Pathophysiology Chapter 50
- 1.
Loss of movement
- A.
Paresis
- B.
Paralysis
- C.
Fasciculations
- D.
Motor homunculus
- E.
Spasticity
- F.
Proprioception
Correct Answer
B. Paralysis -
- 2.
Visible squirming and twitching movements of muscle
- A.
Paresis
- B.
Paralysis
- C.
Fasciculations
- D.
Motor homunculus
- E.
Spasticity
- F.
Proprioception
Correct Answer
C. Fasciculations -
- 3.
Somatotopic array of the body representing motor areas
- A.
Paresis
- B.
Paralysis
- C.
Fasciculations
- D.
Motor homunculus
- E.
Spasticity
- F.
Proprioception
Correct Answer
D. Motor homunculus -
- 4.
Increased muscle resistance that varies and commonly becomes worse at the extremities of the range of motion
- A.
Paresis
- B.
Paralysis
- C.
Fasciculations
- D.
Motor homunculus
- E.
Spasticity
- F.
Proprioception
Correct Answer
E. Spasticity -
- 5.
Sense of body movement and position
- A.
Paresis
- B.
Paralysis
- C.
Fasciculations
- D.
Motor homunculus
- E.
Spasticity
- F.
Proprioception
Correct Answer
F. Proprioception -
- 6.
Incomplete loss of strength
- A.
Paresis
- B.
Paralysis
- C.
Fasciculations
- D.
Motor homunculus
- E.
Spasticity
- F.
Proprioception
Correct Answer
A. Paresis -
- 7.
The spinal cord contains the basic factors necessary to coordinate function when a movement is planned. It is the lowest level of function. What is the highest level of functioning in planning movement?
- A.
Frontal cortex
- B.
Cerebral cortex
- C.
Pons
- D.
Cerebellum
Correct Answer
A. Frontal cortex -
- 8.
Control motor function
- A.
Motor neurons
- B.
Motor unit
- C.
Lower motor neurons (LMNs)
- D.
Upper motor neurons (UMNs)
Correct Answer
A. Motor neurons -
- 9.
Motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates in a muscle
- A.
Motor neurons
- B.
Motor unit
- C.
Lower motor neurons (LMNs)
- D.
Upper motor neurons (UMNs)
Correct Answer
B. Motor unit -
- 10.
The motor neurons supplying a motor unit are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
- A.
Motor neurons
- B.
Motor unit
- C.
Lower motor neurons (LMNs)
- D.
Upper motor neurons (UMNs)
Correct Answer
C. Lower motor neurons (LMNs) -
- 11.
Project from the motor strip in the cerebral cortex to the ventral horn and are fully contained within the central nervous system
- A.
Motor neurons
- B.
Motor unit
- C.
Lower motor neurons (LMNs)
- D.
Upper motor neurons (UMNs)
Correct Answer
D. Upper motor neurons (UMNs) -
- 12.
________, whether it involves walking, running, or precise finger movements, requires movement and maintenance of posture.
- A.
Motor function
- B.
Spinal Cord
- C.
Polysynaptic reflexes
- D.
Posture
Correct Answer
A. Motor function -
- 13.
The ________ contains the neuronal circuits that mediate a variety of reflexes and automatic rhythmic movements.
- A.
Motor function
- B.
Spinal Cord
- C.
Polysynaptic reflexes
- D.
Posture
Correct Answer
B. Spinal Cord -
- 14.
What is involved in one or more interposed interneurons?
- A.
Motor function
- B.
Spinal Cord
- C.
Polysynaptic reflexes
- D.
Posture
Correct Answer
C. Polysynaptic reflexes -
- 15.
What is controlled by the medial descending systems of the brain stem by integrating visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information?
- A.
Motor function
- B.
Spinal Cord
- C.
Polysynaptic reflexes
- D.
Posture
Correct Answer
D. Posture -
- 16.
What is the highest level of motor function?
- A.
Cortex
- B.
Motor cortex
- C.
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
- D.
Circuits
Correct Answer
A. Cortex -
- 17.
The primary ________ is located on the rostral surface and adjacent portions of the central sulcus
- A.
Cortex
- B.
Motor cortex
- C.
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
- D.
Circuits
Correct Answer
B. Motor cortex -
- 18.
The _________ provides feedback circuits that regulate cortical and brain stem motor areas.
- A.
Cortex
- B.
Motor cortex
- C.
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
- D.
Circuits
Correct Answer
C. Cerebellum and basal ganglia -
- 19.
Cerebellar ________ are involved with the timing and coordination of movements that are in progress and with the learning of motor skills.
- A.
Cortex
- B.
Motor cortex
- C.
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
- D.
Circuits
Correct Answer
D. Circuits -
- 20.
What are distributed throughout the belly of a muscle to relay information about muscle length and rate of stretch?
- A.
Muscle spindles
- B.
Golgi tendon organs
- C.
Peripheral nerve
- D.
Motor pathway
Correct Answer
A. Muscle spindles -
- 21.
What is found in muscle tendons and transmits information about muscle tension or force of contraction at the junction of the muscle and the tendon that attaches to bone?
- A.
Muscle spindles
- B.
Golgi tendon organs
- C.
Peripheral nerve
- D.
Motor pathway
Correct Answer
B. Golgi tendon organs -
- 22.
Stretch reflexes tend to be hypoactive or absent in cases of ____________ damage or ventral horn injury involving the test area.
- A.
Muscle spindles
- B.
Golgi tendon organs
- C.
Peripheral nerve
- D.
Motor pathway
Correct Answer
C. Peripheral nerve -
- 23.
Abnormalities in any part of the __________ can produce muscle weakness.
- A.
Muscle spindles
- B.
Golgi tendon organs
- C.
Peripheral nerve
- D.
Motor pathway
Correct Answer
D. Motor pathway -
- 24.
What usually results from lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions as well as diseases of the muscles themselves?
- A.
Muscular atrophy
- B.
Muscle tone
- C.
Upper motor neuron
Correct Answer
A. Muscular atrophy -
- 25.
Any interruption of the myotatic or stretch reflex circuitry by peripheral nerve injury, pathology of the neuromuscular junction, injury to the spinal cord, or damage to the corticospinal system can result in disturbances of ________.
- A.
Muscular atrophy
- B.
Muscle tone
- C.
Upper motor neuron
Correct Answer
B. Muscle tone -
- 26.
Rhythmic contraction and alternate relaxation of a limb
- A.
Clonus
- B.
Dysdiadochokinesia
- C.
Reflex
- D.
Ataxia
Correct Answer
A. Clonus -
- 27.
The failure to accurately perform rapid alternating movements
- A.
Clonus
- B.
Dysdiadochokinesia
- C.
Reflex
- D.
Ataxia
Correct Answer
B. Dysdiadochokinesia -
- 28.
Involuntary motor responses
- A.
Clonus
- B.
Dysdiadochokinesia
- C.
Reflex
- D.
Ataxia
Correct Answer
C. Reflex -
- 29.
A wide-based, unsteady gait
- A.
Clonus
- B.
Dysdiadochokinesia
- C.
Reflex
- D.
Ataxia
Correct Answer
D. Ataxia -
- 30.
Hyperactive reflexes are suggestive of what?
- A.
Upper motor neuron disorder
- B.
Hyporeflexia
- C.
Lower motor neuron disorder
- D.
Muscular dystrophy
- E.
Fibrillations
Correct Answer
A. Upper motor neuron disorder -
- 31.
Suggests the presence of a LMN lesion
- A.
Upper motor neuron disorder
- B.
Hyporeflexia
- C.
Lower motor neuron disorder
- D.
Muscular dystrophy
- E.
Fibrillations
Correct Answer
B. Hyporeflexia -
- 32.
Disorder affecting the nerve cell body are often referred to ______, those affecting the nerve axon as peripheral neuropathies and primary disorders affecting the muscle fibers as myopathies.
- A.
Upper motor neuron disorder
- B.
Hyporeflexia
- C.
Lower motor neuron disorder
- D.
Muscular dystrophy
- E.
Fibrillations
Correct Answer
C. Lower motor neuron disorder -
- 33.
A term applied to a number of genetic disorders that produce progressive deterioration of skeletal muscles because of mixed muscle cell hypertrophy, atrophy, and necrosis.
- A.
Upper motor neuron disorder
- B.
Hyporeflexia
- C.
Lower motor neuron disorder
- D.
Muscular dystrophy
- E.
Fibrillations
Correct Answer
D. Muscular dystrophy -
- 34.
If the LMN dies or its axon is destroyed, the skeletal muscle cell begins to have temporary spontaneous contractions called what?
- A.
Upper motor neuron disorder
- B.
Hyporeflexia
- C.
Lower motor neuron disorder
- D.
Muscular dystrophy
- E.
Fibrillations
Correct Answer
E. Fibrillations -
- 35.
Inherited as a recessive single-gene defect on the X chromosome and it is transmitted from the mother to her male offspring.
- A.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- B.
Neuromuscular junction
- C.
Acetylcholine release
- D.
Myasthenia gravis
- E.
LMN diseases
Correct Answer
A. Duchenne muscular dystrophy -
- 36.
Serves as a synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
- A.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- B.
Neuromuscular junction
- C.
Acetylcholine release
- D.
Myasthenia gravis
- E.
LMN diseases
Correct Answer
B. Neuromuscular junction -
- 37.
Neurotoxins from the botulism organism (Clostridium botulinum) produce paralysis by blocking _________
- A.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- B.
Neuromuscular junction
- C.
Acetylcholine release
- D.
Myasthenia gravis
- E.
LMN diseases
Correct Answer
C. Acetylcholine release -
- 38.
A disorder of transmission at the neuromuscular junction that affects communication between the motor neuron and the innervated muscle cell
- A.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- B.
Neuromuscular junction
- C.
Acetylcholine release
- D.
Myasthenia gravis
- E.
LMN diseases
Correct Answer
D. Myasthenia gravis -
- 39.
Progressive neurological illnesses that selectively affect the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons
- A.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- B.
Neuromuscular junction
- C.
Acetylcholine release
- D.
Myasthenia gravis
- E.
LMN diseases
Correct Answer
E. LMN diseases -
- 40.
Slowness of movement
- A.
Bradykinesia
- B.
Dystonia
- C.
Chorea
- D.
Truncal ataxia
- E.
Myoclonus
- F.
Parkinsonism
- G.
Dysmetria
- H.
Denervation atrophy
- I.
Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position
- J.
Tremor
Correct Answer
A. Bradykinesia -
- 41.
Abnormal simultaneous contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles
- A.
Bradykinesia
- B.
Dystonia
- C.
Chorea
- D.
Truncal ataxia
- E.
Myoclonus
- F.
Parkinsonism
- G.
Dysmetria
- H.
Denervation atrophy
- I.
Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position
- J.
Tremor
Correct Answer
B. Dystonia -
- 42.
Abnormal writihing movements
- A.
Bradykinesia
- B.
Dystonia
- C.
Chorea
- D.
Truncal ataxia
- E.
Myoclonus
- F.
Parkinsonism
- G.
Dysmetria
- H.
Denervation atrophy
- I.
Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position
- J.
Tremor
Correct Answer
C. Chorea -
- 43.
Unsteadiness of the trunk
- A.
Bradykinesia
- B.
Dystonia
- C.
Chorea
- D.
Truncal ataxia
- E.
Myoclonus
- F.
Parkinsonism
- G.
Dysmetria
- H.
Denervation atrophy
- I.
Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position
- J.
Tremor
Correct Answer
D. Truncal ataxia -
- 44.
Involuntary jerking movement
- A.
Bradykinesia
- B.
Dystonia
- C.
Chorea
- D.
Truncal ataxia
- E.
Myoclonus
- F.
Parkinsonism
- G.
Dysmetria
- H.
Denervation atrophy
- I.
Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position
- J.
Tremor
Correct Answer
E. Myoclonus -
- 45.
Syndrome arising from the degenerative changes in basal ganglia function
- A.
Bradykinesia
- B.
Dystonia
- C.
Chorea
- D.
Truncal ataxia
- E.
Myoclonus
- F.
Parkinsonism
- G.
Dysmetria
- H.
Denervation atrophy
- I.
Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position
- J.
Tremor
Correct Answer
F. Parkinsonism -
- 46.
Inaccuracies of movements, leading to a failure to reach a specified target
- A.
Bradykinesia
- B.
Dystonia
- C.
Chorea
- D.
Truncal ataxia
- E.
Myoclonus
- F.
Parkinsonism
- G.
Dysmetria
- H.
Denervation atrophy
- I.
Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position
- J.
Tremor
Correct Answer
G. Dysmetria -
- 47.
Muscle shrinkage owing to loss of neural stimulus
- A.
Bradykinesia
- B.
Dystonia
- C.
Chorea
- D.
Truncal ataxia
- E.
Myoclonus
- F.
Parkinsonism
- G.
Dysmetria
- H.
Denervation atrophy
- I.
Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position
- J.
Tremor
Correct Answer
H. Denervation atrophy -
- 48.
Nystagmus
- A.
Bradykinesia
- B.
Dystonia
- C.
Chorea
- D.
Truncal ataxia
- E.
Myoclonus
- F.
Parkinsonism
- G.
Dysmetria
- H.
Denervation atrophy
- I.
Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position
- J.
Tremor
Correct Answer
I. Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position -
- 49.
Rhythmic movements of a particular body part
- A.
Bradykinesia
- B.
Dystonia
- C.
Chorea
- D.
Truncal ataxia
- E.
Myoclonus
- F.
Parkinsonism
- G.
Dysmetria
- H.
Denervation atrophy
- I.
Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position
- J.
Tremor
Correct Answer
J. Tremor -
- 50.
Reflexes are basically "hard-wired" into the central nervous system. Automatically, the basis of a reflex is an afferent neuron that synapses directly with an effector neuron that causes muscle movement. Sometimes the afferent neuron synapses with what intermediary between the afferent and effector neurons?
- A.
Neurotransmitter
- B.
Interneuron
- C.
Intersegmental effectors
- D.
Suprasegmental effectors
Correct Answer
B. Interneuron -
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