Uvod U Automatiku - Osnovni Pojmovi

Automated processes replace humans in physical and mental work. This means that tasks that were previously performed by humans are now being carried out by machines or computer systems. Automation allows for increased efficiency, accuracy, and productivity in various industries. It reduces the need for human intervention and can perform tasks faster and more consistently. As a result, it can free up human workers to focus on more complex and creative tasks.

Automatika je znanost koja proučava automatizirane procese, što uključuje razvoj, upravljanje i kontrolu sustava koji rade samostalno ili poluautomatski. Kibernetika je znanost koja se bavi proučavanjem sustava i regulacijom informacija, dok mehatronika kombinira područja mehanike, elektronike i informatike. Robotika se bavi dizajniranjem, izgradnjom i upravljanjem robotima. Budući da se u pitanju traži znanost koja proučava automatizirane procese, to je najbolje opisano odgovorom "automatika".

Sensors are devices that replace human perception in systems. They are designed to detect and respond to physical inputs such as light, sound, temperature, pressure, etc. By converting these inputs into electrical signals, sensors provide valuable information to the system, enabling it to make decisions and take appropriate actions. Therefore, sensors are the most suitable option among the given choices to replace human perception in systems.

The statement "Negativnu povratnu vezu imaju svi sustavi" translates to "All systems have negative feedback." The correct answer is "Netočno" which means "False." This suggests that not all systems have negative feedback, implying that there are some systems that do not utilize negative feedback in their functioning.

The correct answer is "Wiener." This is because the question is asking for the name of the American mathematician who introduced the concept of cybernetics in his work "Cybernetics" in 1948, and the name of the mathematician is Norbert Wiener.

This question is asking for the term that describes the action in which energy and/or matter transform from their basic form into a semi-finished or finished product. The correct answer is "proizvodni proces" which translates to "production process" in English.

The term "regulacijsko odstupanje" refers to the deviation or difference between the desired value and the actual value at the output of a control loop or system. It represents the error or discrepancy between the setpoint or target value and the measured or obtained value in a regulation process. This term is commonly used in control engineering to assess the performance and accuracy of a control system in achieving the desired output.

The given answer "sustav" is correct because the image represents a system. A system is a collection of interconnected components or elements that work together to achieve a specific purpose or function. In the image, there are multiple components or elements that are interconnected and working together, suggesting that it represents a system rather than a product process, energy transfer, or regulator.

The correct answer is "mikrokontroleri". In the given question, it is stated that "Ljudsko odlučivanjeu sustavima zamjenjuju uređaji koje nazivamo". This translates to "Human decision-making in systems is replaced by devices called". Among the options provided, "mikrokontroleri" is the only option that fits the sentence and makes sense, as it refers to microcontrollers which are devices used to automate decision-making processes in various systems.

The given statement is incorrect. The correct statement should be "Mjerno osjetilo je zaduženo da ulaznu vrijednost pretvori u naponski signal." This means that the measurement sensor is responsible for converting the input value into a voltage signal, not the output value.

The correct answer is "regulira izlaznu vrijednost pomoću NPV" (regulates the output value using NPV) and "ima NPV" (has NPV). This means that the closed-loop automatic system is able to regulate and control the output value using the NPV (negative feedback) principle. It also indicates that the system has NPV, which is a measure of the difference between the desired value and the actual value of the output.

The correct answer is "regulator". In a control system, the regulator is responsible for generating the control signal based on the error between the desired and actual values. It compares the setpoint (desired value) with the feedback (actual value) and adjusts the control signal accordingly to minimize the error and maintain stability in the system. The regulator plays a crucial role in maintaining the desired performance and stability of the control system.

In the given question, the correct answer is "izvršni članovi" which translates to "executive members" in English. This answer is appropriate because it refers to devices that replace human actions in systems. The other options, such as "mikrokontroleri" (microcontrollers), "senzori" (sensors), and "usporednici" (comparators) do not accurately represent the devices that replace human actions in systems. Therefore, "izvršni članovi" is the correct answer.

During regulation, a comparator gives the output value of the regulation error, which is the difference between the desired value and the actual value. This regulation error is known as "regulacijsko odstupanje" in Croatian. Therefore, the correct answer is "regulacijsko odstupanje".

The correct answer is "procesne veličine" and "informatičke veličine". Upravljive veličine refer to the variables or quantities that can be controlled or manipulated in a system. In this context, "procesne veličine" refers to the variables related to the process or operation of the system, while "informatičke veličine" refers to the variables related to the information or data in the system. These two types of variables are considered as the manageable or controllable variables in the system.

This question is asking for the correct statements about an open-loop control system. The correct answer states that an open-loop control system does not track the output value, is sensitive to disturbances, does not have a NPV (Negative Predictive Value), and does not regulate the output value. Therefore, the correct statements for an open-loop control system are that it does not track the output value, is sensitive to disturbances, does not have a NPV, and does not regulate the output value.

The correct answer is "mijenja količinu ulazne energije". The executive element, based on the control signal from the controller, adjusts the amount of input energy to the system. This means that it modulates the input energy to achieve the desired output or response from the system.

Kibernetika je znanost koja se bavi upravljanjem dinamičkim sustavima, istražuje opće zakonitosti procesa upravljanja i regulacije te dobivanja, pohranjivanja i prijenosa informacija u sustavima. Ova znanost neovisna je o fizikalnoj prirodi sustava i opisuje društvene, biološke i tehnološke sustave.

The correct answer is "prati djelovanje procesa i usmjerava ga prema zadanom cilju" and "zamjenjuje čovjeka u opažanju". This means that the device for guidance monitors the operation of the process and directs it towards the desired goal, and it also replaces human observation.