Metodologija Razvoja Softvera

A kontrolna tacka ili milestone u okviru metodologija razvoja softvera je tačka u projektu koja označava završetak određene faze i postizanje određenih rezultata. Ona sumira rezultate prethodne faze i služi kao osnova za donošenje značajnih odluka za ceo projekat. Takođe, predstavlja dogovor između naručioca posla i realizatora i služi kao osnova za razvoj naredne faze.

RUP (Rational Unified Process) je metodologija razvoja softvera koja se oslanja na jezik UML (Unified Modeling Language). UML je standardizovani jezik za vizuelizaciju, specifikaciju, konstrukciju i dokumentaciju softvera. RUP koristi UML kao osnovu za modeliranje i analizu sistema, što omogućava timovima da jasnije razumeju zahteve, arhitekturu i procese razvoja softvera.

According to the Kanban method, the maximum number of tasks that can be worked on in the solution development phase with a team of four is six.

The correct answer is the implementation of the software development life cycle, which includes activities for each phase, rules for each activity, quality and deliverability standards, team organization, and tools and techniques. This explanation describes the process of implementing the entire software development life cycle, including the necessary activities, rules, standards, organization, and tools and techniques required for successful software development.

The correct answer is Chain of Responsibility. The Chain of Responsibility pattern allows you to send a request to a chain of classes, which will decide whether to handle the request or pass it to the next class in the chain. This pattern promotes loose coupling between the sender and receiver of a request, as well as flexibility in dynamically adding or modifying the classes in the chain.

The correct answer is the type of design patterns that provide a way to create objects by hiding the creation logic, rather than directly instantiating objects using the new operator. These patterns are known as creational patterns and they help in creating objects in a flexible and efficient manner.

The traditional methodologies refer to the sequential and linear approach to software development. The Waterfall methodology, also known as Vodopad, is a traditional methodology that follows a sequential process, where each phase is completed before moving onto the next. Agile MSF, RUP, Spiral, Scrum, and Design Thinking are all iterative and flexible methodologies that do not fall under the traditional category.

The correct answer is Ford. Ford is often associated with the application of the basic Lean concept in automobile production. Lean manufacturing focuses on reducing waste, improving efficiency, and maximizing value for the customer. Ford has implemented Lean principles such as just-in-time production, continuous improvement, and eliminating non-value-added activities in their manufacturing processes. This has helped Ford streamline their operations, reduce costs, and deliver high-quality vehicles to their customers.

Kanban je okvir koji se koristi za implementaciju agilnog razvoja softvera. U ovom okviru, tim koristi limitirani set zadataka koji se povlači (pull) kroz tok vrednosti (value stream) u realnom vremenu. Ovo omogućava članovima tima da u svakom trenutku imaju uvid u stanje svakog dela posla. Kanban pomaže timu da vizualizuje radne zadatke, prati napredak i identifikuje eventualne prepreke ili uska grla u procesu. Ova metoda omogućava kontinuirano poboljšavanje timskog rada i efikasnost u isporuci softvera.

The role of a tester according to the MSF framework is to find errors, test all modules to ensure that the final solution is as stable as possible, and compare the functionality of the program with the goals and vision of the project.

The correct answer is the waterfall model of software development. This model consists of strictly defined sequential processes that describe the phases of software development, where the next phase is only entered after the previous phase is completely finished.

Google je razvio Design Sprint, koji je metodologija za brzo prototipiranje i testiranje ideja. Design Sprint je razvijen u Google Ventures (GV), investicijskoj grani Googlea, kao način za brzo i efikasno rješavanje složenih problema i razvoj novih proizvoda. Metodologija je postala popularna i široko korištena u industriji tehnologije i dizajna.

The correct answer is Iterator. The Iterator pattern is used to traverse a collection of elements without exposing its underlying representation. It provides a way to access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its internal structure. In this scenario, we need to iterate through the collection of employees and increase the salary of each employee who earns less than 500e by 100e. The Iterator pattern would be the most appropriate choice to achieve this functionality efficiently.

The first formal description of the waterfall model was given in the 1970s. This model is a sequential design process in which progress flows steadily downwards through the phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. It was introduced by Dr. Winston W. Royce in a paper published in 1970, titled "Managing the Development of Large Software Systems." The waterfall model was one of the earliest software development methodologies and laid the foundation for many subsequent models and approaches.

In the empathy phase of Design Thinking, empathy maps are defined. This phase involves understanding and empathizing with the users or customers for whom the design solution is being created. Empathy maps help in gaining insights into the users' needs, desires, and pain points, which then inform the design process. This phase is crucial for developing a deep understanding of the users and their experiences, which ultimately leads to creating more effective and user-centered solutions.

To ensure that clients use the same instance of class A, the Singleton pattern should be applied. The Singleton pattern restricts the instantiation of a class to a single object, ensuring that only one instance of the class exists throughout the program. This guarantees that all clients will access and use the same instance of class A.

During the Envisioning phase of the MSF framework, the goals, scope, and constraints of the project are identified. The feasibility of the project is considered, necessary resources are estimated, a project team is formed, and risks are analyzed. This phase also involves preparing the environment for the solution implementation, updating documentation, creating a testing plan, security plan, backup plan, and conducting training.

The correct answer is "Proaktivno upravljanje, odlučivanje i kontinualna ocena rizika tokom životnog ciklusa razvoja softvera." This answer suggests that risk management involves actively identifying and assessing risks, making decisions based on that assessment, and continuously evaluating and monitoring risks throughout the software development lifecycle. It emphasizes the importance of taking a proactive approach to managing risks rather than simply reacting to them as they arise.

The Bridge design pattern separates a large number of closely related classes into two separate class hierarchies: Abstraction and Implementation. This allows the two hierarchies to vary independently, enabling changes in one hierarchy to not affect the other. The Bridge pattern promotes loose coupling between the abstraction and implementation, making it easier to extend and modify the system.

The correct answer is 1980-tih. This is because in the 1980s, there was a significant shift in software development methodologies towards iterative approaches. The Spiral model, which is mentioned in the question, was introduced by Barry Boehm in 1986. This model emphasized a repetitive and incremental approach to software development, where each iteration involved planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation. This marked a departure from the earlier waterfall model and laid the foundation for modern iterative methodologies such as Agile.

The basic goal of LEAN principles is to reduce all types of losses in production. This means identifying and eliminating any activities or processes that do not add value to the final product. By minimizing waste, such as excess inventory, overproduction, and defects, LEAN principles aim to improve efficiency, quality, and customer satisfaction. This can be achieved through various techniques, such as implementing standardized work processes, continuous improvement, and employee involvement. Overall, the focus is on optimizing the production process to eliminate waste and maximize value.

In the Design Thinking process, the phase where the points of view of the users (POV) are defined is the "Definisanje potreba korisnika" phase. This phase involves understanding and empathizing with the users, gaining insights into their needs, desires, and challenges. By defining the users' needs, the design team can better identify opportunities for innovation and create solutions that address those needs effectively.

The Builder pattern would be the appropriate pattern to use for creating the desired Happy Meal meal in this scenario. The Builder pattern allows for the step-by-step creation of complex objects, in this case, the Happy Meal, by separating the construction logic from the representation. It would allow the client to choose the drink, type of hamburger, and toy, and then construct the Happy Meal accordingly. This pattern provides flexibility and maintainability, as it allows for easy modification of the construction process without affecting the client code.

Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems that occur in software architecture. They provide a general solution for frequent issues in software development. These patterns involve reusable software code that offers a general solution for common problems in software development. They are not dependent on programming languages or specific technologies, making them applicable in various contexts.

The Adapter pattern allows classes with incompatible interfaces to work together without modifying their source code. It acts as a bridge between the two incompatible interfaces, converting the interface of one class into another interface that the client expects. This enables the client to use the adapted class as if it was the original class, facilitating collaboration between the two classes without the need for modification.

The Command pattern would be helpful in implementing this application. The Command pattern allows encapsulating a request as an object, thereby allowing clients to parameterize clients with queues, requests, or operations. In this case, the client can click on the "Turn-off" option, and the concrete command object will send requests to the receiver to turn off all the devices, without the need for the client to have knowledge of the individual devices or turn them off one by one.

The Visitor pattern allows you to define new operations on objects without changing their existing structure. This pattern separates the algorithm from the objects on which it operates, by defining a separate Visitor class that contains the new operations. The objects accept the visitor, which then performs the desired operations on them. This way, when you want to introduce new functionality to the objects, you can simply create a new visitor class without modifying the existing object structure.

MSF (Microsoft Solution Framework) is a set of models, rules, and guidelines for successful planning, designing, developing, and implementing business solutions by combining waterfall and spiral models. It provides a structured approach to software development that is iterative, architecture-centric, and driven by use cases.

Design Thinking je iterativni, nelinearni proces koji ima za cilj duboko razumeti korisnika, izazvati sopstvene pretpostavke i redefinisati probleme kako bi se identifikovala inovativna rešenja. Ova metodologija podrazumeva da se korisnik stavi u centar procesa razvoja, a kroz iterativne cikluse istraživanja, definisanja problema, generisanja ideja, prototipiziranja i testiranja, dolazi se do konačnog rešenja koje najbolje zadovoljava potrebe korisnika. Ovaj pristup omogućava timu da se fokusira na stvarne potrebe korisnika i da kreira inovativna rešenja koja će doneti stvarnu vrednost.

In the initial phase of software development according to the RUP methodology, activities such as defining the vision, domain, key requirements, actors, and use cases are carried out. This involves determining the overall goals and scope of the software, identifying the key stakeholders and their needs, and defining the specific features and functionalities that the software should have. This phase sets the foundation for the rest of the development process and helps ensure that the software meets the requirements and expectations of the users.

The Iterator pattern provides a solution for traversing through different collection structures. It allows us to access the elements of a collection sequentially without exposing the underlying structure of the collection. By using an iterator, we can iterate over the elements of a collection in a consistent and standardized way, regardless of the specific implementation of the collection. This pattern decouples the client code from the collection implementation, making it easier to change or extend the collection without affecting the client code.

The Memento pattern allows you to implement "undo" actions and restore the previous state of an object. It achieves this by capturing the internal state of an object and storing it externally, so that it can be restored later if needed. This pattern is useful in situations where you want to provide a way to revert changes or undo actions in your application.

The Strategy pattern would be the most suitable pattern to apply in this scenario. This pattern allows the user to select a specific transportation method based on the analysis of costs, time, and convenience. Each transportation method can be encapsulated in a separate strategy class, allowing for easy interchangeability and flexibility. The user can then select the desired strategy and pay for the service accordingly. This pattern promotes code reusability and maintainability, making it an ideal choice for developing an application with varying transportation options.

Design Thinking and Design Sprint are both methodologies that are focused on generating innovative solutions that address specific user needs. Design Thinking is a human-centered approach that emphasizes empathy, collaboration, and experimentation to understand and solve complex problems. Design Sprint, on the other hand, is a time-constrained process that helps teams quickly prototype and test ideas to validate their potential before investing further resources. Both methodologies prioritize user needs and aim to foster creativity and innovation in problem-solving.

The role of a Product Manager according to the MSF framework is to lead initial discussions with clients, gather requirements, negotiate scope, establish deadlines, constraints, and manage risks.

The basic types of software design patterns are structural patterns, creational patterns, and behavioral patterns. Structural patterns deal with the composition of classes and objects to form larger structures, while creational patterns focus on the creation of objects in a flexible and decoupled manner. Behavioral patterns, on the other hand, concentrate on the interaction between objects and the distribution of responsibilities.

If the implementation of the method depends on changes in the values of attributes and if there are many conditions that need to be checked, the State design pattern would be applied. This pattern allows an object to alter its behavior when its internal state changes, and it encapsulates the state-specific behavior into separate classes. This helps in managing complex conditional logic and promotes better code organization and maintainability.

The role of User Experience (UX) according to the MSF framework is to analyze the performance, user interfaces, and other functionalities of the software in order to make it more usable. This involves evaluating how well the software meets the needs and expectations of the users, identifying any errors or issues, and testing all modules to ensure the final solution is stable. The UX professional is responsible for comparing the functionality of the program with the project's goals and vision, ultimately aiming to improve the overall usability of the software.

The correct answer is the graph for tracking the progress of the sprint, where the remaining points for the team to complete are entered on a daily basis. This graph, known as the Sprint Burndown chart, helps the team visualize their progress and how much work is left to be done in the sprint. It allows them to track their velocity and make adjustments if needed to ensure they meet their sprint goals.

The Mediator pattern would be the most suitable choice for developing an application that allows connecting with friends on various social media platforms. This pattern promotes loose coupling between objects by introducing a mediator object that handles the communication between different objects. In this case, the mediator object would handle the communication between the application and the selected social media platform, allowing seamless connection with friends.

The correct answer is Template Method. The Template Method design pattern allows you to define a final method with clear steps (algorithm) for method implementation in an abstract class, which is common for all subclasses. This pattern provides a skeleton for the algorithm, allowing subclasses to provide their own implementation for certain steps while keeping the overall structure of the algorithm intact.

When representing an application model as a tree, the Composite pattern would be applied. The Composite pattern allows objects to be composed into tree structures, where each object can represent either a single leaf node or a group of objects. This pattern enables the client to treat individual objects and groups of objects uniformly, simplifying the structure and operations of the application model.

The given correct answer includes Scrum, OUP (Open Unified Process), and Design Thinking. These are all methodologies or frameworks used in software development. Scrum is an agile framework that focuses on iterative and incremental development. OUP is a software development process that combines the best practices from various methodologies. Design Thinking is a problem-solving approach that emphasizes empathy, experimentation, and collaboration. These methodologies and frameworks provide structured approaches for software development, ensuring efficient and effective development processes.

The correct answer is Abstract Factory because it allows you to create families of related objects without specifying their concrete classes. In this case, the application needs to create different parts of the car (wheels, engine, hood) from different factories. The Abstract Factory pattern provides an interface for creating these parts, allowing the application to create objects from the specific factories for each part. This ensures that the parts are compatible and consistent with the chosen car manufacturer.

The Decorator pattern allows the user to add new functionalities to an existing object without changing its structure. It acts as a wrapper around the original class and enables the addition of additional functionalities.

The correct answer is Vlasnik proizvoda (Product Owner), Scrum master, and Razvojni tim. In the SCRUM framework, the Product Owner is responsible for defining and prioritizing the product backlog, ensuring that the team is working on the most valuable features. The Scrum master is responsible for facilitating the Scrum process and removing any obstacles that may hinder the team's progress. The Razvojni tim (Development team) is responsible for delivering the product increment at the end of each sprint. These roles work together to ensure the successful implementation of the project.

The goal of the Sprint Planning Meeting in Scrum is to create a sprint backlog and estimate the duration of the sprint. This involves selecting user stories from the product backlog, prioritizing them, and determining how many can be completed within the sprint timeframe. The team also discusses and plans for any potential issues or challenges that may arise during the sprint. The meeting is focused on setting the direction for the upcoming sprint and ensuring that the team has a clear understanding of the work to be done.

Design Sprint je metodologija koja pomaže razvojnom timu da odgovori na kritična poslovna pitanja kroz brzi razvoj prototipa i testiranja od strane korisnika. Ova metoda omogućava timu da brzo iterira kroz različite ideje i koncepte, kako bi identifikovali najbolje rešenje za dati problem. Kroz design sprint, tim može efikasno testirati prototipe sa stvarnim korisnicima i prikupiti njihove povratne informacije, što omogućava donošenje informisanih odluka i poboljšanje finalnog proizvoda.

The three key disciplines of the MSF framework are process management, team management, and risk management. These disciplines are essential for successful project management and ensuring that processes are efficient, teams are effectively managed, and risks are identified and mitigated. By focusing on these disciplines, organizations can improve their project outcomes and increase their overall success rate.

The correct answer is Template Method. The Template Method pattern is used to define the skeleton of an algorithm in a superclass, allowing subclasses to provide specific implementations of certain steps of the algorithm. In this case, the Game class defines the overall structure of the game, with methods like initialize(), startPlay(), endPlay(), and play(). Subclasses can then extend the Game class and override the necessary methods to implement the specific behavior for different types of games, such as football or cricket. This ensures that the defined order of method execution is maintained across different game types.