Short Answers (Prose)
24 Questions
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- 1.
As noted in the Critical Thinking section of Weiten and McCann (2007, pp. 432-433), people display a number of common fallacies in their reasoning. Identify the fallacy in the following statement. Provide support for your answer. "We need to control street prostitution because it is currently unregulated."
- 2.
Indicate which theory of emotion--James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter's Two-Factor, or Evolutionary--applies in the examples given below. More than one theory may apply. Justify or support your explanation according to the components or characteristics of the theory. 2. It has been more than two years since Julie's mother died, but she still breaks into tears at the first thought of her. The feelings of loss have deeply saddened Julie and have caused her to withdraw from social contact with her friends. She says she feels depressed because she is always crying.
- 3.
Identify which broad category of test (i.e., mental ability, personality) and which type of specific test category (i.e., achievement, aptitude, intelligence, creativity) is illustrated by each of the following examples. You may refer to more than one kind of test. Support your answers, where appropriate, by commenting on the validity and reliability of the type of test that you identify. 3. George is a popular high-school student who has high scores in all his classes. He is now getting serious about applying for a scholarship. After taking a test administered by a chartered psychologist, George felt a bit uneasy about the test and his score on it. Since George has a way with words, he did well on items that required verbal ability. However, he was confused by the test items on picture completion, block design, picture arrangement, and object assembly. "After all," he complained, "just what do these kinds of things measure?"
- 4.
Although it does not explicitly indicate any of the theories, apply each of the theories of emotion--James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter's Two-Factor, and Evolutionary--to the example below. 1. David knew that the east end of town was a bad place to be alone and that he should have left the bar with his friends several hours ago. He noticed that his mouth became dry, his hands got sweaty, and his heart started pounding as three guys approached him for money and threatened to beat him up. David turned and ran hard in the other direction. The three assailants gave up after a brief chase.
- 5.
Indicate whether each of the following subjects is in Stage 1: Alarm, Stage 2: Resistance, or Stage 3: Exhaustion, of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, or not in any of the stages. Support your answer. 1. Jim was out of breath and his heart was pounding faster than he could ever remember. He startled his fellow hikers with his account of running hard after coming face-to-face with a bear. Jim immediately resolved to discontinue his brief excursions away from the main group of hikers.
- 6.
Using the DSM-IV categories discussed by Weiten and McCann (2007), indicate the most probable disorder diagnosis for the main character in each of the following examples. Support your answer. 2. During an interview, Rhonda told the psychologist that her house had been destroyed by a fire a few months ago. Later, she had learned that her insurance would cover only a small portion of the loss. Since that time, Rhonda has felt as though all her energy has been drained and she has had little interest in anything or anyone. To make matters worse, Rhonda has recently lost her job, although she admits this may have occurred because her drinking problem, which was under control for several years, has now become much worse.
- 7.
Jeremy was taken to a hospital emergency ward by his friends. When the emergency doctor went to examine Jeremy, she found him pacing the examining room, shouting obscenities at the nurses, and wringing his hands together. Jeremy told the doctor that he had died inside and that his body would soon be completely rotten.
- 8.
Describe Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome using an example of a situation that might be expected to lead to such a response. In addition, describe two constructive coping methods that would allow an individual in that situation to deal with the stressor.
- 9.
Identify the Piagetian stage of cognitive development of the main character in the following illustration. Support your answer. 1. Eleanor is distracted as she sits at her desk in class. She is thinking about her parents. "Maybe Mom is bitchy because Dad nagged her, or maybe because she and Dad are upset and worried about the kitchen renovation bills."
- 10.
Identify the stage of personality development, as proposed by Erikson, in the following scenario. Support your answer. 2. Jocelyn is 25 years old. She feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has made so far. Consequently, at this stage of her life, she is unwilling to search for a serious, committed relationship with another person.
- 11.
Is the following an illustration of a person-oriented, humanistic, or a trait-oriented approach? Support your answer. 3. Roger Carlson, a psychologist, has been studying adults who are considered by their peers to be well adjusted. He is interested in how they come to be well adjusted and what enables them to stay that way. Much of his research has focused on how these people view themselves and how this view was developed. He is also interested in how this perception continues to influence their behaviour as adults.
- 12.
Describe the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget. Discuss the major developmental changes associated with each of the stages.
- 13.
In each of the following examples, indicate the broad category of therapy (i.e., biological, insight, social-behavioural, biomedical) and the sub-therapy (i.e., psychoanalysis, client-centred, social skills training, drug treatment, behavioural, group, and so on) being used. Support your answer. 1. Mike went to a therapist because he felt inadequate at work and at home with his family. The therapist asked Mike to describe his childhood. After every few sentences Mike would stop, but his therapist would urge him to go on and say whatever came to mind.
- 14.
Heather is a smoker who is unable to quit, even though she knows that smoking is ruining her health. She finally decides to enter therapy in an attempt to control her desire for cigarettes. The therapist has Heather wear a rubber band on her wrist and tells her that every time she wants to have a cigarette she should snap the rubber band as hard as she can.
- 15.
In the following example, decide which theory applies: bystander effect or cognitive dissonance. Justify your answer. In the case of cognitive dissonance theory, explain how the dissonance is reduced. 3. Doris and her friends are eating lunch at their favourite sidewalk café. The place is very busy and they were lucky to find a table. Suddenly, they hear a loud crash from inside the restaurant, followed by voices yelling. One voice sounds like a woman and the other is definitely that of a man making threats. Doris looks at her friends. All of them shrug and continue with their lunc
- 16.
In the following conceptual exercise, the task is twofold. For each person in the scenario: (1) identify the attributions for success or failure on "internal-external" and "stable-unstable" dimensions; and (2) sift the attributions through the three bias filters (actor-observer bias, defensive attribution bias, and self-serving bias). Justify your answers. 1. At the local high-school graduation ceremony, Joan could not contain her pride over her daughter, May, being selected as class valedictorian. Joan said to her friend, Catherine, "A lot of her intelligence is inherited. Both Harry and I did well in school, too." Catherine did not want to burst Joan's bubble, but she could not help thinking, "If May wasn't such a nerd and enjoyed a social life instead of studying all the time, she'd probably barely pass. Besides, most bright students select an academically oriented school that prepares students for university entrance."
- 17.
A positive correlation means that as variable X goes up, variable Y also goes up. A negative correlation means that as variable X goes up, variable Y goes down. A coefficient is a numerical summary of the direction and strength (or pattern) of the linear association between the variables. What are the coefficients for: (a) a perfect positive correlation, (b) a perfect negative correlation, and (c) a perfect zero correlation? How do you interpret a zero correlation?
- 18.
Indicate whether or not the following illustration represents an experiment. If the illustration is an experiment, specify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and at least one controlled variable. Also, explain whether it is a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design, or both. Be able to justify each of your answers. Charlie, a physical education teacher, noticed that Linus, a high school senior, seemed disinterested in class all through the week even though he performed correctly. Charlie discussed the matter with Linus's father, with the result that Linus's weekly allowance was reduced by half. Charlie then observed that Linus began to perform vigorously in class.
- 19.
Indicate whether or not the following illustration represents an experiment. If the illustration is an experiment, specify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and at least one controlled variable. Also, explain whether it is a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design, or both. Be able to justify each of your answers. Dr. Nells was interested in poetry learning. He devised a project that involved two groups of Grade 10 students. One group read the poem "In Flanders Fields" and saw a documentary film illustrating each theme in the poem. The other group read the poem but did not see the film. Both groups were then given the same test on the poem. Dr. Nells found that the film-study group did better than the other group on test items based on information from the film. However, on test items not based on the film, the film-study group achieved less than the group that did not see the film.
- 20.
"Human behaviour is primarily caused by environmental factors." Which school of psychology would be most likely to agree with the above statement? Provide reasons for your answer.
- 21.
Identify which broad category of test (i.e., mental ability, personality) and which type of specific test category (i.e., achievement, aptitude, intelligence, creativity) is illustrated by each of the following examples. You may refer to more than one kind of test. Support your answers, where appropriate, by commenting on the validity and reliability of the type of test that you identify. Rick was writing a test for admission to pilot school. He was required to visualize pictures from a different angle and then draw them.
- 22.
Indicate which theory of emotion--James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter's Two-Factor, or Evolutionary--applies in the examples given below. More than one theory may apply. Justify or support your explanation according to the components or characteristics of the theory. Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. You attribute your fear to the fact that you are shaking.
- 23.
Indicate which theory of emotion--James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter's Two Factor, or Evolutionary--applies in the example given below. More than one theory may apply. Justify or support your explanation according to the components or characteristics of the theory. Steven was always interested in the stock market and had invested a lot of the family's assets, including a second mortgage on the family home, in a high-risk mining venture. When mining venture collapsed, Steven was devastated. He felt terrible about the loss and did not know how to tell his family about it. Steven told his best friend, Bernie, that he felt "sick to his stomach"--a feeling that leaves him anxious and depressed because he has jeopardized his family's welfare.
- 24.
Although the following example does not explicitly indicate any of the theories, apply each of the theories of emotion--James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter's Two-Factor, and Evolutionary--to this example. Harry was exhausted from a busy day at the office. Even though he was in a hurry to get home, he was cautious driving on the slippery freeway. A short distance from a set of traffic lights, another driver cut in front of Harry and he had to hit the brakes. Harry swerved a bit into the other lane of traffic, but he managed to come to a stop without incident. Harry's heart beat rapidly, his face turned flush, and his stomach tied itself into knots. He was enraged at the other driver. Harry angrily honked his horn and impulsively sent an obscene gesture toward him for almost causing a serious accident. When Harry arrived home he mentioned the "close call" to his wife, saying, "I'm frustrated and angry that there is still no way of getting those menacing drivers off the road.
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Nov 02, 2017Quiz Edited by
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Oct 30, 2010Quiz Created by
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