Sloju OSI I TCP/Ah Komunikacionih

The correct answer is "port." In networking, a port is a logical construct that identifies a specific process or service on a networked device. It is used to direct network traffic to the appropriate application or service running on a device. Ports are commonly associated with the transport layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite and are represented by numbers. Each network communication requires a source and destination port number to establish a connection. Therefore, a transport layer address is represented by a port number, making it the correct answer in this context.

The most important parameter in the header for determining the route of a packet is the destination address, which is compared with the records in the routing table.

TCP packets are primarily encapsulated directly into IP datagrams. TCP is a transport layer protocol, while IP is a network layer protocol. Therefore, TCP packets are encapsulated within IP datagrams for transmission over an IP network. The IP datagrams provide the necessary addressing and routing information for the TCP packets to reach their intended destination.

The term "visestruko udomljavanje" (multihoming) refers to the belonging of a computer to multiple computer networks.

When there are multiple networks defined in the routing table and the destination address of the packet belongs to one of those networks, the route with the larger number of network mask bits will be used. This means that the more specific route will be chosen over the less specific route. In this case, the destination address 192.168.12.34 falls under both networks 192.168.0.0/16 and 192.168.12.0/24. Since the latter has a larger number of network mask bits (24 compared to 16), it will be chosen as the route to forward the packet.

The correct answer is "GET" because in the given scenario, the user is sending data through a form using the GET method. This can be inferred from the URL structure where the form data (username and password) are appended as query parameters in the URL after the "?" symbol. The GET method is commonly used to retrieve data from a server by appending parameters in the URL.

This answer suggests that if a computer's network interface has an address from the range 169.254.0.0/16 after booting up the operating system, it usually indicates problems with the addressing service. This could mean that the computer is unable to obtain a valid IP address from a DHCP server, which is responsible for assigning IP addresses to devices on a network. Without a valid IP address, the computer may not be able to connect to the network or access the internet.

The priority of a route is determined by the metric of the route. The metric represents the cost or quality of the route, such as the distance, bandwidth, or delay. Routes with lower metrics are preferred over routes with higher metrics because they are considered to be more efficient or reliable. Therefore, the metric of a route plays a crucial role in determining its priority compared to other routes.

Before the introduction of Domain Name System (DNS) services, the hosts file was used for this purpose. The hosts file is a local text file that maps hostnames to IP addresses. It was manually maintained on each computer and acted as a simple lookup table for resolving hostnames to their corresponding IP addresses. However, as networks grew larger and more complex, the hosts file became difficult to manage and update. DNS was then introduced as a more scalable and efficient solution for resolving domain names to IP addresses.

The image depicts an algorithm for concurrent processing of requests. This means that multiple requests can be processed simultaneously, improving efficiency and reducing waiting time. This approach is commonly used in systems with high demand and limited resources.

Dinamičko rutiranje se aktivira i ostvaruje korišćenjem protokola za rutiranje. Protokoli za rutiranje su odgovorni za razmenu informacija o mrežama i odabir najboljeg puta za slanje podataka. Oni omogućavaju mrežnim uređajima da automatski prilagođavaju svoje rutiranje u skladu sa promenama u mreži, kao što su promene u dostupnosti ili opterećenju veza. Ovi protokoli obezbeđuju efikasno i pouzdano rutiranje podataka u dinamičkim mrežama.

The introduction of network classes in 1981 led to determining the size of the network based on the first bits of the address. This means that the network class determines the range of IP addresses that can be assigned to a network, based on the number of bits used for the network portion of the address. This allowed for more efficient allocation of IP addresses and better organization of networks.

The most likely source of the problem is that the specified range of ports (64,000 to 128,000) is not valid. Firewalls typically only allow port numbers up to 65,535, so any range beyond that would be considered invalid. Therefore, the firewall system is rejecting the given filtering rule.

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addresses have a bit length of 32 bits. IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol and is widely used for addressing devices connected to the internet. The 32-bit address space allows for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses, which are represented in decimal format separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.0.1). However, due to the rapid growth of the internet, the available IPv4 addresses are becoming scarce, leading to the development and adoption of IPv6, which has a bit length of 128 bits.

IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is used for sending data to multiple recipients. It is a network-layer protocol that enables hosts to report their multicast group memberships to any neighboring multicast routers. By using IGMP, a host can join or leave a multicast group, allowing it to receive or stop receiving multicast traffic. Therefore, in the case of needing to send data to multiple recipients, IGMP protocol can be used.

The user received a dialog after attempting to refresh the page, indicating that the form data was being submitted. This suggests that the form data was sent using the POST method, which is commonly used for submitting data to a server.

The DHCP protocol is used to automate the assignment of IP addresses in local computer networks. It dynamically assigns IP addresses to devices, allowing them to connect to the network without manual configuration. This helps in efficient management of IP addresses and simplifies network administration.

The correct answer is "resolver". The resolver is the client component of the DNS (Domain Name System) service. It is responsible for sending DNS queries to the DNS server and receiving the corresponding IP address for a given domain name. The resolver plays a crucial role in translating domain names into IP addresses, allowing users to access websites and other online services using human-readable names.

If the destination address of the received packet does not belong to any individually defined network in the routing table, the router will forward the packet using the default route.

The correct answer is "mejn-frejm." In this type of network architecture, the terminals are used for the user interface, while all processing occurs on a central computer. This means that the terminals are not responsible for any processing tasks and rely on the central computer for all computing needs.

NAPT, or Network Address Port Translation, is necessary when there are multiple members in a private network and only one public address available. This allows multiple devices within the private network to share the same public IP address by translating the network address and port numbers. This is commonly used in situations where there is a shortage of public IP addresses, as it allows for efficient utilization of available addresses.

The correct answer is klijent-server. Telnet service is built on a client-server architecture. In this architecture, the client sends requests to the server, and the server responds to those requests by providing the requested services or data. In the case of Telnet, the client is the user's computer or device, and the server is the remote host or computer that the user wants to connect to and access. The client sends commands and requests to the server, which executes them and sends the results back to the client.

The correct answer is transportnom sloju (transport layer). TCP is a protocol that operates at the transport layer of the OSI model. It provides reliable and ordered delivery of data packets between applications running on different devices. TCP ensures that data packets are delivered without errors, in the correct order, and with congestion control mechanisms. It is responsible for establishing and terminating connections, as well as for flow control and error recovery.

The support for the transport layer of OSI and TCP/IP communication models is most commonly implemented at the level of the operating system. This means that the operating system provides the necessary protocols and services for establishing and maintaining connections, ensuring reliable data transfer, and managing network resources. The operating system acts as an intermediary between the applications and the network hardware, handling the communication process and ensuring that data is properly transmitted and received.

When a received datagram is found to be damaged, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) protocol discards the segment.

The correct answer includes "Veb prezentacije" and "Veb aplikacije". These are two of the basic types of content found on websites. "Veb prezentacije" refers to websites that are designed to provide information or showcase a product or service. "Veb aplikacije" refers to websites that have interactive features and allow users to perform specific tasks or functions.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) je protokol koji se koristi za prevodjenje logičkih adresa (IP adresa) u fizičke adrese (MAC adresa) na lokalnoj mreži. Kada se podaci šalju preko mreže, koristi se IP adresa za rutiranje podataka na internetu, ali da bi se podaci isporučili do tačne destinacije, potrebno je prevoditi tu IP adresu u odgovarajuću MAC adresu. ARP protokol je odgovoran za ovu funkcionalnost i omogućava komunikaciju između logičkih i fizičkih adresa na mreži.

The correct answer is "u otvorenom obliku" which means "in an open form" in English. This suggests that the content of the files that are transmitted via FTP protocol travels in an unencrypted format, meaning it is not encrypted or secured during the transfer process.

Telnet je zamenjen SSH protokolom zbog bezbednosnih razloga. Telnet je protokol za udaljeni pristup koji prenosi podatke u tekstualnom obliku, što znači da su korisničko ime, lozinka i svi drugi podaci koji se šalju preko Telnet konekcije vidljivi u otvorenom obliku. To čini Telnet veoma ranjivim na napade i krađu podataka. Sa druge strane, SSH (Secure Shell) protokol koristi enkripciju kako bi obezbedio sigurnu komunikaciju između klijenta i servera. Ovo čini SSH mnogo sigurnijim izborom za udaljeni pristup osetljivim sistemima.

The correct answer is 49.152 – 65.535. This range represents the short-term user ports. Short-term user ports are used for temporary connections and are typically assigned dynamically by the operating system. The range from 49.152 to 65.535 provides a total of 16,384 ports for this purpose.

The correct answer is "u sifrovanom obliku (zasticeno),u izvornom obliku (nezasticeno)". This is because the dialogue mentioned in the question is about the transmission of access parameters when using a web service. The options provided are different ways in which these parameters can be transmitted. "u sifrovanom obliku (zasticeno)" means in encrypted form, which ensures security during transmission. "u izvornom obliku (nezasticeno)" means in plain text form, which is not secure and can be easily intercepted. Therefore, both options are correct as they represent different levels of security in transmitting the access parameters.

The correct answer is "mreznom interfejsu" (to the network interface). Internet Protocol address and network mask are assigned to the network interface, which is responsible for connecting a device to a network. The network interface acts as a bridge between the device and the network, allowing the device to send and receive data. The IP address and network mask are essential for identifying and routing data packets within a network.

The addresses obtained through the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) are valid for a negotiated period of time. This means that the IP addresses assigned to devices on a network using DHCP will remain valid for a specific duration as agreed upon during the DHCP lease negotiation process. After this negotiated time period, the IP addresses may be released and assigned to other devices on the network.

In order to establish a connection in the TCP protocol, it is necessary to use three segments without user data. This refers to the three-way handshake process used by TCP to establish a reliable connection between a client and a server. The three segments involved are the SYN segment, the SYN-ACK segment, and the ACK segment. These segments are used to synchronize sequence numbers and confirm the connection establishment. The absence of user data in these segments ensures that the focus is solely on establishing the connection before any data transmission occurs.

For delivery of packages in a local network, physical addresses are used. Physical addresses, also known as MAC addresses, are unique identifiers assigned to network devices. They are used to identify the specific hardware device within the network and facilitate the delivery of data packets to the intended recipient. Logical addresses, on the other hand, are used for communication between different networks. Symbolic addresses are not commonly used in network communication.

The correct answer is 32 bita, fiksno. This means that the header length of the Internet Protocol is always fixed at 32 bits. The header is a crucial part of the IP packet as it contains important information such as the source and destination IP addresses, version number, and other control flags. Regardless of the specific data being transmitted, the header length remains constant.

An autonomous system refers to a collection of IP networks that are under the control of a single organization or entity. These networks are interconnected and operate based on a common routing policy. The administration and management of these networks are handled by the organization that owns them. Therefore, an autonomous system is the correct term for a network that uses public IP addresses and is administered by a single organization.

The correct answer is 1.024 — 49.151. This range includes numbers starting from 1.024 up to 49.151. It does not include the lower values such as 0 and 65.536, nor the higher values such as 127.000 and 65.535. This range is commonly used for registered ports, which are assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for specific services or protocols.

The given correct answer is 16. This suggests that the value of the port has a bit length of 16. In computer networking, a port is a communication endpoint for sending and receiving data. The bit length of a port refers to the number of bits used to represent the port number. In this case, the port value is represented using 16 bits, allowing for a range of 2^16 possible port numbers.

Segmentacija je proces podele podataka sa sloja aplikacije na delove pogodne za transport putem TCP protokola. Ovaj proces omogućava da se veliki skup podataka podeli na manje delove, koji se zatim šalju preko mreže koristeći TCP protokol. Segmentacija je važna jer omogućava efikasniji i pouzdan prenos podataka preko mreže, smanjujući rizik od gubitka ili oštećenja podataka.

The correct answer is server. In the context of electronic mail services, Termin Message Transfer Agent (MTA) refers to a component that operates on the server side. It is responsible for routing and transferring email messages between different mail servers. MTA ensures reliable delivery of emails by following the appropriate protocols and handling any errors or failures that may occur during the transfer process. Therefore, MTA is directly associated with the server functionality rather than the client or the protocol.

In the basic software implementation at the application layer, applications and services are included. This means that the correct answer is "aplikacije,servisi". The other options, "mrezni protokoli" (network protocols) and "operativni sistemi" (operating systems), do not fall under the application layer but are part of other layers in the software architecture.

The transport layer in the OSI and TCP/IP communication models is responsible for establishing communication between nodes in a local network. It ensures reliable delivery of data packets between these nodes, handling issues such as packet loss, reordering, and congestion control. This layer is not involved in communication between remote computers or neighboring and non-neighboring computer networks, as stated in the other options.

The existence of multiple network gateways to the same destination network with the same metric usually indicates load balancing. Load balancing is a technique used to distribute network traffic evenly across multiple gateways, ensuring efficient utilization of resources and preventing congestion on a single gateway. This helps to improve network performance and reliability by spreading the workload across multiple paths.

The correct answer is "Prevodjenje mreznih adresa". This suggests that the question is asking for a preference among the three options provided. Since "Prevodjenje mreznih adresa" is the only option that makes sense as a preference, it can be inferred that this is the correct answer. However, without further context or information, it is difficult to provide a more specific explanation.

IMAP and POP3 are both examples of protocols used for receiving electronic mail. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) allows users to access their emails from multiple devices and keeps the emails stored on the mail server. POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) allows users to download their emails to their local device and deletes them from the server. Both protocols are widely used in email clients and provide different options for managing and accessing emails. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used for transferring files, while SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used for sending emails. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is used for accessing websites.

The correct answer is "prevodjenje simbolickih imena u adrese Internet protokola" which translates to "translation of symbolic names into Internet protocol addresses." This refers to the main functionality of DNS (Domain Name System) which is to convert human-readable domain names (such as www.example.com) into IP addresses (such as 192.168.0.1) that computers use to identify each other on the internet. This translation is essential for establishing connections and enabling communication between devices on the internet.

NTP stands for Network Time Protocol, which is used to synchronize the clocks of computers on a network. It allows devices to obtain accurate time information from a reference time source, such as an atomic clock. NTP is crucial for various applications that require precise timekeeping, such as financial transactions, network logging, and distributed systems. Unlike FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), NTP specifically focuses on time synchronization rather than file transfer, email communication, or web browsing.

The correct answer is "pozicija na kojoj se bitovi dva niza razlikuju" because exclusive disjunction, also known as XOR operation, is used to determine the position at which the bits of two arrays differ. This operation compares the corresponding bits of the two arrays and returns a new array where each bit is set to 1 if the corresponding bits in the original arrays are different, and 0 if they are the same. Therefore, it helps identify the differing positions between two arrays.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is a protocol used for network administration. It allows network administrators to manage and monitor network devices such as routers, switches, and servers. SNMP provides a standardized way to collect and organize information about network devices, and it allows administrators to remotely manage and configure these devices. Therefore, the correct answer is "administriranje mreze" which means "network administration" in English.

The given correct answer states that the Internet Protocol address range 127.0.0.0/8 is intended for use within a local computer. This range is commonly known as the loopback address, and it is used to test network connectivity on the local machine. When a network application sends data to the loopback address, it is immediately received by the same machine without being transmitted over the network. This allows for testing and troubleshooting network applications without the need for external communication.

The correct answer is "preostali broj dozvoljenih skokova paketa". The TTL field in the IP packet header is used to indicate the remaining number of hops or routers that the packet can pass through before it is discarded. Each time the packet passes through a router, the TTL value is decremented by one. If the TTL value reaches zero, the packet is dropped and an error message may be sent back to the source. This mechanism helps prevent packets from circulating indefinitely in the network.

The correct answer is "promenljiva." The header length of TCP segments can vary depending on the options and extensions being used. Unlike the other options that specify a fixed length (32 bits or 160 bits), a variable header length allows for flexibility and adaptability in the TCP protocol.

The correct answer is "protokola korisnickih datagrama, UDP." This is because VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) and video conferences require real-time communication, and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that is suitable for such applications. UDP provides faster transmission with lower latency compared to TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), which is a connection-oriented protocol. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used for transferring files, but it is not specifically designed for real-time communication like VoIP and video conferences.

The correct answer is "otvorenost standarda" and "pripadnost jezicima za oznacavanje". JSON has an advantage over XML in terms of open standards, meaning that it is not tied to any specific vendor or platform. It is a widely accepted and adopted standard for data interchange. Additionally, JSON has better support for programming languages, making it easier to work with and manipulate data in various programming environments.

The process of breaking down datagrams into smaller fragments to meet the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) limitations in the intermediate network is called fragmentation. This allows the datagrams to be transmitted over the network without exceeding the maximum size allowed by the network.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a commonly used protocol for transferring files between remote computers. It allows for asynchronous file transfer, meaning that the sender and receiver do not need to be actively engaged in the transfer at the same time. FTP is designed specifically for file transfer and includes features such as file compression, directory listing, and file permissions. Therefore, it is a suitable protocol for performing asynchronous file transfers between remote computers.

The correct answer is "protokola za prenos fajlova, FTP" because the question is asking about the services of the Internet that involve the use of a protocol for file transfer. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol used for transferring files from one host to another over a TCP-based network, making it the appropriate choice in this context. The other options mentioned, TCP and UDP, are protocols for controlling and transmitting data over the internet, but they are not specifically designed for file transfer.

Protokoli zasnovani na vektorima udaljenosti su protokoli za rutiranje koji ne formiraju topologiju celokupne mreže, već samo imaju informaciju o susednim ruterima. Oni koriste vektor udaljenosti koji sadrži informaciju o udaljenosti do odredišta i sledeće susedne ruterima. Ovi protokoli ne razmenjuju informacije o celokupnoj mreži kao što to rade protokoli koji koriste stanje veza. Eksterni protokoli za rutiranje se koriste za rutiranje između različitih autonomnih sistema, dok interni protokoli za rutiranje se koriste unutar istog autonomnog sistema.

The correct answer is "sistem domenskih imena" (domain name system). The domain name system is responsible for translating symbolic addresses, such as domain names, into logical IP addresses. It acts as a directory service, allowing users to access websites and other resources using human-readable names instead of numerical IP addresses. The domain name system maintains a distributed database that maps domain names to IP addresses, facilitating the routing of internet traffic.

The basic task of the network layer in the OSI and TCP/IP communication models is addressing in local computer networks. This means that the network layer is responsible for assigning unique addresses to devices within a local network, allowing them to communicate with each other. This addressing is essential for routing data packets within the network and ensuring that they reach the intended destination.

If there is a difference in one bit of the last octet between the local and destination addresses, and the local network mask belongs to class C, the packet will be sent through a network gateway.

During the transmission of packets through multiple computer networks (without using address translation-NAT), the logical addresses will be changing.

ICMP messages are encapsulated within Internet Protocol (IP) packets. ICMP is a network protocol used for diagnostic and troubleshooting purposes in IP networks. It is not encapsulated within protocols such as FTP or TCP, as mentioned in the other options. Therefore, the correct answer is "Internet protokola".

For the normal functioning of an electronic mail service on the Internet, the use of a domain name system is necessary. The domain name system is responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses, allowing email servers to locate and communicate with each other. Without a domain name system, email servers would not be able to find the correct destination for delivering emails. Therefore, the correct answer is the system of domain names.

The correct answer is "podela horizonta" and "podela horizonta sa zatrovanim povratnim rutama." These mechanisms are used to prevent routing loops in the RIP protocol. The "podela horizonta" technique involves not advertising a route back to the router it was learned from, thus preventing loops. The "podela horizonta sa zatrovanim povratnim rutama" technique adds an additional step of advertising a poisoned reverse route, which is a route with an infinite metric, to further prevent loops.

The correct answer is "sinhronizaciju vremena clanova mreze" which translates to "synchronizing the time of network members" in English. The NTP protocol, which stands for Network Time Protocol, is used to synchronize the clocks of computers and other devices in a network. It ensures that all devices have the same accurate time, which is crucial for various network operations and applications that rely on synchronized time.

The fields in the TCP protocol segment header include the sender's port, checksum, window size, and the remaining number of hops (TTL). The sender's port is necessary to identify the application or process sending the data. The checksum is used for error detection in the data transmission. The window size indicates the amount of data that the receiver can accept at a time. The TTL field represents the remaining number of hops that a packet can pass through before being discarded. The IP address of the receiver is not a field in the TCP segment header.

The valid decimal representations of binary octets for network masks are those that consist of combinations of the numbers 0 and 255. In this case, the decimal numbers 255, 128, 0, 224, and 252 are all valid decimal representations of binary octets for network masks.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for sending email messages between servers. The default transport protocol used by SMTP is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). TCP ensures reliable and ordered delivery of data packets, making it suitable for transmitting email messages. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee reliable delivery, making it unsuitable for SMTP. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is used for web communication, while POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are used for email retrieval, not for the transport of email messages.

The most commonly used protocol at the network layer is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP is responsible for ensuring reliable and ordered delivery of data packets over a network. It establishes a connection between two devices, breaks data into packets, sends them, and verifies their successful delivery. TCP also handles congestion control and flow control to optimize network performance. This protocol is widely used in applications that require guaranteed delivery of data, such as web browsing, email, and file transfer.

The given answer includes the basic seed of uniform resource locators (URLs) for web services. These include "www" for World Wide Web, "http" for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and "mailto" for email addresses. These are commonly used prefixes in URLs to specify the type of resource and how it should be accessed. Other options like "ftp", "web", "https", and "ftps" are not part of the basic seed for web service locators.

The given answer includes the IP address ranges 192.168.0.0/16, 172.16.0.0/12, and 10.0.0.0/8. These IP address ranges are private IP addresses that are commonly used within local networks. In order for devices with these private IP addresses to access the internet, Network Address Translation (NAT) must be used. NAT allows multiple devices within a local network to share a single public IP address when communicating with the internet. This helps conserve public IP addresses and provides a layer of security by hiding the internal IP addresses from external networks.

The basic methods for adding routes to the routing table include using routing protocols, manually entering routes by the administrator, and automatic discovery through the Internet. These methods allow the router to learn and maintain a list of available routes to forward network traffic efficiently.

Ports on the transport layer of the OSI and TCP/IP communication models are used to determine the process for delivering data. Each process or application running on a device is assigned a unique port number, and when data is sent, the port number is used to determine which process should receive the data. This allows for the proper delivery of data to the intended recipient.

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The correct answer is deo koji odredjuje clana mreze, deo koji odredjuje mrezu, deo koji odredjuje preostalo vreme postojanja paketa. This is because in the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), the address is divided into three parts: the network portion, which determines the network to which the device belongs, the host portion, which determines the specific device within the network, and the time-to-live (TTL) field, which determines the remaining time for the packet to exist before it is discarded.

The tasks of segmenting data and delivering it to the application are part of the transport layer in both the OSI and TCP/IP communication models. The transport layer is responsible for breaking data into smaller segments and ensuring that they are correctly delivered to the receiving application. This involves adding necessary headers and sequencing information to the segments, as well as providing error checking and flow control mechanisms. Once the data segments reach the destination, the transport layer reassembles them and delivers the complete data to the application layer.

The given answer correctly identifies the rules that ensure reliability in the TCP protocol. These rules include the ability to change the order of received segments, discarding duplicate segments, requiring acknowledgment of received segments, and the ability to correct damaged segments if possible. These rules help ensure that data is transmitted accurately and reliably over the network.

The parameters that are assigned to network members through the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) include the default gateway address, network mask, and the addresses of active members in the network. These parameters are essential for network communication and connectivity. The default gateway address is the IP address of the router that connects the local network to other networks. The network mask is used to determine the network portion of an IP address. The addresses of active members in the network are assigned by the DHCP server to ensure that each member has a unique IP address within the network.

The fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IPv4) address range 224.0.0.0/4 is used for addressing multiple recipients, using routing protocols, manually entering routes by administrators, and for automatic discovery through the Internet Protocol.