Razvoj Aplikativnog Softvera - II Kolokvijum

The correct answer is "Odrzavanje radi unapredjena sistema" which translates to "Maintenance for system improvement". This activity refers to making changes during the maintenance phase in order to enhance a specific part of the system. It involves proactive measures to improve the system's performance, reliability, or functionality, rather than just fixing existing issues (korektivno odrzavanje). Preventivno odrzavanje, on the other hand, focuses on preventing potential problems before they occur.

The correct answer is "Sendvic integracija, Integracija od dna ka vrhu." Sendvic integracija refers to the process of integrating components that have passed unit testing into a single system for further testing. Integracija od dna ka vrhu means integrating from the bottom up, starting with the lower-level components and gradually adding higher-level components. Both approaches are commonly used in software development to ensure that all components work together effectively.

The given answer states that a "greska" (error) is the cause of an unwanted effect, while an "otkaz" (failure) is the effect itself. It also mentions that errors must be corrected, while it is not always possible to eliminate failures. This explanation aligns with the statements provided in the question.

Greske u dokumentaciji se odnose na greške koje se javljaju zbog neodgovarajućih opisa sistema u dokumentaciji. Ovo može uključivati nedostatak ili pogrešne informacije, nedoslednosti ili kontradikcije u dokumentaciji. Ove greške mogu dovesti do nesporazuma ili pogrešnog korišćenja softvera.

The correct answer is "Drajver". In software testing, a driver is a program or component that simulates the behavior of a calling module or component. It is used to test the functionality and compatibility of the module being tested. The driver provides the necessary inputs and calls the functions or methods of the module being tested, allowing the tester to observe and evaluate its behavior and output.

The correct answer is Integracija po principu velikog praska and Integracija od vrha ka dnu. These two strategies involve integrating components that have passed unit testing into a single system for further testing. Integracija po principu velikog praska refers to integrating all components at once, simulating a "big bang" approach. Integracija od vrha ka dnu, on the other hand, involves integrating components from the top of the system hierarchy downwards. Both strategies aim to ensure that the integrated system functions correctly and can be effectively tested.

Regresivni testovi se koriste više puta i proveravaju da li je došlo do lošeg rada funkcija koje nisu obuhvaćene konkretnom izmenom. Ovo znači da se ovi testovi koriste za proveru da li su prethodno ispravne funkcionalnosti i performanse sistema ostale netaknute nakon izvršenja promena ili dodavanja novih funkcionalnosti.

The correct answer is korektivno odrzavanje and preventivno odrzavanje. Korektivno odrzavanje refers to the maintenance activities performed to fix issues or problems in the software after it has been deployed. It aims to correct any errors or bugs that may arise during the software's operation. On the other hand, preventivno odrzavanje refers to the proactive maintenance activities carried out to prevent potential issues or problems from occurring in the software. It involves regular inspections, updates, and optimizations to ensure the software's smooth functioning and to avoid any future disruptions.

To verify if a programmer has correctly interpreted the design while writing code, a special code review group is formed. This group uses two methods: Letimicni pregled (quick review) and Inspekciju koda (code inspection). These methods involve reviewing the code for correctness and adherence to design principles. The other two options, Objektivni pregled (objective review) and Detaljni pregled (detailed review), are not mentioned as methods used by the code review group in this context.

During the software maintenance phase, the team provides information about the system and identifies and resolves causes of failures. They are responsible for gathering and sharing knowledge about the system to ensure smooth operation and efficient problem-solving. Additionally, they investigate and fix any issues or malfunctions that may occur, ensuring the system's proper functioning.

The given correct answer is "Greske u vremenskoj koordinaciji" which translates to "Errors in time coordination" in English. This answer suggests that software errors occur due to a lack of synchronization in the execution order of processes. This can lead to issues such as race conditions or incorrect timing of events, causing errors in the software.

Sistemsko testiranje je proces testiranja u kojem se proverava da li sistem u potpunosti ispunjava sve zahteve korisnika i da li je spreman za isporuku. Ovo uključuje testiranje celokupnog sistema kao jedne funkcionalne jedinice, proveru da li su sve komponente sistema integrisane i da li rade zajedno kako je očekivano. Sistemsko testiranje se obično vrši nakon integracionog testiranja, koje proverava da li su pojedinačne komponente sistema ispravno integrisane.

The given answer states that the techniques developed using the method of black box testing are decision coverage and condition coverage. Decision coverage involves testing each possible decision outcome, while condition coverage involves testing each possible condition within a decision. These techniques help ensure that all decisions and conditions in the code are tested, increasing the overall test coverage and reducing the risk of undiscovered errors.

The correct answer is "Sistemskog testiranja." System testing is a type of software validation that is performed on a complete, integrated system to evaluate its compliance with specified requirements. It involves testing the system as a whole to ensure that all components work together correctly and meet the desired functionality. This type of testing is typically done after unit testing and integration testing have been completed.

The correct answer is "Lokalizacija ulaza i izlaza". This refers to the process of extracting the part of the program code that relates to input and output data into separate components. This allows for better organization and management of input and output operations within the program.

Integraciono testiranje se odnosi na testiranje saradnje i komunikacije između komponenata sistema kako bi se osiguralo da sistem funkcioniše kao kompletan entitet. Ovo testiranje se obično vrši nakon što su pojedinačne komponente testirane i integrisane u sistem. Cilj integracionog testiranja je identifikacija i rešavanje problema koji mogu nastati prilikom interakcije između komponenata sistema. Završno testiranje se odnosi na testiranje celokupnog sistema kako bi se potvrdilo da je spreman za upotrebu, ali nije specifično vezano za testiranje komunikacije i saradnje između komponenata.

During performance testing of a system, maintenance tests are conducted to check the tools or aids that are intended to facilitate easier error detection after delivery. These tools or aids are designed to help identify and resolve any issues or bugs that may arise once the system is deployed. This ensures that the system functions correctly and any errors can be quickly addressed, improving the overall performance and reliability of the application.

Test skriptovi predstavljaju uputstva za izvršavanje testiranja korak po korak.

Metodi bele i crne kutije se sprovode u okviru jediničnog testiranja. Jedinčno testiranje je proces testiranja pojedinačnih komponenti ili modula softvera kako bi se proverila njihova ispravnost i funkcionalnost. Metoda bele kutije podrazumeva testiranje komponenti sa poznavanjem njihovog unutrašnjeg rada, dok metoda crne kutije podrazumeva testiranje komponenti bez poznavanja njihovog unutrašnjeg rada. Obe metode su važne za otkrivanje grešaka i poboljšanje kvaliteta softvera.

Capacity testing is a type of performance testing that evaluates how a system handles large amounts of data. It checks the system's ability to process and manage a high volume of data without any performance degradation or failure. This type of testing helps identify any bottlenecks or limitations in the system's processing capabilities and ensures that it can handle the expected workload efficiently.

The choice of data structure affects the complexity of the program because different data structures have different time and space complexity for various operations. The complexity of the program can be influenced by the efficiency of the chosen data structure in performing operations such as insertion, deletion, and searching. Additionally, the choice of data structure can be taken from the design phase of the program, where the requirements and constraints are analyzed, and the appropriate data structure is selected based on those factors.

The given correct answer is "Greske zbog prekoracenja" which translates to "Errors due to overflow" in English. This explanation suggests that the software errors mentioned in the question occur because the data structures being used do not have enough capacity to handle the amount of data being processed, leading to overflow errors.

The given answer states that the techniques developed using the black box method are "Podela na klase ekvivalencije" (Equivalence partitioning) and "Uzrocno-posledicni graf" (Cause-effect graph). Equivalence partitioning involves dividing the input data into groups or classes that are expected to exhibit similar behavior, allowing for a more efficient and effective testing process. Cause-effect graphing, on the other hand, involves creating a graphical representation of the cause-effect relationships between different variables, helping to identify the most critical test scenarios. These techniques are commonly used in functional testing to ensure comprehensive test coverage and identify potential defects.

Functional testing is a type of testing performed within the scope of system testing. It has a low probability of detecting errors. It is carried out by the developers who wrote the program code. It uses test cases created based on the requirements specification. Functional testing is executed based on the black box principle, meaning it checks whether the system performs a certain function without considering the component responsible for it.

Load testing is performed to evaluate the performance of a system under normal and peak load conditions. It helps in determining how the system behaves at its operational limits within a short period of time. This includes checking if the system can handle the expected number of users and transactions, if it can process requests within the desired response time, and if it can maintain stability and reliability under high load. By conducting load testing, organizations can identify any performance bottlenecks or issues that may arise when the system is pushed to its limits.

The correct answer is "Upustvo za operatera" and "Upustvo za instalaciju". This is because when a software product is delivered, it is important to provide documentation that guides both the operator and the installer. The "Upustvo za operatera" provides instructions and guidance for the person who will be using and operating the software, while the "Upustvo za instalaciju" provides instructions on how to properly install and set up the software. These two documents are essential in ensuring that the software is used correctly and efficiently.

During the software implementation phase, the programmer translates descriptions from projects into source code. This means that the programmer takes the written or verbal descriptions of the desired functionality and converts them into actual programming code that can be executed by the computer. This step is crucial in turning the project requirements and specifications into a working software application.

The correct answer is "Letimicni pregled" because it refers to a quick review or a cursory examination of the code. In this method, the programmer presents the code, and then a discussion takes place to identify any errors or issues. It is a less detailed and comprehensive review compared to other options such as "Detaljan pregled" (detailed review) or "Inspekcija koda" (code inspection). "Prezentacioni pregled" does not accurately describe the process of reviewing the code.

The correct order of the four phases of software testing is: 1) Izrada plana testiranja (Test plan creation), 2) Specifikacija testova (Test specification), 3) Realizacija testiranja (Test implementation), and 4) Evaluacija rezultata (Results evaluation). This order ensures that the testing process is systematic and follows a logical flow, starting with planning and specifying the tests, then executing them, and finally evaluating the results obtained.

The answer states that the performance or effectiveness of a test is calculated as the ratio of the number of errors found in a given test to the total number of errors discovered. This means that the answer is referring to the ratio of the errors found to the total number of errors, which is a measure of how well the test was able to identify and detect errors.

The correct order for the activities in the testing method using cause-effect graphs is 3-4-2-1. First, the causes and effects are identified based on the specification. Then, a cause-effect graph is generated. After that, test cases are formed, and finally, a decision table is generated.

The team provides information about the system and identifies and resolves causes of failures. They do not evaluate the quality of end user work or have the ability to modify supporting documentation.

After making changes to hardware, software, or the working environment, it is necessary to implement secondary changes in the software. This activity is called adaptive maintenance.

The question asks about what compatibility tests check during performance system testing. The correct answer states that compatibility tests verify if the implementation of interfaces with other systems in the environment is in line with the requirements. This means that compatibility tests ensure that the system can effectively communicate and interact with other systems in the environment, meeting the specified requirements for interface implementation.

The correct answer is the ability of the system to work in the location where it is installed, considering factors such as humidity, temperature, and others. This means that during performance testing, the environment tests analyze whether the system can function properly in different physical conditions.

The given correct answer is "Pokrivanje iskaza" which translates to "Statement coverage" in English. Statement coverage is a testing technique where each statement in a program is executed at least once to determine if there are any errors present. This technique helps ensure that all statements in the program are tested and increases the chances of detecting errors.

The correct answer is "Metod je jednostavan za izvodjenje" and "Metod se izvodi tako sto jedan clan tima za testiranje namerno ubaci poznati broj gresaka u program,a zatim ostali clanovi tima za testiranje pokusavaju da ih pronadju." This means that the method is easy to perform and involves intentionally inserting a known number of errors into the program for other members of the testing team to try to find.

The correct answer is the order of the phases in which system testing takes place. The first phase is functional testing, where the system's functionality is tested. The second phase is performance testing, where the system's performance under different conditions is evaluated. The third phase is acceptance testing, where the system is tested to ensure it meets the requirements and is acceptable to the stakeholders. The final phase is installation testing, where the system is tested to ensure it can be successfully installed and deployed.

Regresivni testovi se koriste više puta i proveravaju da li je došlo do lošeg rada funkcija koje nisu obuhvaćene konkretnom izmenom. Ovo se radi kako bi se osiguralo da izmena u jednom delu sistema nije uticala na ispravnost drugih delova sistema koji nisu direktno pogođeni izmenom.

The correct answer states that one test case can be applied to multiple legal equivalence classes, while a separate test case is needed for each illegal equivalence class. This implies that the goal of the method is to maximize test coverage by using as few test cases as possible. By applying one test case to multiple legal equivalence classes, we can ensure that different variations within the same equivalence class are covered. On the other hand, each illegal equivalence class requires a separate test case because they represent distinct and potentially unique scenarios that need to be tested individually.

Uzročno-posledični grafovi su tehnika funkcionalnog testiranja koja omogućava automatsko generisanje test primera na osnovu zahteva. Ova tehnika se koristi za identifikaciju svih mogućih putanja između ulaza i izlaza sistema, čime se osigurava da su svi relevantni scenariji testirani. Uzročno-posledični grafovi omogućavaju efikasno testiranje i otkrivanje grešaka u sistemu.

The goal of end-user training is to familiarize the user with the user interface, screen layouts, and the meaning of symbols on the screen, as well as to train them in using essential support functions for system operation. Additionally, the training aims to acquaint the user with the system's organization in terms of how it functions, rather than what it does within a specific domain.

The goal of administrator training is to familiarize the administrator with the user interface, screen layouts, and the meaning of symbols on the screen, among other things. Additionally, the training aims to teach the administrator how to use essential support functions for their work. This includes learning how to start and perform basic system functions. Lastly, the training aims to provide an understanding of how the system operates in terms of its organization, rather than what it specifically does within a particular domain.

After completing the training, administrators should be able to help end users if they encounter any irregular situations while using the software and establish conditions for the normal operation of the system.

The correct answer states that if the input or output condition represents a range of values, tests should be written for the ends of the range and for values immediately adjacent to the ends. This means that when testing a condition that has a range of possible values, it is important to test the minimum and maximum values of the range, as well as values that are just outside of the range. This ensures that the program is tested thoroughly and can handle all possible values within the range.

The customer can perform acceptance testing within the framework of system testing through parallel testing and pilot testing. Parallel testing involves running the new system alongside the old system to compare their results and ensure the new system is functioning correctly. Pilot testing refers to testing the system with a small group of end users before rolling it out to the entire organization. These methods help ensure that the system meets the customer's requirements and is ready for deployment.

The efficiency of testing is measured by the ratio of the number of errors found during testing to the effort put into that testing.

The given correct answer is "Pokrivanje uslova". This refers to the testing technique where each elementary component of a complex condition takes a value from both the allowed and forbidden set of values. This technique helps in ensuring that all possible conditions and combinations are tested, increasing the overall test coverage.

The given correct answer is "Greske u postupku obrade". This answer refers to software errors that occur due to a faulty implementation of the data processing procedure. These errors can occur during the manipulation, calculation, or transformation of input data within a software system.

The correct answer is "Jedinicnog i integracionog testiranja" which translates to "Unit and integration testing" in English. This explanation suggests that the verification of a software system is done through both unit testing, which focuses on testing individual components or units of code, and integration testing, which tests the interaction between different components or units. This combination of testing techniques ensures that both the individual units and their integration within the system are functioning correctly.

The correct answer is "Prvo testira najvazije komponente, Moze da bude po sirini i po dubini." This is because the given statement implies that integration testing is performed starting from the topmost components and moving towards the lower ones. It also mentions that the testing can be done either breadth-first or depth-first.

The correct answer is "Planu testiranja". The question asks about the description of the process of testing, including unit, integration, and system testing. The plan for testing is where this description would typically be outlined, as it provides a detailed approach for conducting testing activities, including the different types of tests to be performed. The organizational plan may provide a broader overview of how testing fits into the overall project, but it may not provide the specific details of the testing process. The specification of tests would focus more on the individual tests themselves, rather than the overall process. The project requirements may mention the need for testing, but they would not describe the testing process in detail.

The given correct answer for this question is "Odredjivanje broja preostalih gresaka u kodu" which translates to "Determining the number of remaining errors in the code" in English. This suggests that the method of error seeding is used to identify and quantify the number of errors that still exist in the code. By intentionally introducing errors into the code and then running tests, the method allows developers to assess the effectiveness of their error detection and correction mechanisms.

Korektivno održavanje se odnosi na kontrolu svakodnevnog rada softvera nakon isporuke i otklanjanje problema koji su nastali zbog grešaka u softveru. Ova vrsta održavanja ima za cilj ispravljanje grešaka i vraćanje softvera u ispravno stanje kako bi se osiguralo da on funkcioniše kako je predviđeno. Ovo se može postići putem popravki, ažuriranja ili zamjene dijelova softvera koji su uzrokovali grešku. Korektivno održavanje je važno kako bi se osigurala stabilnost i pouzdanost softvera nakon isporuke.

The method of partitioning into equivalence classes has the property of classifying input data into representative equivalence classes. It also forms mutually disjoint equivalence classes.

The correct answer states that control structures should be chosen in a way that avoids large jumps in the program and that control structures manage the flow of program execution. This means that control structures should be designed and implemented in a way that allows for smooth and efficient execution of the program, without abrupt or unnecessary jumps in the flow. Control structures play a crucial role in directing the flow of execution and ensuring that the program behaves as intended.

The evaluation of test results can be done by measuring the performance or effectiveness of the test and by measuring the efficiency of the testing phase. This means that the effectiveness and efficiency of the test can be measured to determine the quality of the results.

Installation testing in the context of system testing involves allocating necessary files and configuring the system according to the environment. This means that during installation testing, the focus is on ensuring that the required files are properly allocated and the system is configured correctly to work in the given environment. The other options mentioned, such as documentation creation and simulating everyday system work, are not directly related to installation testing.

Funkcionalno testiranje je provera rada integracionog sistema prema zahtevima koje je postavio kupac. Ovo testiranje se fokusira na funkcionalnosti softvera i proverava da li softver radi ispravno i zadovoljava specificirane zahteve. Funkcionalno testiranje se obično izvodi nakon instalacionog testiranja, koje proverava ispravnu instalaciju softvera, ali se razlikuje od testiranja performansi i testiranja prihvatljivosti koje se fokusiraju na druge aspekte softvera.

This answer states that testing the acceptability by conducting a pilot test does not require the generation of specific test cases. Instead, it involves simulating everyday work on the system. Additionally, it mentions that pilot testing is less formal compared to other testing methods.

During the training, depending on the type of system, the abilities of the instructor, and the preferences of the participants, the following means can be used: expert users and demonstrations. Expert users can provide valuable insights and guidance based on their extensive knowledge and experience with the system. Demonstrations allow participants to visually observe the system in action, facilitating better understanding and learning.

The given answer is a list of techniques used in documenting a software product. Numeracija refers to numbering the sections or parts of the documentation for easy reference. Unakrsno referenciranje, or cross-referencing, is a technique used to link related information within the documentation. Inkrementiranje, or incrementing, may refer to updating the version number of the software or incrementing the document's revision number. However, the term "eksploatacija" does not seem to fit within the context of software documentation techniques.

Integration testing from bottom to top is a testing approach where the most important components are tested last. It is not suitable for systems with a large number of reusable components. This approach detects the most important errors at the beginning of testing. It is used when most of the components are general-purpose functions that are called from other modules.

The answer suggests that during performance testing, configuration tests are conducted to determine how the software behaves in different hardware and software environments. This is important because software may perform differently in various environments, and it is necessary to ensure that it functions properly and meets the requirements in all scenarios.

The correct answer implies that parallel testing involves the simultaneous operation of two systems, the old and the new, and it allows users to familiarize themselves with the new system.

The correct answer is "Tabele povezanosti testova i zahteva" (Test-case requirement traceability matrices). Test-case requirement traceability matrices are used to establish a relationship between test cases and requirements. These matrices help in ensuring that all requirements are covered by test cases and provide a way to track the progress of testing against requirements. By using these matrices, testers can ensure comprehensive test coverage and verify that all requirements are met.

The correct answer is "Pokrivanje odluka". This refers to the testing technique where every possible decision in a program is executed at least once. It involves ensuring that all possible outcomes of decision points in the code are tested, including both true and false conditions. This helps to identify any potential issues or errors in the decision-making logic of the program.

Usability testing analyzes the aesthetic aspect of the application and the consistency of the user interface. This means that during performance testing, the focus is not only on the functionality and efficiency of the system, but also on how visually appealing and consistent the application's interface is. This ensures that the application is not only functional but also visually pleasing and provides a consistent user experience.

The given answer is correct because "Adaptivno odrzavanje" refers to maintenance activities that are performed to improve or enhance the system. This type of maintenance involves making changes to the software to adapt to new requirements, technologies, or user needs. On the other hand, "Odrzavanje u cilju unapredjenja sistema" translates to "Maintenance for system improvement," which aligns with the concept of adaptively maintaining the software to enhance its functionality and performance.

The given answer correctly identifies that "Izvode kupci" (Customers perform the testing) and "Podrazumeva testiranje test primera koji predstavljaju uobičajene uslove u kojima treba sistem da radi" (It involves testing test cases that represent typical conditions in which the system should work) are part of the acceptance testing process. Acceptance testing is typically performed by customers to ensure that the system meets their requirements and functions properly in normal conditions. It may involve comparing the old and new systems to validate the improvements made.

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The maintenance costs of software are influenced by the lifespan of the software and the type of application. The lifespan of software refers to the duration for which it remains relevant and usable. Software that has a longer lifespan will require less frequent updates and maintenance, thus reducing costs. Additionally, the type of application also impacts maintenance costs. Certain applications may require more complex updates and maintenance due to their nature, leading to higher costs. Therefore, both the lifespan of the software and the type of application play a significant role in determining the maintenance costs.

The correct answer is "Izvodjenje izmena u fazi eksploatacije" and "Pracenje rada sistema u radnom okruzenju". These activities are part of software maintenance. Izvodjenje izmena u fazi eksploatacije refers to making changes to the software while it is being used by the users. Pracenje rada sistema u radnom okruzenju refers to monitoring the system's performance and behavior in its operational environment. Both of these activities are essential for maintaining the software and ensuring its smooth operation.

Problems in software maintenance can arise due to inappropriate system design or implementation, as well as personal and organizational issues. These factors can lead to difficulties in maintaining and updating the software, resulting in various challenges and obstacles. It is important to address these issues in order to ensure smooth software maintenance and minimize potential problems.