ფიზიოლოგია- გული და სისხლძარღვები 2

The explanation for the given answer is that the strengthening of parasympathetic stimulation and the restoration of diastolic depolarization with acetylcholine can be a reason for the rhythm disturbance of the heart. It can also lead to the inhibition of ergotropic effect of the sympathetic nervous system and the inhibition of paracrine action of acetylcholine. Additionally, the rapid action of acetylcholine, derived from parasympathetic ganglia between the middle layers of the hypothalamus, can result in the reduction of cholinesterase activity.

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The correct answer is 0,04 წმ. This is because the question asks for the duration of the cardiac protodiastolic period, which is the time between the end of the isovolumetric relaxation period and the opening of the atrioventricular valves. Out of the given options, 0,04 წმ is the closest to the typical duration of the protodiastolic period, which is around 40 milliseconds.

The activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in the strength of ventricular contraction and inhibition of the mediators of norepinephrine. The activation of the hypothalamus stimulates the release of hormones that increase appetite. The strengthening of the sympathetic component of the WNS leads to a decrease in the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. The strengthening of sympathetic activation leads to an increase in diastolic depolarization rate (due to activation of calcium channels).

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The correct answer is "გულის რიტმის დამოუკიდებლობას ექსტრაკარდიალური ეფექტებისგან." This means that the physiological conditions below the heart are not affected by the irregular rhythms of the heart.

The correct answer is that an electrocardiogram shows the rhythm and duration of the heart's electrical activity. This is because an electrocardiogram measures the electrical signals produced by the heart as it beats. These signals can provide valuable information about the heart's overall health and function, including the regularity of its rhythm and the duration of each electrical impulse. By analyzing the patterns and abnormalities in the electrocardiogram, healthcare professionals can diagnose various heart conditions and monitor the effectiveness of treatments.

The correct answer is "გულის ცალკეულ უბნებს შორის აგზნების გატარების სიჩქარეს." This answer explains that electrocardiograms show the intervals between contractions of the heart chambers, which represents the speed of the blood flow.

The QRT complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles during an electrocardiogram (ECG). The Q wave is the first downward deflection after the P wave, and it represents the depolarization of the interventricular septum. The R wave is the first upward deflection after the Q wave, and it represents the depolarization of the main mass of the ventricles. The T wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles. In this case, the QRT complex prolongation is specifically related to the delay in the depolarization of the ventricles during ventricular contraction, which can occur in conditions like bundle branch block or ventricular conduction abnormalities.

The correct answer is PP (RR) ინტერვალის. This is because PP (RR) interval refers to the duration between the peak of one P wave and the peak of the next P wave, as well as the peak of one R wave and the peak of the next R wave on an electrocardiogram. This interval represents the atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization, which are important for normal heart function.

The correct answer states that the potentials are measured simultaneously from both ends of the heart (bipolar method). This means that the electrical potentials are recorded using two electrodes placed at different locations on the heart. By measuring the potentials from both ends, a complete and accurate registration of the potentials can be obtained. This method allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the electrical activity in the heart.

The correct answer is the first option: "მარჯვენა ხელი – avR მარცხენა ხელი – avL მარცხენა ფეხი – avF." This is because the given information states that the right hand corresponds to avR, the left hand corresponds to avL, and the foot corresponds to avF. The other options do not match the given information.

The central part of the I tone of the heart sound coincides with the end of the T wave on the ECG. This indicates that the I tone is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves, specifically the mitral valve, which occurs at the end of ventricular depolarization. The timing of the I tone in relation to the ECG-T wave supports this explanation.

During the vibration of the valves of the heart, blood fills the chambers at the beginning of the systolic phase.

The correct answer is "აუსკულტაცია" because it refers to the method of listening to the sounds produced by the heart using a stethoscope. The other options mentioned, such as "ფონოკარდიოგრაფია" (phonocardiography) and "ფონოსკოპია" (phonoscopy), also relate to heart sounds, but they do not specifically refer to the method of listening with a stethoscope. "ვექტორკარდიოგრაფია" (vectorcardiography) is a different diagnostic technique that measures the electrical activity of the heart.

During contraction of the heart, known as systole, the blood pressure increases. This increase in blood pressure is due to the contraction of the heart muscles, which forces blood out of the heart and into the arteries. The phrase "შეკუმშვათა გახშირებით და სისტოლური მოცულობის გაზრდით" translates to "by relaxing and increasing systolic blood pressure" in English. This accurately describes the process of blood pressure regulation during the contraction phase of the heart.

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The correct answer is "Calcium leaky channels that also leak sodium ions." In the depolarization and repolarization phases of spontaneous neuronal depolarization and activity potential, calcium leaky channels play a role in initiating the depolarization phase by allowing the entry of sodium ions. Sodium influx and low selective forces for sodium ions, which also leak other monovalent cations, are responsible for the rapid and potential depolarization and repolarization of sodium channels. Calcium leaky channels that also leak sodium ions are involved in the maintenance and high selective leakiness of sodium ions.

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These tones are not related to the functioning of the cardiac apparatus.

The correct answer is "არ ემთხვევა." This means "It does not make sense." The question asks whether the best sounding accents in the creation of heart tones participate in the typographic condition of the elements. The correct answer states that it does not make sense, indicating that there is no logical connection between the creation of heart tones and the typographic condition of the elements.

The correct answer is "დეპოლარიზაცია უკვე დასრულდა" (depolarization has already ended). This is because the statement "დეპოლარიზაცია უკვე დასრულდა" (depolarization has already ended) is the only one that is consistent with the given information. The other statements either contradict the information given or are unrelated to the process of depolarization.

The correct answer is that the pulse is equal to 60 seconds divided by the duration of the PP interval in seconds. This means that the pulse is calculated by dividing 60 seconds by the length of time between two consecutive P waves on an electrocardiogram.

The correct answer suggests that the contraction of the heart muscle, known as systole, is responsible for pumping blood. During systole, the heart's chambers contract and push blood out into the arteries. This process is facilitated by the closing of the heart valves and the contraction of the heart muscle. The mention of "venous return" refers to the flow of blood from the veins back into the heart during diastole, when the heart muscle relaxes and fills with blood. Therefore, the correct answer indicates that the pumping action of the heart is primarily driven by the contraction of the heart muscle during systole.

The correct answer is the first option, I – მარჯვენ ახელი – მარცხენ ახელი II – მარჯვენა ხელი – მარცხენა ფეხი III – მარცხენა ხელი – მარცხენა ფეხი. This is because the given text describes the standard bipolar leads of an electrocardiogram (ECG). The first option correctly represents the lead placements on the body, with the right arm (მარჯვენ ახელი) and the left leg (მარცხენა ფეხი) as the grounding electrodes, and the left arm (მარჯვენა ხელი) and the right leg (მარცხენა ხელი) as the active electrodes.

The correct answer is "პროტოდიასტოლურ პერიოდად" which means "during the period of protodistole". This suggests that the closure of the atrioventricular valves occurs during the period of protodistole, which is the early phase of ventricular contraction.

The correct answer is 65-70 მლ, 4,5-5 ლ. This answer states that the systolic blood pressure is between 65-70 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure is between 4.5-5 kPa.

The explanation for the given answer is that the central component of the second heart sound (S2) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves) during ventricular diastole. This closure produces the "dub" sound of the second heart sound. The S2 sound is best heard at the base of the heart, where the aortic and pulmonary valves are located. Therefore, the statement that the central component of S2 is heard on the ECG at the S wave of the QRS complex is correct.

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The correct answer is that the high probability of spontaneous diastolic depolarization and its high frequency contribute to the high automaticity of the sinus node.

Potassium ions (K+) are typically found in higher concentrations inside cells compared to outside. This concentration gradient is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell. As a result, potassium ions tend to move quickly into cells when there is a change in the concentration gradient, leading to a rapid depolarization and cell activation. This is why the statement "აგზნება უფრო სწრაფად ვრცელდება, ვიდრე წინაგულების მიოკარდიუმში" is the correct answer.

The segment of the electrocardiogram represents the electrical activity of the heart from the completion of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next heartbeat. This portion of the waveform is typically a straight line on the ECG, known as the isoelectric (or baseline) line, indicating no electrical activity during this time.

During the TP segment of an electrocardiogram, the heart is in a state of overall pause, and the heart chambers are filled with blood. This is the period between the end of the T wave and the beginning of the next P wave.

The correct answer is "გულის ორი ტონი - I და II." This is because the question states that there are two tones of the heart, and it specifies that those two tones are I and II. The other options mentioned in the question are either different numbers of tones or different combinations of tones.

The correct answer is "წინაგულების სისხლით აქტიური ავსების დაწყება" which translates to "Initiation of active filling with blood from the atria". This answer is correct because it accurately describes the first step in the formation of the I wave in the cardiac cycle. The I wave represents the initiation of atrial contraction and corresponds to the P wave on an electrocardiogram.

During the isovolumetric contraction phase, the ventricles of the heart contract and build up pressure without any change in volume. This occurs after the atria have completed their contraction and before the semilunar valves open to allow blood to be ejected from the ventricles. The isovolumetric contraction phase is important for maintaining the pressure needed to open the semilunar valves and propel blood into the arteries. Therefore, the correct answer is "იზომეტრული შეკუმშვის ფაზის დროს" (during the isovolumetric contraction phase).

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The correct answer is that the presence of a single anterior P wave on the ECG, which represents the summation of both anterior cardiac depolarizations, indicates the abnormal conduction of premature atrial contractions generated by atypical cardiomyocytes (Bachmann's, Wenckebach's, Torreli's) and the large velocity of conduction of the anterior myocardium's syncytium.

The best point of hearing for the sound of the working of the orcared and the samkared is the middle section of the V-neckline for the orcared and the end of the handle for the samkared.

The correct answer is that the speed of blood circulation in the atrioventricular vein is the lowest among the given options. This is indicated by the statement that the time delay in this vein is approximately 0.05 seconds.

The correct answer is "A line that connects the two points with the largest difference in potentials at any given moment." This answer accurately describes a line that connects two points with the largest potential difference at any given moment. This line is known as an electric field line, and it represents the direction of the electric field. The potential difference between two points determines the strength of the electric field, with larger differences indicating stronger fields. Therefore, the line connecting points with the largest potential difference represents the direction of the strongest electric field.

During an extrasystole, the normal sinus rhythm is disrupted and there is an irregular beat. This means that the heart is not beating in its regular pattern and rhythm. This can be seen on an ECG as a deviation from the normal sinus rhythm. The other options mentioned, such as compensatory pause after an extrasystole and the presence of a Q wave on the ECG, are not directly related to the question and do not explain the correct answer.

The main reason for the lack of repolarization of the leads during registration using the standard method of electrocardiography is that this process interferes with the depolarization of the ventricles.

The correct answer is "Tკბილი" because the question asks for the most variable component of an electrocardiogram (ECG). The TP segment, RR interval, and TP interval are all fixed components of an ECG and do not vary significantly. However, the T wave, which represents ventricular repolarization, can vary in shape, amplitude, and duration, making it the most variable component of the ECG.

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The central part of the QRS complex on the phonocardiogram represents the isovolumetric contraction of the left ventricle. This is the period when the ventricles are contracting and building up pressure to push blood out of the heart. The S wave on the phonocardiogram corresponds to the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves, marking the beginning of the isovolumetric relaxation phase. Therefore, the central part of the QRS complex on the phonocardiogram corresponds to the isovolumetric contraction of the left ventricle.

The correct answer is P / T / R = 1 / 3 / 9. This is because in a standard ECG, the amplitude of the QRS complex should be approximately 1/3 of the amplitude of the P wave, and the amplitude of the T wave should be approximately 9 times the amplitude of the P wave. Therefore, the given ratio of 1 / 3 / 9 satisfies the standard amplitude ratios for the P, T, and QRS waves on an ECG.

The IV tone of the heart is created during the diastolic phase of the ventricles, specifically at the end of the diastole and the beginning of the systole. This is when the ventricles are filled with blood and are preparing to contract. During this moment, the blood flow in the ventricles decreases, causing the IV tone to be heard.

The electrical and mechanical processes are more interconnected in the ventricles compared to the atria. The repolarization phase of the ventricles is represented on the electrocardiogram, as it corresponds to the period of overall ventricular relaxation. The electrical systole of the ventricles is longer (0.33s) than that of the atria (0.1s). Additionally, the depolarization of the ventricles is more rapid due to the specialized conduction system, which leads to faster propagation of electrical impulses through the ventricles compared to the atria.