Pathophysiology Chapter 50

1. In myasthenia gravis, periods of stress can produce myasthenia crisis. When does myasthenia crisis occur?

When muscle weakness becomes sufficiently severe to compromise ventilation

When the patient is too weak to hold up his or her head

When the patient is so weak he or she cannot lift his or her arms

When the patient can no longer walk

2. The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis involves the ________ of nerve fibers in the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve.

Demyelination

Multiple sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Bradykinesia

Parkinson disease

Tremor

3. The cardinal manifestations of Parkinson disease are tremor, rigidity, and ________ or slowness of movement.

Demyelination

Multiple sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Bradykinesia

Parkinson disease

Tremor

4. A group of deep, interrelated subcortical nuclei that play an essential role in control of movement

Peripheral nerve injury

Mononeuropathies

Polyneuropathies

Herniated disk

Loss of cerebellar function

Basal ganglia

5. Motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates in a muscle

Motor neurons

Motor unit

Lower motor neurons (LMNs)

Upper motor neurons (UMNs)

6. Nystagmus

Bradykinesia

Dystonia

Chorea

Truncal ataxia

Myoclonus

Parkinsonism

Dysmetria

Denervation atrophy

Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position

Tremor

7. Serves as a synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholine release

Myasthenia gravis

LMN diseases

8. Neurotoxins from the botulism organism (Clostridium botulinum) produce paralysis by blocking _________

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholine release

Myasthenia gravis

LMN diseases

9. What usually results from lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions as well as diseases of the muscles themselves?

Muscular atrophy

Muscle tone

Upper motor neuron

10. A 14-year-old girl has been thrown from the back of a pick-up truck. MRI shows broken vertebrae at the C2 level. What is the main significance of an injury at this level of the spinal column?

Cannot breathe on own, needs ventilator assistance

Intercostal and abdominal musculature is affected, the ability to take a deep breath and cough is less impaired

Needs maintenance therapy to strengthen existing muscles for endurance and mobilization of secretions

11. Sense of body movement and position

Paresis

Paralysis

Fasciculations

Motor homunculus

Spasticity

Proprioception

12. Slowness of movement

Bradykinesia

Dystonia

Chorea

Truncal ataxia

Myoclonus

Parkinsonism

Dysmetria

Denervation atrophy

Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position

Tremor

13. Antibiotics, such as gentamicin, can produce a disturbance in the body that is similar to botulism by preventing the release of acetylcholine from nerve endings. In persons with preexisting neuromuscular transmission disturbances, these drugs can be dangerous. What disease falls into this category?

Multiple sclerosis

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Becker muscular dystrophy

Myasthenia gravis

14. Peripheral nerve disorders are not uncommon. what is an example of fairly common mononeuropathy?

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Myasthenia gravis

Phalen syndrome

15. The failure to accurately perform rapid alternating movements

Clonus

Dysdiadochokinesia

Reflex

Ataxia

16. Inherited as a recessive single-gene defect on the X chromosome and it is transmitted from the mother to her male offspring.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholine release

Myasthenia gravis

LMN diseases

17. Maintains equilibrium and posture

Vestibulocerebellar pathway

Spinocerebellar pathway

Cerebrocerebellar pathway

18. The most common cause of _________ is motor vehicle accidents, followed by falls, violence (primarily gunshot wounds), and recreational sporting activities.

Deep venous thrombosis

Orthostatic hypotension

Vasovagal response

Paraplegia

Tetraplegia

Transection of the spinal cord

Spinal cord injury

19. Reflexes are basically "hard-wired" into the central nervous system. Automatically, the basis of a reflex is an afferent neuron that synapses directly with an effector neuron that causes muscle movement. Sometimes the afferent neuron synapses with what intermediary between the afferent and effector neurons?

Neurotransmitter

Interneuron

Intersegmental effectors

Suprasegmental effectors

20. The high risk for ________ in patients with acute SCI is owing to immobility, decreased vasomotor tone below the level of injury, and hypercoagulability and stasis of blood flow.

Deep venous thrombosis

Orthostatic hypotension

Vasovagal response

Paraplegia

Tetraplegia

Transection of the spinal cord

Spinal cord injury

21. Vagal stimulation that causes a marked bradycardia is called what?

Deep venous thrombosis

Orthostatic hypotension

Vasovagal response

Paraplegia

Tetraplegia

Transection of the spinal cord

Spinal cord injury

22. Loss of movement

Paresis

Paralysis

Fasciculations

Motor homunculus

Spasticity

Proprioception

23. Somatotopic array of the body representing motor areas

Paresis

Paralysis

Fasciculations

Motor homunculus

Spasticity

Proprioception

24. Involuntary motor responses

Clonus

Dysdiadochokinesia

Reflex

Ataxia

25. Suggests the presence of a LMN lesion

Upper motor neuron disorder

Hyporeflexia

Lower motor neuron disorder

Muscular dystrophy

Fibrillations

26. A term applied to a number of genetic disorders that produce progressive deterioration of skeletal muscles because of mixed muscle cell hypertrophy, atrophy, and necrosis.

Upper motor neuron disorder

Hyporeflexia

Lower motor neuron disorder

Muscular dystrophy

Fibrillations

27. Muscle shrinkage owing to loss of neural stimulus

Bradykinesia

Dystonia

Chorea

Truncal ataxia

Myoclonus

Parkinsonism

Dysmetria

Denervation atrophy

Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position

Tremor

28. What disease results from the degeneration of the dopamine nigrostriatal system of the basal ganglia?

Parkinson disease

Huntington disease

Guillain-barre syndrome

Myasthenia gravis

29. Incomplete loss of strength

Paresis

Paralysis

Fasciculations

Motor homunculus

Spasticity

Proprioception

30. A wide-based, unsteady gait

Clonus

Dysdiadochokinesia

Reflex

Ataxia

31. Unsteadiness of the trunk

Bradykinesia

Dystonia

Chorea

Truncal ataxia

Myoclonus

Parkinsonism

Dysmetria

Denervation atrophy

Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position

Tremor

32. Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually does not produce any signs or symptoms until between the ages of 2 and 3. What muscles are usually first to be affected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Muscles of the upper arms

Large muscles of the legs

Postural muscles of hip and shoulder

Spinal and neck muscles

33. What is involved in one or more interposed interneurons?

Motor function

Spinal Cord

Polysynaptic reflexes

Posture

34. Syndrome arising from the degenerative changes in basal ganglia function

Bradykinesia

Dystonia

Chorea

Truncal ataxia

Myoclonus

Parkinsonism

Dysmetria

Denervation atrophy

Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position

Tremor

35. What are distributed throughout the belly of a muscle to relay information about muscle length and rate of stretch?

Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon organs

Peripheral nerve

Motor pathway

36. If the LMN dies or its axon is destroyed, the skeletal muscle cell begins to have temporary spontaneous contractions called what?

Upper motor neuron disorder

Hyporeflexia

Lower motor neuron disorder

Muscular dystrophy

Fibrillations

37. Inaccuracies of movements, leading to a failure to reach a specified target

Bradykinesia

Dystonia

Chorea

Truncal ataxia

Myoclonus

Parkinsonism

Dysmetria

Denervation atrophy

Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position

Tremor

38. Affects motor neurons in three locations: the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord; the motor nuclei of the brain stem, particularly the hypoglossal nuclei; and the UMNs of the cerebral cortex

Demyelination

Multiple sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Bradykinesia

Parkinson disease

Tremor

39. The ________ contains the neuronal circuits that mediate a variety of reflexes and automatic rhythmic movements.

Motor function

Spinal Cord

Polysynaptic reflexes

Posture

40. Any interruption of the myotatic or stretch reflex circuitry by peripheral nerve injury, pathology of the neuromuscular junction, injury to the spinal cord, or damage to the corticospinal system can result in disturbances of ________.

Muscular atrophy

Muscle tone

Upper motor neuron

41. Hyperactive reflexes are suggestive of what?

Upper motor neuron disorder

Hyporeflexia

Lower motor neuron disorder

Muscular dystrophy

Fibrillations

42. Involve demyelination or axonal degeneration of multiple peripheral nerves that leads to symmetric sensory, motor, or mixed sensorimotor deficits

Peripheral nerve injury

Mononeuropathies

Polyneuropathies

Herniated disk

Loss of cerebellar function

Basal ganglia

43. The spinal cord contains the basic factors necessary to coordinate function when a movement is planned. It is the lowest level of function. What is the highest level of functioning in planning movement?

Frontal cortex

Cerebral cortex

Pons

Cerebellum

44. ________, whether it involves walking, running, or precise finger movements, requires movement and maintenance of posture.

Motor function

Spinal Cord

Polysynaptic reflexes

Posture

45. Bowel dysfunction is one of the most difficult problems to handle after a spinal cord injury. After a spinal cord injury, most people experience constipation. Why does this occur?

Innervation of the bowel is absent

Defecation reflex is lost

Internal anal sphincter will not relax

Peristaltic movements are not sufficiently strong to move stool through the colon

46. Sudden complete ____________ results in complete loss of motor, sensory, relfex, and autonomic function below the level of injury.

Deep venous thrombosis

Orthostatic hypotension

Vasovagal response

Paraplegia

Tetraplegia

Transection of the spinal cord

Spinal cord injury

47. A disorder of transmission at the neuromuscular junction that affects communication between the motor neuron and the innervated muscle cell

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholine release

Myasthenia gravis

LMN diseases

48. Although no laboratory test is diagnostic for multiple sclerosis (MS), some patients have alterations in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that can be seen when a portion of the CSF is removed during a spinal tap. What finding in CSF is suggestive of MS?

Decreased immunoglobulin G levels

Decreased total protein levels

Oligoclonal patterns

Decreased lymphocytes

49. Disorders of the basal ganglia comprise a complex group of motor disturbances characterized by ________ and other involuntary movements, changes in posture and muscle tone, and poverty and slowness of movement.

Demyelination

Multiple sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Bradykinesia

Parkinson disease

Tremor

50. Provides the circuitry for coordinating the movements of the distal portions of the limbs.

Vestibulocerebellar pathway

Spinocerebellar pathway

Cerebrocerebellar pathway

51. Abnormalities in any part of the __________ can produce muscle weakness.

Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon organs

Peripheral nerve

Motor pathway

52. Rhythmic contraction and alternate relaxation of a limb

Clonus

Dysdiadochokinesia

Reflex

Ataxia

53. Visible squirming and twitching movements of muscle

Paresis

Paralysis

Fasciculations

Motor homunculus

Spasticity

Proprioception

54. Increased muscle resistance that varies and commonly becomes worse at the extremities of the range of motion

Paresis

Paralysis

Fasciculations

Motor homunculus

Spasticity

Proprioception

55. Herniated disks occur when the nucleus pulposus is compressed enough that it protrudes through the annulus fibrosus putting pressure on the nerve root. This type of injury occurs most often in the cervical and lumbar region of the spine. What is an important diagnostic test for a herniated disk in the lumbar region?

Hip flexion test

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Straight-leg test

Electromyelography

56. The basal ganglia play a role in coordinated movements. Part of the basal ganglia system is the striatum which involves local cholinergic interneurons. What disease is thought to be related to the destruction of the cholinergic interneurons?

Parkinson syndrome

Guillain-barre syndrome

Myasthenia gravis

Huntington disease

57. Progressive neurological illnesses that selectively affect the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholine release

Myasthenia gravis

LMN diseases

58. There are two main types of ______ based on the target of the insult: segmental demyelination involving the Schwann cell and axonal degeneration involving the neuronal cell body and/or its axon.

Peripheral nerve injury

Mononeuropathies

Polyneuropathies

Herniated disk

Loss of cerebellar function

Basal ganglia

59. Control motor function

Motor neurons

Motor unit

Lower motor neurons (LMNs)

Upper motor neurons (UMNs)

60. The motor neurons supplying a motor unit are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Motor neurons

Motor unit

Lower motor neurons (LMNs)

Upper motor neurons (UMNs)

61. Refers to impairment or loss of motor or sensory function (or both) in the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral segments of the spinal cord from damage of neural elements in the spinal canal.

Deep venous thrombosis

Orthostatic hypotension

Vasovagal response

Paraplegia

Tetraplegia

Transection of the spinal cord

Spinal cord injury

62. What is found in muscle tendons and transmits information about muscle tension or force of contraction at the junction of the muscle and the tendon that attaches to bone?

Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon organs

Peripheral nerve

Motor pathway

63. Stretch reflexes tend to be hypoactive or absent in cases of ____________ damage or ventral horn injury involving the test area.

Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon organs

Peripheral nerve

Motor pathway

64. Rhythmic movements of a particular body part

Bradykinesia

Dystonia

Chorea

Truncal ataxia

Myoclonus

Parkinsonism

Dysmetria

Denervation atrophy

Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position

Tremor

65. At what level of the cervical spine would an injury allow finger flexion?

C5

C6

C7

C8

66. Characterized by inflammation and selective destruction of central nervous system myelin

Demyelination

Multiple sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Bradykinesia

Parkinson disease

Tremor

67. Are usually caused by localized conditions such as trauma, compression, or infections, that affect a single spinal nerve, plexus, or peripheral nerve trunk

Peripheral nerve injury

Mononeuropathies

Polyneuropathies

Herniated disk

Loss of cerebellar function

Basal ganglia

68. The primary ________ is located on the rostral surface and adjacent portions of the central sulcus

Cortex

Motor cortex

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

Circuits

69. What is controlled by the medial descending systems of the brain stem by integrating visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information?

Motor function

Spinal Cord

Polysynaptic reflexes

Posture

70. The _________ provides feedback circuits that regulate cortical and brain stem motor areas.

Cortex

Motor cortex

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

Circuits

71. Abnormal writihing movements

Bradykinesia

Dystonia

Chorea

Truncal ataxia

Myoclonus

Parkinsonism

Dysmetria

Denervation atrophy

Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position

Tremor

72. Can result in total incoordination of these functions even though its loss does not result in paralysis

Peripheral nerve injury

Mononeuropathies

Polyneuropathies

Herniated disk

Loss of cerebellar function

Basal ganglia

73. Coordinates sequential body and limb movements

Vestibulocerebellar pathway

Spinocerebellar pathway

Cerebrocerebellar pathway

74. Usually occurs in persons with injuries at T4 and T6 and above and is related to the interruption of descending control of sympathetic outflow to blood vessels in the extremities and abdomen

Deep venous thrombosis

Orthostatic hypotension

Vasovagal response

Paraplegia

Tetraplegia

Transection of the spinal cord

Spinal cord injury

75. What is the highest level of motor function?

Cortex

Motor cortex

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

Circuits

76. Cerebellar ________ are involved with the timing and coordination of movements that are in progress and with the learning of motor skills.

Cortex

Motor cortex

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

Circuits

77. The impairment or loss of motor or sensory function (or both) after damage to neural structures in the cervical segments of the spinal cord.

Deep venous thrombosis

Orthostatic hypotension

Vasovagal response

Paraplegia

Tetraplegia

Transection of the spinal cord

Spinal cord injury

78. Project from the motor strip in the cerebral cortex to the ventral horn and are fully contained within the central nervous system

Motor neurons

Motor unit

Lower motor neurons (LMNs)

Upper motor neurons (UMNs)

79. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is considered a disease of the upper motor neurons. What is the most common clinical presentation of ALS?

Rapidly progressive weakness and atrophy in distal muscles of both upper extremities

Slowly progressive weakness and atrophy in distal muscles of one upper extremity

Rapidly progressive weakness and atrophy in distal muscles of both lower extremities

Slowly progressive weakness and atrophy in distal muscles of one lower extremity

80. Disorder affecting the nerve cell body are often referred to ______, those affecting the nerve axon as peripheral neuropathies and primary disorders affecting the muscle fibers as myopathies.

Upper motor neuron disorder

Hyporeflexia

Lower motor neuron disorder

Muscular dystrophy

Fibrillations

81. Involuntary jerking movement

Bradykinesia

Dystonia

Chorea

Truncal ataxia

Myoclonus

Parkinsonism

Dysmetria

Denervation atrophy

Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position

Tremor

82. Abnormal simultaneous contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles

Bradykinesia

Dystonia

Chorea

Truncal ataxia

Myoclonus

Parkinsonism

Dysmetria

Denervation atrophy

Constant conjugate readjustment of eye position

Tremor

83. The signs and symptoms produced by disorders of the motor system are useful in finding the disorder. What signs and symptoms would you assess when looking for a disorder of the motor system? Mark all that apply

Spinal reflex activity

Bulk

Muscle coordination

Muscle innervation

Tone

Submit

84. The signs and symptoms of ________ are localized to the area of the body innervated by the nerve roots and include both motor and sensory manifestations

Peripheral nerve injury

Mononeuropathies

Polyneuropathies

Herniated disk

Loss of cerebellar function

Basal ganglia

85. Approximately 6 months after a spinal cord injury, a 29-year-old man has an episode of autonomic dysreflexia. What are the characteristics of autonomic dysreflexia? Mark all that apply.

Hypertension

Fever

Skin pallor

Vasoconstriction

Piloerector response

Submit

Pathophysiology Chapter 50

1. In myasthenia gravis, periods of stress can produce myasthenia crisis. When does myasthenia crisis occur?

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis involves the ________ of nerve fibers in the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve.

3. The cardinal manifestations of Parkinson disease are tremor, rigidity, and ________ or slowness of movement.

4. A group of deep, interrelated subcortical nuclei that play an essential role in control of movement

5. Motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates in a muscle

6. Nystagmus

7. Serves as a synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

8. Neurotoxins from the botulism organism (Clostridium botulinum) produce paralysis by blocking _________

9. What usually results from lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions as well as diseases of the muscles themselves?

10. A 14-year-old girl has been thrown from the back of a pick-up truck. MRI shows broken vertebrae at the C2 level. What is the main significance of an injury at this level of the spinal column?

11. Sense of body movement and position

12. Slowness of movement

14. Peripheral nerve disorders are not uncommon. what is an example of fairly common mononeuropathy?

15. The failure to accurately perform rapid alternating movements

16. Inherited as a recessive single-gene defect on the X chromosome and it is transmitted from the mother to her male offspring.

17. Maintains equilibrium and posture

18. The most common cause of _________ is motor vehicle accidents, followed by falls, violence (primarily gunshot wounds), and recreational sporting activities.

20. The high risk for ________ in patients with acute SCI is owing to immobility, decreased vasomotor tone below the level of injury, and hypercoagulability and stasis of blood flow.

21. Vagal stimulation that causes a marked bradycardia is called what?

22. Loss of movement

23. Somatotopic array of the body representing motor areas

24. Involuntary motor responses

25. Suggests the presence of a LMN lesion

26. A term applied to a number of genetic disorders that produce progressive deterioration of skeletal muscles because of mixed muscle cell hypertrophy, atrophy, and necrosis.

27. Muscle shrinkage owing to loss of neural stimulus

28. What disease results from the degeneration of the dopamine nigrostriatal system of the basal ganglia?

29. Incomplete loss of strength

30. A wide-based, unsteady gait

31. Unsteadiness of the trunk

32. Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually does not produce any signs or symptoms until between the ages of 2 and 3. What muscles are usually first to be affected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

33. What is involved in one or more interposed interneurons?

34. Syndrome arising from the degenerative changes in basal ganglia function

35. What are distributed throughout the belly of a muscle to relay information about muscle length and rate of stretch?

36. If the LMN dies or its axon is destroyed, the skeletal muscle cell begins to have temporary spontaneous contractions called what?

37. Inaccuracies of movements, leading to a failure to reach a specified target

38. Affects motor neurons in three locations: the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord; the motor nuclei of the brain stem, particularly the hypoglossal nuclei; and the UMNs of the cerebral cortex

39. The ________ contains the neuronal circuits that mediate a variety of reflexes and automatic rhythmic movements.

40. Any interruption of the myotatic or stretch reflex circuitry by peripheral nerve injury, pathology of the neuromuscular junction, injury to the spinal cord, or damage to the corticospinal system can result in disturbances of ________.

41. Hyperactive reflexes are suggestive of what?

42. Involve demyelination or axonal degeneration of multiple peripheral nerves that leads to symmetric sensory, motor, or mixed sensorimotor deficits

43. The spinal cord contains the basic factors necessary to coordinate function when a movement is planned. It is the lowest level of function. What is the highest level of functioning in planning movement?

44. ________, whether it involves walking, running, or precise finger movements, requires movement and maintenance of posture.

45. Bowel dysfunction is one of the most difficult problems to handle after a spinal cord injury. After a spinal cord injury, most people experience constipation. Why does this occur?

46. Sudden complete ____________ results in complete loss of motor, sensory, relfex, and autonomic function below the level of injury.

47. A disorder of transmission at the neuromuscular junction that affects communication between the motor neuron and the innervated muscle cell

48. Although no laboratory test is diagnostic for multiple sclerosis (MS), some patients have alterations in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that can be seen when a portion of the CSF is removed during a spinal tap. What finding in CSF is suggestive of MS?

49. Disorders of the basal ganglia comprise a complex group of motor disturbances characterized by ________ and other involuntary movements, changes in posture and muscle tone, and poverty and slowness of movement.

50. Provides the circuitry for coordinating the movements of the distal portions of the limbs.

51. Abnormalities in any part of the __________ can produce muscle weakness.

52. Rhythmic contraction and alternate relaxation of a limb

53. Visible squirming and twitching movements of muscle

54. Increased muscle resistance that varies and commonly becomes worse at the extremities of the range of motion

56. The basal ganglia play a role in coordinated movements. Part of the basal ganglia system is the striatum which involves local cholinergic interneurons. What disease is thought to be related to the destruction of the cholinergic interneurons?

57. Progressive neurological illnesses that selectively affect the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons

58. There are two main types of ______ based on the target of the insult: segmental demyelination involving the Schwann cell and axonal degeneration involving the neuronal cell body and/or its axon.

59. Control motor function

60. The motor neurons supplying a motor unit are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

61. Refers to impairment or loss of motor or sensory function (or both) in the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral segments of the spinal cord from damage of neural elements in the spinal canal.

62. What is found in muscle tendons and transmits information about muscle tension or force of contraction at the junction of the muscle and the tendon that attaches to bone?

63. Stretch reflexes tend to be hypoactive or absent in cases of ____________ damage or ventral horn injury involving the test area.

64. Rhythmic movements of a particular body part

65. At what level of the cervical spine would an injury allow finger flexion?

66. Characterized by inflammation and selective destruction of central nervous system myelin

67. Are usually caused by localized conditions such as trauma, compression, or infections, that affect a single spinal nerve, plexus, or peripheral nerve trunk

68. The primary ________ is located on the rostral surface and adjacent portions of the central sulcus

69. What is controlled by the medial descending systems of the brain stem by integrating visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information?

70. The _________ provides feedback circuits that regulate cortical and brain stem motor areas.

71. Abnormal writihing movements

72. Can result in total incoordination of these functions even though its loss does not result in paralysis

73. Coordinates sequential body and limb movements

74. Usually occurs in persons with injuries at T4 and T6 and above and is related to the interruption of descending control of sympathetic outflow to blood vessels in the extremities and abdomen

75. What is the highest level of motor function?

76. Cerebellar ________ are involved with the timing and coordination of movements that are in progress and with the learning of motor skills.

77. The impairment or loss of motor or sensory function (or both) after damage to neural structures in the cervical segments of the spinal cord.

78. Project from the motor strip in the cerebral cortex to the ventral horn and are fully contained within the central nervous system

79. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is considered a disease of the upper motor neurons. What is the most common clinical presentation of ALS?

80. Disorder affecting the nerve cell body are often referred to ______, those affecting the nerve axon as peripheral neuropathies and primary disorders affecting the muscle fibers as myopathies.