Radiobiology Final Review
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
What is the most abundant compound in the human body?
- A.
Carbohydrate
- B.
Lipid
- C.
Nucleic Acid
- D.
Protein
- E.
Water
Correct Answer
E. WaterExplanation
Water is the most abundant compound in the human body because it makes up about 60% of our total body weight. It is found in every cell, tissue, and organ, and plays a crucial role in various biological processes. Water helps regulate body temperature, transports nutrients and waste products, lubricates joints, and acts as a medium for chemical reactions. Without water, our body would not be able to function properly.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which cellular salt is found predominantly outside the cell?
- A.
Carbohydrate
- B.
Lipid
- C.
Potassium
- D.
Sodium
- E.
Water
Correct Answer
D. SodiumExplanation
Sodium is found predominantly outside the cell. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of fluids in the body and is involved in various physiological processes such as nerve function and muscle contraction. Sodium is primarily found in extracellular fluid, which includes the fluid outside the cells. It helps regulate the osmotic pressure and maintains the overall balance of electrolytes in the body.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which of the following cell compounds is the basic building block of cells and tissues?
- A.
Carbohydrate
- B.
Lipid
- C.
Nucleic acid
- D.
Protein
- E.
Water
Correct Answer
D. ProteinExplanation
Proteins are the basic building blocks of cells and tissues. They are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are joined together to form long chains. These chains fold into complex three-dimensional shapes, allowing them to carry out a wide range of functions within the cell. Proteins are involved in processes such as cell signaling, enzyme catalysis, and transportation of molecules. They are also responsible for the structural integrity of cells and provide support to tissues.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Enzymes are an example of which of the following?
- A.
Carbohydrate
- B.
Lipid
- C.
Nucleic Acid
- D.
Protein
- E.
Water
Correct Answer
D. ProteinExplanation
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biological reactions. They speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Proteins are made up of amino acids and have a complex three-dimensional structure that allows them to carry out their specific functions. Therefore, enzymes are a specific type of protein.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following organelles catabolize nutrients through oxidation?
- A.
ER
- B.
Golgi complex
- C.
Lysosome
- D.
Mitochrondria
- E.
Ribosome
Correct Answer
D. MitochrondriaExplanation
Mitochondria are organelles that catabolize nutrients through oxidation. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate most of the cell's energy in the form of ATP through a process called cellular respiration. This process involves the oxidation of glucose and other nutrients to produce energy. Therefore, mitochondria are responsible for breaking down and oxidizing nutrients to release energy for the cell's activities.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following binds with adenine?
- A.
Cytosine
- B.
Guanine
- C.
Thymine
Correct Answer
C. ThymineExplanation
Adenine binds with Thymine. Adenine and Thymine are complementary base pairs in DNA. They form two hydrogen bonds with each other, which helps to stabilize the DNA structure. Cytosine and Guanine also bind together through three hydrogen bonds, but they do not bind with adenine.Rate this question:
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- 7.
What is another term for a diploid number of chromosomes in somatic cells?
- A.
Haploid
- B.
N
- C.
2n
- D.
3n
- E.
4n
Correct Answer
C. 2nExplanation
The term "2n" refers to the diploid number of chromosomes in somatic cells. Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent. This is in contrast to haploid cells, which only have one set of chromosomes. The "2n" notation is commonly used to represent the diploid number in genetics and biology.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following components of DNA bind the sugars to each other?
- A.
Adenine
- B.
Cytosine
- C.
Phosphoric acid
- D.
Purine
- E.
Pyrimidine
Correct Answer
C. Phosphoric acidExplanation
Phosphoric acid is a crucial component of DNA because it forms the backbone of the DNA molecule. It binds the sugars (deoxyribose) together through phosphodiester bonds, creating a stable structure. The sugars are attached to the phosphate group of phosphoric acid, forming a repeating chain that connects the nucleotide units in DNA. This binding of sugars to each other by phosphoric acid is essential for the stability and integrity of the DNA molecule.Rate this question:
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- 9.
During which stage of mitosis do the chromatids migrate along the spindle to opposing poles of the cell?
- A.
Anaphase
- B.
Interphase
- C.
Telophase
- D.
Metaphase
- E.
Prophase
Correct Answer
A. AnaphaseExplanation
During anaphase, the chromatids, which are the replicated copies of chromosomes, migrate along the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell. This movement is facilitated by the shortening of the spindle fibers, which pulls the chromatids towards the poles. As a result, each pole of the cell receives a complete set of chromosomes, ensuring that each daughter cell will have the correct number of chromosomes. Therefore, anaphase is the stage of mitosis during which the chromatids migrate to opposing poles of the cell.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The synthesis of DNA occurs during which of the following stages?
- A.
Anaphase
- B.
Interphase
- C.
Metaphase
- D.
Prophase
- E.
Telophase
Correct Answer
B. InterphaseExplanation
During interphase, the cell undergoes preparation for cell division, including DNA replication. This is the stage where the synthesis of DNA occurs, as the cell duplicates its genetic material to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. Anaphase, metaphase, prophase, and telophase are all stages of mitosis, which follow interphase.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Meiosis occurs in which type of cells?
- A.
Chromosomes
- B.
Germ
- C.
Parenchymal
- D.
Somatic
- E.
Stromal
Correct Answer
B. GermExplanation
Meiosis occurs in germ cells. Germ cells are the reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and eggs. During meiosis, these cells undergo a specialized type of cell division that results in the formation of haploid gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction and ensures genetic diversity in offspring.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following can be defined as when any type of radiation deposits its energy directly in the critical target?
- A.
Radiolysis
- B.
Direct action
- C.
Indirect action
- D.
Isotonic effect
- E.
Elastic effect
Correct Answer
B. Direct actionExplanation
Direct action can be defined as when any type of radiation deposits its energy directly in the critical target. This means that the radiation interacts directly with the target, causing damage or other effects without the need for any intermediate steps or interactions. This is in contrast to indirect action, where the radiation interacts with other molecules or substances first before affecting the critical target.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following stage of the cell cycle immediately precedes mitosis?
- A.
G0
- B.
G1
- C.
G2
- D.
G3
- E.
M
Correct Answer
C. G2Explanation
G2 is the correct answer because it is the stage of the cell cycle that occurs after DNA replication in the S phase and before mitosis. During G2, the cell prepares for cell division by synthesizing proteins and organelles needed for mitosis. This stage allows the cell to ensure that all DNA has been replicated correctly and any errors are repaired before entering mitosis. Therefore, G2 is the immediate stage that precedes mitosis in the cell cycle.Rate this question:
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- 14.
What is represented by the following chemical formula: H0 + OH0 ------->H2O
- A.
Recombination of the free radicals producing no damage
- B.
Free radicals combining to form a new molecule that can be damaging to the cell
- C.
Free radicals reacting with normal molecules to form a new damaged structure
- D.
Free radicals reacting with macro molecules producing no damage
- E.
Destabilization of water
Correct Answer
A. Recombination of the free radicals producing no damageExplanation
The given chemical formula represents the recombination of free radicals, H0 and OH0, to form water (H2O). This recombination process does not cause any damage, as indicated by "producing no damage" in the answer choice. Free radicals are highly reactive species that can cause damage to cells by reacting with normal molecules and forming new damaged structures. However, in this case, the recombination of the free radicals results in the formation of a stable and harmless molecule, water.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Indirect actions comprise what percentage of interactions within cells?
- A.
5
- B.
25
- C.
50
- D.
75
- E.
95
Correct Answer
E. 95Explanation
The correct answer is 95. This means that indirect actions make up 95% of the interactions within cells. This suggests that most of the interactions that occur within cells are not direct, but rather involve some form of indirect communication or signaling. This could include processes such as the release of signaling molecules, the activation of signaling pathways, or the regulation of gene expression. Overall, this indicates that indirect actions play a crucial role in the functioning of cells.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following is an example of a low LET radiation?
- A.
Beta particles
- B.
Gamma rays
- C.
X-rays
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the options listed - beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays - are examples of low LET (Linear Energy Transfer) radiation. Low LET radiation refers to radiation that deposits its energy over a larger area as it travels through matter. This type of radiation is less ionizing and has a lower potential for causing damage to biological tissue compared to high LET radiation. Therefore, all of the options provided can be classified as low LET radiation.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following is true about high LET radiations?
- A.
Large mass
- B.
No charge
- C.
No mass
- D.
Travel fast
- E.
Sparsely ionizing
Correct Answer
A. Large massExplanation
High LET radiations have a large mass. This means that they have a significant amount of particles or energy associated with them, which can cause more damage to biological tissues compared to low LET radiations. The large mass of high LET radiations allows them to penetrate deeper into matter and interact more strongly with atoms and molecules, leading to greater ionization and potential harm.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which of the following keVs is the comparison unit utilized to calculate RBE?
- A.
100
- B.
200
- C.
250
- D.
300
- E.
350
Correct Answer
C. 250Explanation
The comparison unit utilized to calculate RBE is 250 keVs.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the following is a frame shift mutation?
- A.
Base damage
- B.
Cross linking
- C.
Double strand breaks
- D.
Point mutations
- E.
Single strand breaks
Correct Answer
C. Double strand breaks -
- 20.
Which of the following terms means gross structural changes in a chromosome after irradiation?
- A.
Aberrations
- B.
Anomalies
- C.
Lesions
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The term "aberrations" refers to gross structural changes in a chromosome after irradiation. Similarly, "anomalies" and "lesions" also refer to these changes. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as all three terms describe the same concept of gross structural changes in a chromosome after irradiation.Rate this question:
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- 21.
What percentage of single chromosome breaks are believed to heal by restitution?
- A.
10
- B.
25
- C.
50
- D.
75
- E.
95
Correct Answer
E. 95Explanation
95% of single chromosome breaks are believed to heal by restitution. This means that when a chromosome breaks, it has a high likelihood of being repaired and restored to its original structure. Restitution is a process in which the broken ends of the chromosome are rejoined, allowing for the preservation of genetic information and the normal functioning of the cell. This high healing rate indicates the efficiency of the cellular repair mechanisms in maintaining the integrity of the genome.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following aberrations occur after DNA replication?
- A.
Chromosome
- B.
Chromatid
Correct Answer
B. ChromatidExplanation
After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids that are held together by a centromere. Therefore, the correct answer is chromatid, as the replication process results in the formation of two chromatids from one original chromosome.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which type of mutation is more common with low LET radiations?
- A.
Frame
- B.
Point
- C.
Ring formation
- D.
Translocation
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. PointExplanation
Point mutations are more common with low LET (Linear Energy Transfer) radiations. Low LET radiations, such as X-rays and gamma rays, have lower energy and do not cause direct damage to DNA. Point mutations involve changes in a single nucleotide base pair, such as substitution, insertion, or deletion, in the DNA sequence. These mutations can alter the genetic code and potentially lead to changes in protein structure and function.Rate this question:
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- 24.
An acentric fragment of DNA lacks which of the following?
- A.
Centromere
- B.
Chromatids
- C.
Chromosomes
- D.
Purine
- E.
Pyrimidine
Correct Answer
A. CentromereExplanation
An acentric fragment of DNA lacks a centromere. The centromere is a region of DNA that plays a crucial role in cell division and is responsible for the attachment of the chromosomes to the spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis. Without a centromere, the DNA fragment would not be able to properly segregate and distribute during cell division.Rate this question:
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- 25.
The absorption of radiation by a water molecule results in the production of an ion pair. Which of the following represents an ion pair?
- A.
HOH, HOH+
- B.
HOH-, HOH
- C.
HOH+, HOH-
- D.
HOH, e-
- E.
HOH+, e-
Correct Answer
C. HOH+, HOH-Explanation
When a water molecule absorbs radiation, it can split into two ions: a positively charged ion (HOH+) and a negatively charged ion (HOH-). Therefore, the ion pair formed as a result of the absorption of radiation by a water molecule is HOH+, HOH-.Rate this question:
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- 26.
In which of the following types of cellular reponses to radiation does the cell die before it divides during interphase?
- A.
Division delay
- B.
Instant delay
- C.
Interphase death
- D.
Reproductive failure
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Interphase deathExplanation
Interphase death refers to the type of cellular response to radiation where the cell dies before it can divide during interphase. This means that the cell is unable to progress through the normal cell cycle and divide into two daughter cells. Instead, it undergoes cell death or apoptosis. This response can occur due to severe DNA damage caused by radiation, which triggers mechanisms within the cell to initiate cell death and prevent the transmission of damaged DNA to daughter cells.Rate this question:
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- 27.
In which of the following types of cellular responses to radiation does the cell die when attempting mitosis?
- A.
Division delay
- B.
Instant death
- C.
Interphase death
- D.
Reproductive failure
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. Reproductive failureExplanation
Reproductive failure refers to the type of cellular response to radiation where the cell dies when attempting mitosis. This means that when the cell is exposed to radiation and tries to divide, it fails to do so successfully and ultimately dies. This can occur due to severe damage to the cell's DNA or other critical components necessary for successful mitosis.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Apoptosis is another name for:
- A.
Division delay
- B.
Instant death
- C.
Interphase death
- D.
Reproductive failure
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Interphase deathExplanation
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that occurs during interphase, the phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division. It is a natural and controlled process that eliminates unwanted or damaged cells, helping to maintain tissue homeostasis. Therefore, the term "Interphase death" accurately describes apoptosis.Rate this question:
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- 29.
The ratio of the number of cells in mitosis at a given time to the total number of cells in the population is called:
- A.
Meiosis
- B.
Mitosis
- C.
Mitotic delay
- D.
Mitotic index
- E.
Mitotic overshoot
Correct Answer
D. Mitotic indexExplanation
The mitotic index refers to the ratio of the number of cells undergoing mitosis at a specific time to the total number of cells in the population. It is used as a measure of the rate of cell division and can provide information about the growth and proliferation of cells in a population.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following is the term for a cell population which contains cells in all phases of the cell cycle?
- A.
Apoptosis
- B.
Asynchronous
- C.
Extrapolation
- D.
Inelastic
- E.
Synchronous
Correct Answer
B. AsynchronousExplanation
Asynchronous is the correct answer because it refers to a cell population that contains cells in all phases of the cell cycle. In an asynchronous population, cells are at different stages of the cell cycle, including G1, S, G2, and M phases. This term is commonly used in cell biology and is important for studying cell cycle progression and cellular processes.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Which of the following is a theory given in your textbook as an underlying cause of mitotic delay?
- A.
A chemical involved in division is altered by irradiation
- B.
DNA synthesis does not progress at the same rate following irradiation
- C.
Proteins necessary for mitosis are not synthesized
- D.
Two of the above
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the above options are theories given in the textbook as underlying causes of mitotic delay. The first option suggests that a chemical involved in division is altered by irradiation, which can disrupt the normal progression of mitosis. The second option states that DNA synthesis does not progress at the same rate following irradiation, which can also lead to mitotic delay. The third option suggests that proteins necessary for mitosis are not synthesized, further contributing to the delay. Therefore, all three options provide potential explanations for mitotic delay.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which of the following types of response to cellular irradiation was investiaged by Puck and Marcus to determine cellular radiosensitivity?
- A.
Apoptosis
- B.
Division delay
- C.
Interphase death
- D.
Mitotic delay
- E.
Reproductive failure
Correct Answer
E. Reproductive failureExplanation
Puck and Marcus investigated reproductive failure as a type of response to cellular irradiation to determine cellular radiosensitivity. This means they studied how exposure to radiation affected the ability of cells to reproduce and divide. By examining reproductive failure, they were able to assess the sensitivity of cells to radiation and understand the impact it had on their reproductive capabilities.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Which of the following represents the x or horizontal axis on cell survival curves?
- A.
Dose of radiation
- B.
N
- C.
Percentage of cells surviving
- D.
D0
- E.
Dq
Correct Answer
A. Dose of radiationExplanation
The x or horizontal axis on cell survival curves represents the dose of radiation. This axis shows the different levels or amounts of radiation that cells are exposed to. By plotting the dose of radiation on the x-axis, we can observe the relationship between the radiation dose and the percentage of cells surviving. This helps in understanding the effect of radiation on cell survival and determining the dose required to achieve a certain level of cell death.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Which of the following represents the extrapolation number on cell survival curves?
- A.
Dose of radiation
- B.
N
- C.
Percentage of cells surviving
- D.
D0
- E.
Dq
Correct Answer
B. NExplanation
The value "n" represents the extrapolation number on cell survival curves. This number is used to estimate the surviving fraction of cells at low doses of radiation, beyond the range of experimental data. It helps in predicting the response of cells to radiation at lower doses and is an important parameter in radiobiology.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Which of the following represents the radiosensitivity of a cell population on cell survival curves?
- A.
Dose of radiation
- B.
N
- C.
Percentage of cells surviving
- D.
D0
- E.
Dq
Correct Answer
D. D0Explanation
D0 represents the radiosensitivity of a cell population on cell survival curves. It is the dose of radiation required to reduce the surviving fraction of cells to 37% (or 1/e) of the original population. A lower D0 value indicates higher radiosensitivity, meaning that the cell population is more easily killed by radiation.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Which of the following is (are) a part of the textbook's summarization of what can happen in a population of cells after irradiation?
- A.
Some cells will receive no damage to a critical site and will be unaffected
- B.
Some cells will accumulate enough damage to be lethal and will die in the next division
- C.
Some cells will accumulate enough damage to revert to stem cells
- D.
Two of the above
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. Two of the aboveExplanation
The textbook's summarization of what can happen in a population of cells after irradiation includes the following possibilities: Some cells will accumulate enough damage to be lethal and will die in the next division, and some cells will accumulate enough damage to revert to stem cells.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Which of the following types of dose response curves usually has a threshold?
- A.
Linear
- B.
Linear-quadratic
- C.
Sigmoid
- D.
Sigmoid-quadratic
- E.
Stochastic
Correct Answer
C. SigmoidExplanation
A sigmoid dose-response curve usually has a threshold. This means that there is a minimum dose required to produce a response. Below this threshold, there is no observable effect, but once the threshold is reached, the response increases gradually and then levels off. This type of curve is often seen in biological systems where there is a specific level of exposure needed to trigger a response.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Sublethal cell damage is associated with which of the following factors?
- A.
Radiation exposure is separated by time
- B.
Post-irradiation conditions are modified
- C.
Pre-irradiation conditions are modified
- D.
Two of the above
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Radiation exposure is separated by timeExplanation
Sublethal cell damage refers to damage that is not immediately lethal to the cell, but can still have long-term effects. This damage can occur due to radiation exposure. By separating radiation exposure by time, it allows the cells to repair some of the damage before the next exposure, reducing the overall damage and increasing cell survival. Therefore, radiation exposure being separated by time is associated with sublethal cell damage.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Repair of sublethal damage applies only to:
- A.
Gamma rays
- B.
Neutrons
- C.
X-rays
- D.
Two of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. Two of the aboveExplanation
Repair of sublethal damage applies to both gamma rays and X-rays. Neutrons, on the other hand, do not cause sublethal damage and therefore do not require repair.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which of the following statements best represents the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau?
- A.
Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are not actively dividing
- B.
Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are undifferentiated and have a long dividing future
- C.
Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are differentiated and have a long dividing future
- D.
Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are actively diving, undifferentiated, and have a long dividing future
- E.
Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells are that actively, differentiated, and have a long dividing future
Correct Answer
D. Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are actively diving, undifferentiated, and have a long dividing futureExplanation
The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are actively dividing, undifferentiated, and have a long dividing future. This means that cells that are rapidly dividing and have the potential to divide for a longer period of time are more susceptible to the damaging effects of ionizing radiation. This is because ionizing radiation primarily targets cells that are undergoing active division, as they are in a more vulnerable state compared to cells that are not actively dividing or are differentiated.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Which of the following statements represents the conclusions by Ancel and Vitemberger when modifying the hypothesis of Bergonie and Tribondeau? A. Stem cells are radiosensitive B. Radiation damage is influenced by biologic stresses on the cell C. Younger cells and tissue are more radiosensitive. D. Radiation damage is influenced by the conditions to which the cell is exposed pre-irradiation and post-irradiation
- A.
A & B only
- B.
C & D only
- C.
A & C only
- D.
B & D only
- E.
A, B, & C only
Correct Answer
D. B & D onlyExplanation
Ancel and Vitemberger concluded that radiation damage is influenced by biologic stresses on the cell and by the conditions to which the cell is exposed pre-irradiation and post-irradiation. This means that the correct answer is B & D only.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Which of the following cells best represents a differentiated cell?
- A.
Erythroblast
- B.
Myelocyte
- C.
Intestinal crypt cells
- D.
Spermatogonia
- E.
Spermatozoa
Correct Answer
E. SpermatozoaExplanation
Spermatozoa are the best representation of a differentiated cell because they are mature, specialized male reproductive cells that are capable of fertilizing an egg. They have a distinct structure and function, including a head containing genetic material, a midpiece with mitochondria for energy production, and a tail for movement. This level of specialization and functionality is characteristic of a fully differentiated cell.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Which of the following statements are part of the summary of the hypothesis of Bergonie and Tribondeau? A. Stem clles are radiosensitive B. Radation damage is influenced by biologic stress on the cell. C. Younger cells and tissue are more radiosensitive. D. Radiation damage is influenced by the conditions to which the cell is exposed pre-irradiation and post-irradiation.
- A.
A & B only
- B.
C & D only
- C.
A & C only
- D.
B & D only
- E.
A, B, & C only
Correct Answer
C. A & C onlyExplanation
The hypothesis of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that stem cells are radiosensitive and that younger cells and tissue are more radiosensitive. This means that statement A and C are part of the summary of their hypothesis.Rate this question:
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- 44.
What are the three categories of cell populations as presented in the textbook?
- A.
Differentiated, static, transit
- B.
Differentiated, multi-potential, transit
- C.
Differentiated, stern, static
- D.
Multi-potential, static, stem
- E.
Static, stem, transit
Correct Answer
E. Static, stem, transitExplanation
The correct answer is "Static, stem, transit". In the context of cell populations, "static" refers to cells that are in a non-dividing state, "stem" refers to cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, and "transit" refers to cells that are actively dividing and differentiating into specific cell types. These three categories represent different stages and characteristics of cell populations in terms of their division and differentiation abilities.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which of the following is an example of a FPM cell?
- A.
Basal cells of the epidermis
- B.
Fibroblasts
- C.
Lymphocytes
- D.
Muscle cells
- E.
Spermatogonia
Correct Answer
D. Muscle cellsExplanation
Muscle cells are an example of a FPM (fully differentiated postmitotic) cell. FPM cells are cells that have completed their differentiation process and are no longer capable of dividing. Muscle cells, once fully developed, cannot divide and are considered postmitotic. Therefore, they are an example of a FPM cell.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Which of the following groupings of cells is classified as highly radiosensitive?
- A.
Endothelial cells, gastric gland cells, osteoblast, chondroblast, spermatocyte, spermatid
- B.
Fibrocyte, chrondrocyte, muscle cells, nerve cells
- C.
Granulosa cells, myelocyte, intestinal crypt cells, basal cells of the epidermis
- D.
Granulocyte, osteocyte, spermatozoa, erythrocyte
- E.
Mature lymphocyte, erythroblast, certain spermatogonia
Correct Answer
E. Mature lymphocyte, erythroblast, certain spermatogoniaExplanation
The groupings of cells that are classified as highly radiosensitive are those that are actively dividing and have a short lifespan. Mature lymphocytes, erythroblasts, and certain spermatogonia fit this criteria. Mature lymphocytes are immune cells that are constantly dividing and replenishing the immune system. Erythroblasts are immature red blood cells that are rapidly dividing to produce mature red blood cells. Certain spermatogonia are the precursor cells for sperm production and are also actively dividing. These cells are highly radiosensitive because radiation can disrupt their division and lead to cell death.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Which of the following is (are) criterion that must be met for tissue effect assays to be of value?
- A.
The radiation must be administered in two doses separated by time
- B.
The radiation effect must be quantifiable
- C.
The radiation effect must increase with increasing radiation dose
- D.
Two of the above
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. Two of the aboveExplanation
For tissue effect assays to be of value, two criteria must be met. Firstly, the radiation must be administered in two doses separated by time. This is important because it allows for the observation of the cumulative effect of radiation on the tissue. Secondly, the radiation effect must be quantifiable. This means that the effect of radiation on the tissue must be measurable and able to be analyzed. These two criteria are necessary for tissue effect assays to provide meaningful and reliable results.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Which of the following statements is most closely associated with transplantation assays?
- A.
The clonogenic survival is assessed ins itu in the same irradiated animal
- B.
The clonogenic cells are transplanted to an irradiated animal
- C.
The cells are irradiated and then injected into another animal
- D.
Two of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. The cells are irradiated and then injected into another animalExplanation
Transplantation assays involve irradiating cells and then injecting them into another animal. This allows for the assessment of clonogenic survival in a different animal system. This method is commonly used in research to study the effects of radiation on cells and their ability to survive and grow in a new environment.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Which of the following represents the lethal dose that kills 50% of the xposed population in 30 days?
- A.
LD 50/30
- B.
LD 50
- C.
LD30/50
- D.
LD 30
- E.
LD 50/50
Correct Answer
A. LD 50/30Explanation
LD 50/30 represents the lethal dose that kills 50% of the exposed population in 30 days. This term is commonly used in toxicology to measure the potency of a substance. The LD 50/30 value indicates the amount of a substance that would be lethal to 50% of the population within a 30-day period. It is an important measure in determining the toxicity and potential harm of a substance.Rate this question:
-
- 50.
Which of the following types of assays are conducted on tissue that do not have clonogenic stem cells?
- A.
Functional assays
- B.
In-situ assays
- C.
Lethality assays
- D.
Transplantation assays
- E.
Stochastic assays
Correct Answer
A. Functional assaysExplanation
This one isn't graded because there are two answers, Functional assays, or Lethality assays.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Nov 09, 2010Quiz Created by
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