spinal canal to numb the nerves in that area.

Meninggikan dengan meletakkannya di atas bantal (elevating with placing it on a pillow) is the correct answer. Elevating the stump helps to reduce swelling by promoting venous return and reducing fluid accumulation. This intervention is commonly used to prevent edema after amputation. Applying cold compression, tight bandaging, and administering antibiotics are not specifically effective in preventing edema in the stump.

The correct answer is "mengambil hormone estrogen berpanjangan." This is because prolonged exposure to estrogen hormone can increase the risk of breast cancer in women. Estrogen is a hormone that is naturally produced in the body and plays a role in the development of female sexual characteristics. However, taking hormone replacement therapy or certain medications that contain estrogen for a long period of time can disrupt the balance of hormones in the body and potentially increase the risk of breast cancer.

The correct answer is "guna satu swab untuk satu sapuan" which means "use one swab for one swipe". This principle is important to prevent cross-contamination and maintain cleanliness while dressing a wound. Using a new swab for each swipe ensures that any bacteria or debris from the previous swipe does not get transferred back onto the wound, reducing the risk of infection.

The correct answer is "Tidak mengosok pada tempat suntikan" which means "Not rubbing the injection site". Rubbing the injection site can cause the medication to spread to the subcutaneous tissue, leading to potential complications. Therefore, it is important for nurses to avoid rubbing the injection site to prevent the medication from spreading to the subcutaneous tissue during the administration of an I/M iron-dexran injection.

The correct answer is kebudayaan. The family's belief in traditional medicine and consulting a bomoh is influenced by their cultural beliefs and practices. In some cultures, traditional healing methods are highly valued and trusted, leading individuals to seek alternative treatments rather than relying on modern medicine.

The correct answer is "orang bawahan kepada orang atasan." This is because the scenario described in the question is the head nurse giving a monthly report to the hospital director. In this situation, the flow of communication is from the subordinate (head nurse) to the superior (hospital director).

The correct answer is "temubual" because it refers to the method of gathering information subjectively by conducting interviews or conversations with individuals. This method allows researchers to obtain firsthand accounts and opinions from people, providing valuable insights and perspectives on a particular topic. Other options such as observation, physical examination, and laboratory research involve objective data collection methods rather than subjective information gathering.

The correct answer is "Bantu klien duduk dengan serta-merta." When a client experiences chest pain while walking, it is important to prioritize assisting the client to sit down immediately. This is because sitting down can help relieve the strain on the heart and reduce the workload. It also allows the client to rest and reduces the risk of falls or further injury. While an electrocardiogram and sublingual nitroglycerin may be necessary interventions, helping the client sit down should be the first priority in this situation.

The given ABG results indicate metabolic acidosis. The pH value of 7.25 is lower than the normal range, indicating acidosis. The HCO3 level of 18mEq/L is also lower than the normal range, further supporting the diagnosis of metabolic acidosis. The Paco2 level of 32mmHg is within the normal range, ruling out respiratory alkalosis. The Pao2 level of 90mmHg is also within the normal range, ruling out respiratory acidosis. The BE value of -3 indicates a negative base excess, which is consistent with metabolic acidosis. Therefore, the correct answer is metabolic acidosis.

Melanocytes are the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Melanin helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation by absorbing and dispersing it. Merkel cells are involved in the sense of touch, keratinocytes are the most common type of skin cells and provide a protective barrier, and Langerhans cells are involved in the immune response. Therefore, the correct answer is melanocyte, as they specifically produce melanin for UV radiation absorption.

The pain experienced by patients with carbuncles is caused by swelling that puts pressure on nerve endings.

An echocardiogram is a diagnostic test that uses ultrasound waves to create images of the heart. It is commonly used to investigate and diagnose various heart conditions, including infections affecting the heart valves (injap jantung). This test allows healthcare professionals to visualize the structure and function of the heart, including the valves, chambers, and blood flow. By examining the images produced by an echocardiogram, doctors can identify any abnormalities or infections present in the heart valves, making it the most appropriate investigation for diagnosing heart valve infections.

The correct answer is "pendarahan vagina yang luar biasa" because it is a clinical manifestation commonly associated with endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer is characterized by abnormal vaginal bleeding, which can include heavy or prolonged bleeding. This symptom is often one of the first signs of endometrial cancer and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. The other options listed, such as dysuria, vaginal mass, and pain in the iliac fossa, are not typically associated with endometrial cancer.

Toxaemia is the correct answer because it refers to the condition where endotoxins are leaking into the bloodstream. Bacteremia refers to the presence of bacteria in the blood, leukopenia refers to a decrease in white blood cells, and septicaemia refers to a severe infection in the blood. However, none of these options specifically address the presence of endotoxins in the bloodstream.

Exertional dyspnea is a clinical manifestation commonly observed in patients with aplastic anemia. This symptom refers to difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath during physical exertion or exercise. Aplastic anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the bone marrow. This leads to a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, causing the individual to experience breathlessness during activities that require increased oxygen demand, such as exercise.

Defibrillation is the most effective treatment for ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening condition characterized by chaotic and uncoordinated contractions of the heart muscles. Defibrillation involves delivering an electrical shock to the heart to restore its normal rhythm. This procedure helps to reset the electrical activity of the heart and allows it to resume pumping blood effectively. In contrast, therapies such as oxygen therapy, digoxin, and IV thrombolytic are not specifically indicated for ventricular fibrillation and may not be as effective in treating this condition.

Topical agents used to treat burns and scalds act as antimicrobials. This means that they are effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses on the affected area. By preventing the growth of these microorganisms, antimicrobial agents help to prevent infections and promote healing of the burn or scald. Antidotes are substances used to counteract the effects of toxins or poisons, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, and antiseptics are used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissues.

The correct answer is "febrile". Febrile refers to having a fever, which is a common clinical manifestation in patients with systemic infection. Systemic infection can cause an increase in body temperature as the immune system responds to the infection. This can lead to symptoms such as chills, sweating, and an elevated heart rate. Other options like bradycardia (slow heart rate), tachypnea (rapid breathing), and numbness may be seen in certain conditions but are not specific to systemic infection.

The purpose of using magnesium sulphate on abscesses is to promote maturation of the abscess. This means that the magnesium sulphate helps to draw out the infection and pus from the abscess, allowing it to heal more effectively. This process can help to reduce pain and inflammation associated with the abscess and ultimately aid in the healing process.

A stress test is performed on patients with unstable angina to assess their cardiovascular status in response to physical activity. This test helps to determine how well the heart and blood vessels are functioning during exercise and can help identify any abnormalities or limitations in the cardiovascular system. By evaluating the cardiovascular status, healthcare professionals can better understand the patient's overall heart health and make appropriate treatment decisions.

The correct answer is "Libatkan pesakit dalam aktiviti wad." This is because involving the patient in ward activities helps to establish a trusting relationship between the patient and the nurse. By actively engaging the patient in activities, the nurse can build rapport, establish a sense of belonging, and create a supportive environment. This can help to reduce the patient's paranoid ideation and promote a trusting relationship between them and the nurse.

The correct answer is "Menonjolkan sifat mudah bergaul dengan orang baru" because it is the only option that describes a characteristic of extroversion. Extroverts are known for being outgoing, sociable, and comfortable in social situations, including meeting new people. The other options do not relate to extroversion and are not specific to a person's personality type.

Based on the calculation of the body mass index (BMI) of adik K, which is 15kg/m², it indicates that adik K has a low body weight. To increase their weight, a high-calorie diet is recommended. This type of diet provides more calories than the body needs for daily activities, helping adik K to gain weight.

Based on Wallace's Rule of Nines, the anterior abdominal area accounts for 9% of the total body surface area. This rule is used to estimate the extent of burns on different body regions.

Fibroblast cells are responsible for producing collagen during the proliferative phase. Collagen is a structural protein that provides strength and support to tissues and organs. Fibroblasts are found in connective tissues and play a crucial role in wound healing and tissue repair. They produce and secrete collagen, which helps in the formation of new tissue and the remodeling of damaged tissue. Basophils, neutrophils, and erythrocytes do not produce collagen and have different functions in the body.

The symptoms described in the question, including tachypnea (rapid breathing), dyspnea (shortness of breath), and decreased oxygen saturation, are consistent with pneumothorax. Pneumothorax refers to the accumulation of air in the pleural space, which can occur as a complication of thoracentesis. The pressure dressing is necessary to prevent further air from entering the pleural space and worsening the pneumothorax. Pleurisy, empyema, and flail chest are not directly related to the symptoms described.

To ensure the correct amount of oxygen is given to Encik J, a flowmeter is required. A flowmeter is a device used to regulate and measure the flow rate of oxygen being delivered to a patient. It allows healthcare providers to adjust and monitor the oxygen flow accurately, ensuring the appropriate amount of oxygen is administered to the patient. A humidifier is used to add moisture to the oxygen, a cylinder oxygen is the source of the oxygen, and a pressure gauge is used to measure the pressure of the oxygen, but they do not regulate the flow rate.

Haloperidol is the correct answer because it is a commonly prescribed medication for managing aggression in patients with schizophrenia. It belongs to a class of drugs called antipsychotics, which work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. This helps to reduce symptoms of psychosis, including aggression and agitation. Haloperidol is known for its effectiveness in controlling acute episodes of aggression and is often used in emergency settings or inpatient psychiatric units. It is important to note that the choice of medication may vary depending on the individual patient's symptoms and response to treatment.

The purpose of performing isometric exercises after applying a plaster of paris (POP) on a fractured femur is to prevent muscle atrophy. When a person is immobilized due to a fracture and a cast, the muscles surrounding the injured area can weaken and shrink, leading to muscle atrophy. Isometric exercises involve contracting the muscles without any movement at the joints, which helps maintain muscle strength and prevent atrophy. By performing these exercises, Encik S can minimize the loss of muscle mass and maintain muscle function while his fracture heals.

The correct answer is Jururawat 1950 because the question states that Nurse X has been subjected to disciplinary action for a mistake in medication administration. This falls under the jurisdiction of the Nurses Act 1950, which governs the professional conduct and responsibilities of nurses in Malaysia.

The correct answer is "difficulty in breathing and hypoxia." When a patient experiences fat embolism due to a femur fracture, they may have difficulty breathing because the fat globules can block the blood vessels in the lungs, leading to a decrease in oxygen supply. This can result in hypoxia, which is a condition characterized by low oxygen levels in the body. The other options mentioned, such as hematuria, sudden onset bradycardia and hypotension, and seizure followed by loss of consciousness, are not typically associated with fat embolism.

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane. In this case, the movement of water molecules from intravascular (lower solute concentration) to intracellular (higher solute concentration) can be explained by osmosis.

The correct answer is cerebellum. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating fine motor movements, such as those involved in precise hand movements. When there is an injury or damage to the cerebellum, it can result in disruptions in fine motor coordination.

After undergoing bronchoscopy, it is important to maintain nil orally (nothing by mouth) until the patient has a gag reflex. This is because the procedure may cause irritation or damage to the throat and airways, making it difficult for the patient to swallow safely. Waiting for the return of the gag reflex ensures that the patient's ability to protect their airway is fully restored before resuming oral intake.

The element in corporate culture that is related to commitment is professionalism. Professionalism refers to the behavior and attitude of individuals in a professional setting, where they display competence, reliability, and dedication to their work. It involves adhering to ethical standards, being accountable for one's actions, and maintaining a high level of integrity. In a corporate culture that values professionalism, employees are committed to their roles and responsibilities, and they strive to perform their tasks to the best of their abilities.

The correct answer is "mengarahkan gelombang bunyi ke middle ear." This is because the auricle, also known as the outer ear, helps to collect sound waves from the environment and direct them towards the middle ear. The shape and structure of the auricle help to amplify and funnel sound waves into the ear canal, where they then travel to the middle ear. From there, the sound waves are further transmitted to the inner ear for processing and interpretation.

Uterine involution refers to the process in which the uterus returns to its pre-pregnancy size and condition after childbirth. Afterpain is a common discomfort experienced by women after giving birth, which is caused by the contraction of the uterus during the involution process. Therefore, uterine involution can be a factor contributing to afterpain.

The nurse's action of giving the wrong number of intravenous infusion drops to a baby is categorized as negligence. Negligence refers to the failure to exercise reasonable care or caution in a situation, resulting in harm or injury to another person. In this case, the nurse made a mistake by giving the wrong dosage of medication, which could potentially harm the baby. This action falls under negligence as it demonstrates a lack of proper care and attention in performing the duties of a nurse.

The correct answer is "rancang tindakan perawatan" because it suggests that the nursing intervention to address the patient's inability to rest and sleep properly is to plan a care action. This implies that the nurse should come up with a specific plan or strategy to provide the necessary care and support to help the patient rest and sleep better. This could involve creating a conducive environment, administering appropriate medications, or implementing relaxation techniques, among other things. The other options of "berkomunikasi dua hala," "amalkan sikap penyayang," and "galakkan terapi diversional" are not directly related to addressing the patient's rest and sleep problems.

The correct answer is "makanan yang dihadam sampai ke dalam usus kecil." This is because the cephalic phase of gastric secretion is stimulated by the thought, smell, sight, and taste of food. However, the actual secretion of gastric juice occurs when the food is digested and reaches the small intestine. Therefore, the presence of food in the small intestine is what triggers the secretion of gastric juice.

The appropriate duration for each tracheostomy suction to prevent hypoxemia should not exceed 15 seconds. This time limit ensures that the patient's oxygen levels do not drop too low during the suctioning process, reducing the risk of hypoxemia, which is a condition characterized by low levels of oxygen in the blood. Prolonged suctioning can lead to decreased oxygenation, so it is important to limit the duration to maintain adequate oxygen supply to the patient.

One hour after the administration of IV frusemide to a client with heart failure, the cardiac monitor shows ventricular tachycardia. This suggests that the client may be experiencing hypokalemia. Frusemide is a loop diuretic that works by increasing the excretion of water and electrolytes, including potassium, from the body. Hypokalemia, or low potassium levels, can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, such as ventricular tachycardia. Therefore, it is likely that the client's ventricular tachycardia is a result of hypokalemia caused by the frusemide administration.

The correct answer is "mengawal pendarahan semasa proses labor." This means that the interlacing smooth muscle of the myometrium helps to control bleeding during the labor process. The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus, and its contractions help to push the baby out during labor. By contracting and compressing the blood vessels in the uterus, the interlacing smooth muscle helps to prevent excessive bleeding during childbirth.

The given statement states that this structure is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Among the options provided, only ribosomes are present in both types of cells. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and can be found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and on the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, ribosomes are the correct answer.

The main observation that needs to be done for any complications in clients given morphine infusion is to assess the disturbance in respiratory pattern. This is because morphine is a potent opioid analgesic that can cause respiratory depression as a side effect. Monitoring the client's respiratory rate, depth, and pattern is crucial to ensure their safety and detect any signs of respiratory distress or impairment.

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory, individuals who are pursuing higher education are likely to be in the self-esteem needs category. This category includes the need for self-respect, self-confidence, and recognition from others. Pursuing higher education can be seen as a way for individuals to enhance their self-esteem and gain recognition for their achievements. Therefore, the correct answer is "penghargaan kendiri" which translates to "self-esteem" in English.

The right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct are major lymphatic vessels that drain lymphatic fluid from different parts of the body. In this case, the question is asking about the direction of flow of these ducts. The correct answer, superior vena cava, is a large vein that receives blood from the upper body. It is responsible for returning deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs back to the heart. The lymphatic fluid from the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct ultimately drains into the superior vena cava, where it mixes with the blood before returning to the heart.

The correct answer is "kesekatan arteri oleh sickle cell." This means that the patient experiences pain due to the blockage of arteries by sickle cells. Sickle cell crisis occurs when the sickle-shaped red blood cells become stiff and sticky, causing them to get trapped in small blood vessels. This blockage restricts blood flow and oxygen supply to tissues and organs, leading to severe pain.

The correct answer is "mengurangkan kebengkakan" (to reduce swelling). This is because when a person sprains their ankle, there is usually inflammation and swelling in the affected area. By constricting the blood vessels, the flow of blood to the injured area is reduced, which in turn helps to decrease the swelling.