Ob Exam2
A test of how much is known about organizational behavior. Just the second exam.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
_____ is the view the individual has of himself or herself as a physical, social, and spiritual or moral being.
- A.
Self-concept
- B.
Self-efficacy
- C.
Organization-based self-esteem
- D.
Cognition
- E.
Personality
Correct Answer
A. Self-conceptExplanation
Self-concept refers to the view an individual has of themselves, encompassing their physical, social, and spiritual or moral being. It involves how they perceive and evaluate their own characteristics, abilities, and worth. Self-concept plays a crucial role in shaping one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, as it influences their confidence, self-esteem, and overall identity. It is a multidimensional construct that develops and evolves over time through experiences, interactions, and self-reflection.Rate this question:
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- 2.
_____ is the most important source of self-efficacy beliefs
- A.
Behavior models
- B.
Persuasion from others
- C.
Assessment of one's physical state
- D.
Assessment of one's emotional state
- E.
Prior experiences
Correct Answer
E. Prior experiencesExplanation
Prior experiences are the most important source of self-efficacy beliefs. This is because individuals' beliefs about their own abilities are largely influenced by their past experiences and achievements. Positive experiences and successful outcomes increase self-efficacy, while negative experiences and failures can decrease it. By reflecting on past experiences, individuals can gauge their own abilities and develop a sense of self-confidence and belief in their capabilities.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Since paid employment is a prime determinant of overall self-esteem, unemployment can have a devastating impact on an individual's self-esteem.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Paid employment is often seen as a measure of success and contributes to an individual's sense of self-worth and value. Therefore, when someone is unemployed, they may experience a loss of self-esteem and self-confidence. This can be particularly devastating as it can lead to feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness, and a negative impact on overall mental well-being. Thus, it is true that unemployment can have a significant and negative effect on an individual's self-esteem.Rate this question:
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- 4.
You are rushing to class when a fellow student stops you and begins to discuss a personal problem. You want to break off the conversation so that you can get to class on time. You glance at your watch, but the other student keeps talking. You say "I've got to go. I'm going to be late for class." He continues. You turn and start to walk away, but the other student follows you and keeps talking as if he never received any of your verbal and nonverbal signals that the conversation must end. Which of the following concepts best explains the student's behavior?
- A.
He has an external locus of control
- B.
He is a low self-monitor
- C.
He has high self-efficacy
- D.
He has low self-esteem
- E.
He rates high on the agreeableness dimension
Correct Answer
B. He is a low self-monitorExplanation
The concept of low self-monitoring refers to individuals who are less sensitive to social cues and less likely to adjust their behavior based on the situation or the reactions of others. In this scenario, the other student's behavior of not recognizing the verbal and nonverbal signals to end the conversation suggests a lack of sensitivity to social cues, indicating that he is a low self-monitor.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Many employees at Harley-Davidson factories have had the company logo tattooed on themselves. This example is an indication of ____.
- A.
Strong organizational identification
- B.
Low self-esteem
- C.
High self-monitoring
- D.
Low self-efficacy
- E.
High emotional intelligence
Correct Answer
A. Strong organizational identificationExplanation
The fact that many employees at Harley-Davidson factories have tattooed the company logo on themselves suggests that they have a strong organizational identification. This means that they have a strong sense of belonging and loyalty to the company, and they identify themselves closely with its values and goals.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Among the Big Five personality dimensions, _____ had the strongest positive correlation with job performance.
- A.
Extroversion
- B.
Agreeableness
- C.
Conscientiousness
- D.
Emotional stability
- E.
Openness to experience
Correct Answer
C. ConscientiousnessExplanation
Conscientiousness had the strongest positive correlation with job performance among the Big Five personality dimensions. This means that individuals who are conscientious, organized, and responsible are more likely to perform well in their jobs. They are likely to be diligent, efficient, and focused, which can lead to higher productivity and better outcomes in the workplace.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Based on research on the Big Five personality dimensions, which of the following is true?
- A.
The Big Five personality structure seems to be valid across a number of different cultures
- B.
Openness to experience had the strongest positive correlation with job and training performance
- C.
Agreeableness was a stronger predictor of job performance across all professions than was extroversion.
- D.
Conscientiousness was a weak predictor of job performance
- E.
For managers and sales people, emotional stability was associated with job success.
Correct Answer
A. The Big Five personality structure seems to be valid across a number of different culturesExplanation
Research on the Big Five personality dimensions has shown that the Big Five personality structure is valid across different cultures. This means that the five dimensions of personality (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability) can be observed and measured consistently in individuals from various cultural backgrounds. This finding suggests that the Big Five model provides a universal framework for understanding and studying personality traits across different cultures.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Personality testing as a tool for making decisions about hiring, training, and promotion is ____.
- A.
Rare
- B.
Commonplace
- C.
Empirically justified
- D.
Exceptionally effective
- E.
Unusual in Canada
Correct Answer
B. CommonplaceExplanation
Personality testing is commonly used as a tool for making decisions about hiring, training, and promotion. It is a widely accepted practice in many organizations and industries. The use of personality tests has been supported by empirical evidence, showing their effectiveness in predicting job performance and fit. Therefore, the correct answer is "commonplace."Rate this question:
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- 9.
_____ is defined as the ability to manage oneself and interact with others in mature and constructive ways.
- A.
Self-esteem
- B.
Emotional intelligence
- C.
Self-efficacy
- D.
Locus of control
- E.
Personality
Correct Answer
B. Emotional intelligenceExplanation
Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to manage oneself and interact with others in mature and constructive ways. It involves being aware of one's own emotions and the emotions of others, and using this awareness to regulate and control one's behavior. Emotional intelligence includes skills such as empathy, self-awareness, self-regulation, and social skills. It is an important trait that allows individuals to navigate social interactions, build relationships, and effectively manage their own emotions and the emotions of others.Rate this question:
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- 10.
It's the seventh week of the semester in Dr. Whitaker's organizational behavior class. Jennifer and Michelle have been classmates all semester, and have always gotten along well together. They are both upbeat, optimistic individuals who laugh easily, and generally see the best in people. However, one day Jennifer came to class feeling angry and upset after having a fight with her roommate, Roxanne. As Jennifer tells Michelle about the situation, Michelle feels herself getting angry as well. Quickly her mood becomes as negative as Jennifer's. What phenomenon explains Michelle's change in mood?
- A.
Emotional labor
- B.
Emotional intelligence
- C.
Emotional self-management
- D.
Emotional self-awareness
- E.
Emotional contagion
Correct Answer
E. Emotional contagionExplanation
Emotional contagion refers to the phenomenon where individuals "catch" the emotions of others around them. In this scenario, Jennifer's anger and upset emotions are contagious, causing Michelle to also feel angry and negative. This is a common occurrence in social interactions, where people's emotions can be influenced by those around them. Emotional contagion does not involve consciously managing one's own emotions (emotional self-management) or being aware of one's own emotions (emotional self-awareness). It is also different from emotional labor, which refers to the effort required to manage and display appropriate emotions in a professional setting. Emotional intelligence, while related to understanding and managing emotions, does not specifically explain Michelle's change in mood in this situation.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Varying interpretations of what we observe occur because ____.
- A.
People possess different information in the schemata used for interpretation
- B.
our moods and emotions influence our focus of attention and evaluations of others
- C.
. people tend to apply recently used cognitive categories during encoding
- D.
Individual differences influence encoding events into schema
- E.
Cognitive categories are identical for all people
Correct Answer
D. Individual differences influence encoding events into schemaExplanation
People have different individual differences, such as their experiences, beliefs, values, and knowledge, which can influence how they interpret and encode events into their schema. These individual differences shape their cognitive categories and affect how they perceive and understand the world around them. Therefore, varying interpretations occur because of these individual differences in encoding events into schema.Rate this question:
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- 12.
At what stage of the information-processing model do you notice another student tapping her pencil on the desk during an exam?
- A.
Selective Attention/Comprehension
- B.
Encoding and Simplification
- C.
Storage and retention
- D.
Retrieval and response
- E.
Perception
Correct Answer
A. Selective Attention/ComprehensionExplanation
Selective attention/comprehension is the stage of the information-processing model where you notice another student tapping her pencil on the desk during an exam. This stage involves focusing on specific stimuli while filtering out irrelevant information. In this situation, you are selectively attending to the sound of the pencil tapping and comprehending its presence, while ignoring other stimuli in the environment.Rate this question:
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- 13.
If managers use ____, inaccurate evaluations of job applicants and employees may result.
- A.
Cognitive attributions
- B.
Cognitive categories
- C.
Valid stereotypes
- D.
Salient features
- E.
Faulty schema
Correct Answer
E. Faulty schemaExplanation
A faulty schema refers to a distorted or biased mental framework that managers may use when evaluating job applicants and employees. This can lead to inaccurate assessments and judgments. When managers rely on faulty schemas, they may make assumptions or judgments based on incomplete or incorrect information, leading to unfair evaluations. This can result in hiring the wrong candidates or unfairly assessing the performance of employees. Therefore, using faulty schemas can lead to inaccurate evaluations of job applicants and employees.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Kelly's subordinate, Stewart, has performed below-average for most of the year. However, over the past couple of weeks, Stewart's performance has really improved. It's now time to evaluate Stewart's performance. Because of his improvement, Kelly has decided to give him good ratings. Kelly is committing which type of perceptual error?
- A.
Contrast effect
- B.
Recency effect
- C.
Central tendency
- D.
Leniency
- E.
Halo fallacy
Correct Answer
B. Recency effectExplanation
Kelly is committing the perceptual error known as the recency effect. The recency effect refers to the tendency to give more weight and importance to recent information or events when making judgments or evaluations. In this case, Kelly is primarily focusing on Stewart's recent improvement in performance and using that as the basis for giving him good ratings, while overlooking his below-average performance for most of the year.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Dr. White believes that one of his students, Brandon, definitely has room for improvement when it comes to class participation. However, he feels uncomfortable saying anything bad about anybody, so he rates Brandon’s class participation higher than he actually deserves. Dr. White is committing which type of perceptual error?
- A.
Halo
- B.
Leniency
- C.
Central tendency
- D.
Recency effects
- E.
Contrast effects
Correct Answer
B. LeniencyExplanation
Dr. White's behavior of rating Brandon's class participation higher than deserved due to his discomfort in saying anything negative about anybody indicates leniency. Leniency is a perceptual error where a person evaluates others more positively than they actually deserve. In this case, Dr. White's leniency towards Brandon's class participation is leading to an inaccurate perception of his performance.Rate this question:
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- 16.
After giving a bogus test of academic potential to grade-school students, researchers informed teachers that certain students had high achievement potential. In reality, students were randomly assigned to the "high potential" and "control" (normal potential) groups. Research results showed that children designated as having high potential obtained significantly greater increases in intelligence and reading ability scores than did the control students. The teachers of the supposedly high potential group got better results because their high expectations caused them to give harder assignments, more feedback, and more recognition of achievement. Which of the following best explains this situation?
- A.
The Galatea effect
- B.
The self-fulfilling prophecy
- C.
The fundamental attribution bias
- D.
The self-serving bias
- E.
The golem effect
Correct Answer
B. The self-fulfilling prophecyExplanation
The self-fulfilling prophecy best explains this situation. The researchers informed the teachers that certain students had high achievement potential, which created a belief or expectation in the teachers' minds. As a result, the teachers gave harder assignments, provided more feedback, and recognized the achievements of these students more. This led to the students designated as having high potential obtaining significantly greater increases in intelligence and reading ability scores. The teachers' high expectations influenced their behaviors and interactions with the students, ultimately fulfilling the initial belief or prophecy about the students' potential.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Frank had a 10:00 a.m. job interview. Although he showed up 10 minutes late, he was still hired. The job of stocker required Frank to maintain adequate supplies of construction materials in the warehouse. Two weeks after he was hired, stock of one key component was seriously low. Frank’s supervisor, Jim, began to wonder if Frank has the skills and motivation necessary to succeed in this organization. Jim decided to keep a closer eye on Frank ‘s performance. Although he didn't like to admit it, this increased supervisory attention made Frank nervous. He felt like Jim was watching his every move and just waiting for him to make another mistake. Because he was nervous, Frank made several other errors on the job. Frank’s poor performance didn't surprise Jim, however. Jim had been expecting Frank to mess up all along. Which of the following best explains this situation?
- A.
The Pygmalion effect
- B.
Stereotyping
- C.
The Galatea effect
- D.
The self-serving bias
- E.
The Golem effect
Correct Answer
E. The Golem effectExplanation
The Golem effect best explains this situation. The Golem effect refers to the negative expectations that a supervisor or authority figure has towards an individual, leading to decreased performance and self-fulfilling prophecies. In this case, Jim had low expectations of Frank from the beginning and believed he would mess up, which influenced his perception and increased supervisory attention. This negative attention made Frank nervous and caused him to make more mistakes, confirming Jim's initial expectations.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which behavior would help managers harness the Pygmalion effect?
- A.
Recognize the few select individuals who have the potential to increase their performance.
- B.
Set moderate performance goals.
- C.
Help only the best employees advance through the organization.
- D.
Positively reinforce employees, even if they do the job only moderately well.
- E.
Introduce new employees as if they have outstanding potential.
Correct Answer
E. Introduce new employees as if they have outstanding potential.Explanation
Introducing new employees as if they have outstanding potential can help managers harness the Pygmalion effect. The Pygmalion effect refers to the phenomenon where higher expectations lead to improved performance. By treating new employees as if they have outstanding potential, managers are setting high expectations for them, which can motivate them to work harder and strive for excellence. This can ultimately lead to improved performance and success for the new employees.Rate this question:
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- 19.
John, a middle-level manager, noticed that all his subordinates were filling out their monthly reports incorrectly. He concluded that the report forms were too complicated and needed to be revised. John is basing his decision on which type of attributional information?
- A.
Low consistency
- B.
Low consensus
- C.
High consistency
- D.
Low distinctiveness
- E.
High consensus
Correct Answer
E. High consensusExplanation
John is basing his decision on high consensus. High consensus refers to the extent to which other people in the same situation would behave in a similar way. In this case, John noticed that all his subordinates were filling out their monthly reports incorrectly, indicating that it is a common behavior among his subordinates. This suggests that the issue lies with the report forms rather than the individual employees, leading John to conclude that the forms need to be revised.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Chris succeeded in writing a quarterly report on time, but failed to finish a computer program. If Chris exhibits the self-serving bias, he will attribute the quarterly report to ______ and the computer program to ____.
- A.
His hard work; his lack of ability
- B.
Good luck; bad luck
- C.
His ability; his lack of effort
- D.
A good boss; task difficulty
- E.
His hard work; task difficulty
Correct Answer
E. His hard work; task difficultyExplanation
If Chris exhibits the self-serving bias, he will attribute the successful completion of the quarterly report on time to his hard work. This means that he believes his efforts and skills were the main factors that led to the report being finished on time. On the other hand, he will attribute the failure to finish the computer program to task difficulty. This means that he believes the difficulty of the task itself was the main factor that prevented him from completing the program.Rate this question:
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- 21.
What is the bottom-to-top sequence of needs in Maslow's need hierarchy?
- A.
Esteem, safety, physiological, self-actualization, love
- B.
Physiological, safety, esteem, love, self-actualization
- C.
Safety, physiological, esteem, love, self-actualization
- D.
Physiological, safety, esteem, self-actualization, love
- E.
Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
Correct Answer
E. Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualizationExplanation
Maslow's need hierarchy is a theory that suggests that individuals have different levels of needs that must be fulfilled in a specific order. According to this theory, the bottom-to-top sequence of needs in Maslow's hierarchy is physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. This means that individuals must first fulfill their basic physiological needs such as food, water, and shelter before moving on to their safety needs, such as personal security and financial stability. Once these needs are met, individuals seek love and belongingness, followed by the need for esteem and self-respect. Finally, individuals strive for self-actualization, which is the realization of their full potential and the desire to become the best version of themselves.Rate this question:
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- 22.
What is the primary managerial implication of Maslow's theory?
- A.
Job-security pledges have no motivational impact.
- B.
Safety needs can be satisfied using status symbols
- C.
A satisfied need may lose its motivational potential
- D.
Greater job autonomy satisfies the esteem need.
- E.
Greater job responsibility satisfies the love need.
Correct Answer
C. A satisfied need may lose its motivational potentialExplanation
Maslow's theory of motivation suggests that once a need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a motivator. This means that if an individual's needs are met, they will no longer be motivated by those needs and will seek to fulfill higher-level needs. Therefore, the primary managerial implication of Maslow's theory is that managers should continuously identify and address the changing needs of their employees in order to maintain their motivation and engagement.Rate this question:
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- 23.
One characteristic of high achievers is that they ____.
- A.
Prefer extreme difficulty
- B.
Prefer situations in which their performance is due to their own efforts
- C.
Desire feedback on their failures but not their successes
- D.
Desire feedback on their successes but not their failures
- E.
Like to compete against people who are much more skilled than they are
Correct Answer
B. Prefer situations in which their performance is due to their own effortsExplanation
High achievers prefer situations in which their performance is due to their own efforts because they value personal responsibility and take pride in their own accomplishments. They thrive on challenges that allow them to showcase their skills and abilities, as it gives them a sense of control and autonomy over their success. This characteristic is often associated with a strong work ethic and a drive for self-improvement.Rate this question:
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- 24.
A person's needs remain unchanged over his or her lifetime.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
This statement is false because a person's needs typically change over their lifetime. As individuals grow and develop, their needs evolve and adapt to their changing circumstances and priorities. For example, a person's needs may shift from basic physiological needs like food and shelter in their early years, to more complex needs such as love, belonging, and self-actualization as they mature. Therefore, it can be concluded that a person's needs are not static and remain subject to change throughout their lifetime.Rate this question:
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- 25.
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the following is a motivator?
- A.
Responsibility
- B.
Company Policy
- C.
Supervisor relations
- D.
Salary
- E.
Technical supervision
Correct Answer
A. ResponsibilityExplanation
Responsibility can be considered a motivator according to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model. This model suggests that certain factors, known as motivators, contribute to job satisfaction and motivation. Responsibility can be seen as a motivator because it provides individuals with a sense of ownership and autonomy in their work. It allows them to take on challenging tasks, make decisions, and have a sense of accomplishment. This can lead to increased job satisfaction and motivation.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Mark has a Master's degree in electrical engineering and brings 10 years of experience to his current job. He is known for putting in long hours of hard work on his job. He receives a salary of $75,000, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks paid vacation per year. From Mark's perspective, which of the following is an outcome of the individual-organization exchange relationship? A. Long hours worked.
- A.
Long hours worked
- B.
High levels of effort
- C.
Two weeks paid vacation
- D.
His master's degree in electrical engineering
- E.
Ten years of prior experience
Correct Answer
C. Two weeks paid vacationExplanation
Mark's perspective on the outcome of the individual-organization exchange relationship is the two weeks paid vacation. This means that Mark sees the organization providing him with this benefit as a result of his contribution, such as his long hours worked, high levels of effort, his master's degree in electrical engineering, and ten years of prior experience.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Pat and Chris are both computer programmers, but Pat earns more money than Chris. However, Chris perceives an equitable relationship because Pat ____.
- A.
Has more education and experience
- B.
Takes longer breaks
- C.
Works as hard as chris
- D.
Work less than chris
- E.
Needs the money more than chris
Correct Answer
A. Has more education and experienceExplanation
Pat having more education and experience can explain why Chris perceives an equitable relationship despite earning less money. This suggests that Pat's higher level of education and experience may be valued and recognized in their field, which could contribute to a sense of fairness and equality between them.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Pam is attempting to reduce inequity by attending night school for further job training. In other words, she is trying to ____.
- A.
Find a new comparison outcome
- B.
Decrease her inputs
- C.
Increase her outcomes
- D.
Increase her inputs
- E.
Decrease her outcomes
Correct Answer
D. Increase her inputsExplanation
Pam is attempting to reduce inequity by attending night school for further job training. This means that she is taking steps to increase her inputs, such as investing her time, effort, and resources into acquiring new skills and knowledge. By doing so, she hopes to improve her position and reduce the perceived inequality between her and others.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Chuck is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work. Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week, he received the same pay as a co-worker who didn't put in any overtime. This week he decided to take an extra hour for lunch every day. Using the terminology of equity theory, Chuck has decided to ____.
- A.
Psychologically distort his inputs
- B.
Decrease his inputs
- C.
Increase his outcomes
- D.
Increase his inputs
- E.
Decrease his outcomes
Correct Answer
B. Decrease his inputsExplanation
Chuck has decided to decrease his inputs. This means that he is intentionally reducing the amount of effort or resources he is putting into his work. By taking an extra hour for lunch every day, Chuck is essentially giving less of his time and energy to the job. This can be seen as a response to the perceived unfairness of not being compensated for his overtime work. Chuck may believe that if he is not being properly rewarded for his extra effort, then he should not continue to exert the same level of effort in the future.Rate this question:
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- 30.
According to the job characteristics model, _____ core job characteristics lead to _____ critical psychological states.
- A.
Three; five
- B.
Five; three
- C.
Eight; two
- D.
Technical; non-technical
- E.
Overt; covert
Correct Answer
B. Five; threeExplanation
According to the job characteristics model, five core job characteristics lead to three critical psychological states. This suggests that there are specific aspects of a job that can influence an individual's psychological well-being and motivation. These characteristics may include skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. When these characteristics are present in a job, they can lead to feelings of meaningfulness, responsibility, and knowledge of results, which in turn can impact an individual's motivation and job satisfaction.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Lacy grew up in an upper-middle class family in a small town. As the only child, she was accustomed to receiving the latest toys and games from her parents. While her friends had to pay for their games out of their earned allowances, Lacy just asked her parents and received whatever she wanted. Lacy never really saw this as unfair, and would become upset and throw tantrums if she didn't get what she wanted. Even as an adult, Lacy just expected to get the best of everything, without having to work for it. Based on this information, Lacy likely falls into the _____ category of equity sensitivity.
- A.
Receivers
- B.
Benevolent
- C.
Entitles
- D.
Sensitives
- E.
Drivers
Correct Answer
C. EntitlesExplanation
Lacy's behavior of expecting to receive the best of everything without having to work for it suggests that she feels entitled to special treatment. This aligns with the description of the "entitles" category of equity sensitivity, where individuals believe they deserve more rewards and benefits than others without putting in equal effort.Rate this question:
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- 32.
_____ is defined as the perceived fairness of the process used to make decisions regarding the allocation of rewards and resources.
- A.
Expectancy Theory
- B.
Positive inequity
- C.
Negative inequity
- D.
Procedural justice
- E.
Distributive justice
Correct Answer
D. Procedural justiceExplanation
Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to make decisions regarding the allocation of rewards and resources. It focuses on the fairness of the procedures followed in making decisions rather than the actual outcome of the decision. This means that even if the outcome may not be favorable, if the process used to reach that outcome is perceived as fair, individuals are more likely to accept and be satisfied with the decision. Procedural justice is important in maintaining trust and confidence in decision-making processes within organizations.Rate this question:
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- 33.
According to Vroom's expectancy theory, _____ represents an individual's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance.
- A.
Goal difficulty
- B.
Valence
- C.
Instrumentality
- D.
Self-esteem
- E.
Expectancy
Correct Answer
C. InstrumentalityExplanation
According to Vroom's expectancy theory, instrumentality represents an individual's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance. In other words, it refers to the perceived connection between performance and outcomes. If an individual believes that their performance will directly lead to a desired outcome, they are more likely to be motivated to exert effort and achieve that performance level.Rate this question:
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- 34.
The use of monetary incentives enhances the positive effects of goal setting, especially for difficult goals.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement suggests that the use of monetary incentives enhances the positive effects of goal setting, especially for difficult goals. However, the correct answer is false. This means that monetary incentives do not necessarily enhance the positive effects of goal setting, even for difficult goals. Other factors such as intrinsic motivation, feedback, and support systems may play a more significant role in achieving difficult goals.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Carol is a recent high-school graduate with an excellent grade point average. After much thought, she decided that she wants to pursue a graduate degree in physics after she finishes college and eventually become a college professor. To attain this goal, she realizes that she must first study hard and do well in her undergraduate classes, then take the graduate entrance exam and apply to the best graduate programs in her field. Along the way, she wants to obtain an internship, as this will help her get into a quality graduate program. Carol's thought process best exemplifies which motivational mechanism of the goal setting process?
- A.
Directing attention.
- B.
Regulating effort.
- C.
Increasing persistence.
- D.
Fostering strategies and action plans
- E.
Receiving feedback.
Correct Answer
D. Fostering strategies and action plansExplanation
Carol's thought process of studying hard, doing well in her undergraduate classes, taking the graduate entrance exam, and obtaining an internship shows that she is actively planning and strategizing her actions to achieve her goal of pursuing a graduate degree in physics and becoming a college professor. This aligns with the motivational mechanism of fostering strategies and action plans, as she is identifying the steps she needs to take and creating a plan to reach her desired outcome.Rate this question:
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- 36.
_____ lets people know if they are headed toward their goals or if they are off course and need to redirect their efforts.
- A.
Valence
- B.
Equity
- C.
Expectancy
- D.
Feedback
- E.
Instrumentality
Correct Answer
D. FeedbackExplanation
Feedback is the process of providing information to individuals about their performance or progress towards their goals. It helps people to understand if they are on track or if they need to make adjustments in their efforts. Feedback serves as a guide, allowing individuals to assess their performance and make necessary changes to achieve their desired outcomes. It plays a crucial role in helping individuals stay focused and motivated towards their goals.Rate this question:
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