Developmental Psychology Midterm Quiz Chapters 1-5
Review of ch 1 and 2 then more extensive questions on chapters 3-5. Questions are from the book human development, eleventh edition by Diane papalia, Sally wendkos-olds, Ruth duskin-feldman.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The concept of a lifelong process of development that can be studied scientifically is known as what?
- A.
Longtime development
- B.
Life-span development
- C.
Childhood development
- D.
Social development
Correct Answer
B. Life-span developmentExplanation
Life-span development refers to the study of human development across the entire lifespan, from conception to death. It recognizes that development is a lifelong process and involves changes and continuity in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional domains. This concept acknowledges that development occurs in multiple contexts and is influenced by various factors such as genetics, environment, and culture. By studying life-span development, researchers gain insights into how individuals grow, change, and adapt throughout their lives, leading to a better understanding of human behavior and well-being.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Life-span studies are based on which of the following ideas?
- A.
There is little continuity over the life span
- B.
Development occurs early in life, not during adulthood
- C.
Every portion of the life span is influenced by earlier events and will affect later events
- D.
There is no development that takes place in the late adulthood stage
Correct Answer
C. Every portion of the life span is influenced by earlier events and will affect later eventsExplanation
Life-span studies are based on the idea that every portion of the life span is influenced by earlier events and will affect later events. This means that development is a continuous process that is shaped by previous experiences and will have an impact on future experiences. It recognizes the importance of early life experiences but also emphasizes that development continues throughout the entire life span, including adulthood and late adulthood. This perspective highlights the interconnectedness and cumulative nature of development.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Name the 3 major domains of development that developmental scientists study: (separate them by commas =] )
Correct Answer
physical, cognitive, psychosocialExplanation
Developmental scientists study three major domains of development: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial. The physical domain refers to changes in the body and its biological processes, such as growth, motor skills, and puberty. The cognitive domain involves changes in thinking, problem-solving, memory, and language abilities. Lastly, the psychosocial domain encompasses changes in emotions, social interactions, personality, and identity development. By studying these three domains, developmental scientists gain a comprehensive understanding of human development from infancy to adulthood.Rate this question:
- 4.
Division of the lifespan into periods is a
- A.
Social construction
- B.
Intellectual construction
- C.
Physical construction
- D.
Cognitive construction
Correct Answer
A. Social constructionExplanation
The division of the lifespan into periods refers to the categorization of different stages or phases of life, such as childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. This categorization is not based on any physical or biological factors, but rather on social and cultural norms and expectations. It is a social construction because it is created and defined by society, and varies across different cultures and historical periods.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Tentative explanations or predictions that can be scientifically tested are called
- A.
Research findings
- B.
Theories
- C.
Conclusions
- D.
Hypotheses
Correct Answer
D. HypothesesExplanation
Hypotheses are tentative explanations or predictions that can be scientifically tested. They are educated guesses or proposed explanations for a phenomenon or observation. Hypotheses are formulated based on existing knowledge and are used to guide scientific research and experimentation. They are essential in the scientific method as they provide a framework for testing and gathering evidence to support or refute the proposed explanation.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Organismic theorists emphasize ____________ change, while mechanistic theorists emphasize ____________ change
Correct Answer
qualitative, quantitativeExplanation
Organismic theorists emphasize qualitative change, focusing on the development and transformation of an organism as a whole. They believe that development occurs through stages and that individuals undergo fundamental qualitative shifts in their thinking, behavior, and understanding of the world. On the other hand, mechanistic theorists emphasize quantitative change, focusing on incremental and measurable changes in specific aspects of development. They believe that development occurs through gradual accumulation of knowledge, skills, and behaviors, without significant qualitative shifts.Rate this question:
- 7.
There are 5 theoretical perspectives to the study of the developmental processes. Name 2 of the 5 and give a brief explanation of each.
- 8.
___________ __________ also called fraternal twins are conceived by te union of two different ova with two different sperm cells. ___________ _________ also called identical twins result from the dvision of a single zygote after fertilization.
- A.
Monozygotic twins; dizygotic twins
- B.
Fertilization; zygote
- C.
Dizygotic twins; monozygotic twins
- D.
Triplets; quadruplets
Correct Answer
C. Dizygotic twins; monozygotic twinsExplanation
Dizygotic twins, also called fraternal twins, are conceived by the union of two different ova with two different sperm cells. Monozygotic twins, also called identical twins, result from the division of a single zygote after fertilization.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The unique cell divion of the sex cells is called
- A.
Meiosis
- B.
Mitosis
- C.
Autosome
- D.
Human genome
Correct Answer
A. MeiosisExplanation
Meiosis is the correct answer because it refers to the unique cell division process that occurs in sex cells, such as sperm and egg cells. During meiosis, the number of chromosomes in the parent cell is halved, resulting in the formation of genetically diverse haploid cells. This process is essential for sexual reproduction, as it ensures that the offspring receive a combination of genetic material from both parents. Mitosis, on the other hand, is the cell division process that occurs in somatic cells, leading to the production of genetically identical diploid cells. Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes, and the human genome refers to the complete set of genetic material in humans.Rate this question:
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- 10.
How many pairs of chromosomes does the normal human being have?
- A.
22
- B.
23
- C.
44
- D.
46
Correct Answer
B. 23Explanation
The normal human being has 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair consists of two chromosomes, one inherited from the mother and one from the father, making a total of 46 chromosomes in a human cell. These chromosomes contain genetic information that determines various traits and characteristics of an individual.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The increased use of fertility drugs, along with delayed childbearing, has resulted in:
- A.
An increase in fetal deaths
- B.
A decrease in fetal deaths
- C.
A decrease in multiple births
- D.
An increase in multiple births
- E.
No change
Correct Answer
D. An increase in multiple birthsExplanation
The increased use of fertility drugs, along with delayed childbearing, has resulted in an increase in multiple births. Fertility drugs can stimulate the ovaries to release multiple eggs, increasing the chances of multiple pregnancies. Additionally, delayed childbearing means that women are more likely to undergo fertility treatments, which further increases the likelihood of multiple births. Therefore, the combination of these factors has led to an increase in the number of pregnancies with twins, triplets, or even higher-order multiples.Rate this question:
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- 12.
A person's observable characteristics are his/her:
- A.
Genotype
- B.
Phenotype
- C.
Genetic imprint
- D.
Alleles
Correct Answer
B. PhenotypeExplanation
Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an individual, including physical traits, behavior, and any other observable features. It is determined by a combination of genetic factors (genotype) and environmental influences. The phenotype is the result of the interaction between an individual's genes and their environment, which can cause variations in the expression of certain traits. Therefore, the correct answer is phenotype.Rate this question:
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- 13.
The most common chromosomal abnormality is _________ _________ where there is an extra chromosome # __. (separate answers by a comma)
Correct Answer
Down's syndrome, 21Explanation
Down's syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. This condition occurs due to a random error during cell division, resulting in an individual having three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. This extra chromosome leads to various physical and intellectual disabilities associated with Down's syndrome.Rate this question:
- 14.
Tendancy of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.
- A.
Genotype-environment correlation
- B.
Active correlation
- C.
Passive correlation
- D.
Niche-picking
Correct Answer
D. Niche-pickingExplanation
Niche-picking refers to the tendency of individuals, particularly after early childhood, to actively seek out environments that align with their genotype. This means that individuals choose environments that are compatible with their genetic predispositions or traits. This can include selecting hobbies, careers, or social groups that align with their genetic tendencies. Niche-picking is a form of genotype-environment correlation, where individuals actively shape their own environment based on their genetic makeup.Rate this question:
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- 15.
A psychological disorder marked by loss of contact with reality and demonstrating such symptoms as hallucinations and delusions, which also seem to have a strong genetic component, is:
- A.
Neuroticism
- B.
Depression
- C.
Schizophrenia
- D.
Mental retardation
Correct Answer
C. SchizophreniaExplanation
Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder characterized by a loss of contact with reality, including symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. It is believed to have a strong genetic component, meaning that individuals with a family history of schizophrenia are more likely to develop the disorder. Neuroticism refers to a personality trait characterized by emotional instability and anxiety, while depression is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness. Mental retardation refers to a developmental disorder characterized by intellectual disabilities.Rate this question:
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- 16.
What are the names of the stages of prenatal development and give the time/duration of each and a brief description of what happens during that period:
- 17.
The name for a leading cause of mental retardation caused by mothers who drink alcohol heavily during their pregnancies is:
- A.
Drinker's syndrome
- B.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
- C.
Drunk woman's syndrome
- D.
Mental retardation syndrome
Correct Answer
B. Fetal alcohol syndromeExplanation
Fetal alcohol syndrome is the correct answer because it accurately describes the condition where heavy alcohol consumption by mothers during pregnancy leads to mental retardation in their babies. This syndrome is caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the developing fetus, leading to various physical and cognitive impairments. The other options, drinker's syndrome, drunk woman's syndrome, and mental retardation syndrome, do not specifically refer to the relationship between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and mental retardation.Rate this question:
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- 18.
The genetic-environment correlation where children with different genetic makeups evoke responses from adults that strengthen the child's genetic inclinations is called:
- A.
Passive correlations
- B.
Active correlations
- C.
Reactive correlations
- D.
Niche-picking
Correct Answer
C. Reactive correlationsExplanation
Reactive correlations refer to the genetic-environment correlation where children with different genetic makeups evoke responses from adults that strengthen the child's genetic inclinations. This means that the child's behavior or characteristics elicit certain reactions or responses from the adults in their environment, which in turn reinforce and support the child's genetic predispositions. Unlike passive correlations where the child's genetic makeup is simply matched with a corresponding environment or niche-picking where the child actively selects environments that align with their genetic inclinations, reactive correlations involve the child's behavior shaping the responses they receive from others.Rate this question:
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- 19.
THE PROCESS OF GIVING BIRTH IS CALLED ________
Correct Answer
laborExplanation
The process of giving birth is called labor. This term refers to the series of contractions that a woman experiences during childbirth, which help to push the baby out of the uterus and into the world. Labor can be a long and intense process, often accompanied by pain and discomfort. It is a natural and necessary part of the reproductive cycle for most mammalian species, including humans.Rate this question:
- 20.
What are the stages in the childbirth process
- 21.
How many stages are in the birthing process
- A.
6
- B.
2
- C.
4
- D.
3
Correct Answer
D. 3Explanation
The birthing process typically consists of three stages. The first stage is the longest and involves the dilation and thinning of the cervix. The second stage is the pushing stage, where the baby is delivered. The third stage is the delivery of the placenta.Rate this question:
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- 22.
An apparently normal infant who dies in his or her sleep probably suffered from
- A.
Respiratory distress syndrome
- B.
Hyaline membrane syndrome
- C.
Suddent infant death syndrome
- D.
Down's syndrome
Correct Answer
C. Suddent infant death syndromeExplanation
An apparently normal infant who dies in his or her sleep probably suffered from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of an otherwise healthy infant, usually during sleep. It is a devastating and tragic event that typically occurs in the first year of life. The exact cause of SIDS is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of factors such as an underlying vulnerability in the infant, an immature central nervous system, and external stressors like sleeping on the stomach or exposure to tobacco smoke.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Cesarean deliveries have ________ since 1996. It is commmonly performed when labor progresses too ___________.
- A.
Increased; rapidly
- B.
Decreased; rapidly
- C.
Increased; slowly
- D.
Decreased; slowly
Correct Answer
C. Increased; slowlyExplanation
The correct answer is "increased; slowly". This means that the number of cesarean deliveries has been gradually rising since 1996. Cesarean deliveries are typically performed when labor is not progressing as expected, and this method of delivery has become more common over time.Rate this question:
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- 24.
A baby can: typically hold its head at ____ monthspick up a moderate sized object at about _____ monthstypcially develop a pinsor grasp at ______ months.
- A.
3; 3 1/2; 7-11
- B.
3 1/2; 7-11; 3
- C.
2 1/2; 4; 6-12
- D.
2 1/2; 3 1/2; 9 1/2
Correct Answer
A. 3; 3 1/2; 7-11 -
- 25.
According to the class notes, at what age can a child:build a tower of 2 cubes sit (unassisted)roll overcrawlwalk (unassisted)
- 26.
What are gross motor skills?what are fine motor skills?
- 27.
Looking to cargivers for clues as to whether a situation is secure or frightening is
- A.
Self locomotion
- B.
Habituation
- C.
Dishabituation
- D.
Social referencing
Correct Answer
D. Social referencingExplanation
Social referencing refers to the behavior of looking to others, particularly caregivers, for cues or clues about how to react in a certain situation. This behavior is seen in infants and young children who are unsure about the safety or security of a particular situation. By observing the reactions of their caregivers, they are able to gauge whether the situation is secure or frightening. This helps them regulate their own emotions and behavior accordingly.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Name 3 of the 5 characteristics of early speech.
- 29.
What are the three memory systems?
- A.
Behaviorist, psychometric, information-processing
- B.
Implicit, explicit, working
- C.
Causality, categorization,object permenance
Correct Answer
B. Implicit, explicit, workingExplanation
The correct answer is "implicit, explicit, working." These three memory systems are commonly recognized in cognitive psychology. Implicit memory refers to unconscious memories that affect behavior or performance without conscious awareness. Explicit memory involves conscious recollection of facts and events. Working memory is a temporary storage system that holds and manipulates information for cognitive tasks. These three memory systems play different roles in encoding, storing, and retrieving information, and understanding them helps in studying and understanding human memory processes.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills is:
- A.
Implicit memory
- B.
Explicit memory
- C.
Working memory
Correct Answer
A. Implicit memoryExplanation
Implicit memory refers to the unconscious recall of habits and skills. It is a type of long-term memory that is not consciously accessible but influences our behavior and actions. Implicit memory is responsible for automatic processes and behaviors that we perform without conscious effort or awareness. This type of memory is different from explicit memory, which involves conscious recollection of facts and events. Working memory, on the other hand, refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information needed for cognitive tasks.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Intentional and conscious memory, generally of facts names and events is :
- A.
Implicit memory
- B.
Explicit memory
- C.
Working memory
Correct Answer
B. Explicit memoryExplanation
Explicit memory refers to the intentional and conscious recollection of facts, names, and events. It involves the conscious effort to retrieve information from long-term memory. This type of memory is characterized by the ability to consciously recall and verbalize specific details. It is the opposite of implicit memory, which involves unconscious retrieval of information without conscious awareness. Working memory, on the other hand, refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information needed for cognitive tasks. Therefore, explicit memory is the correct answer in this case.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Short-term storage of information beign processed is
- A.
Implicit memory
- B.
Explicit memory
- C.
Working memory
Correct Answer
C. Working memoryExplanation
Working memory refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information that is currently being processed. It is responsible for holding and manipulating information in the mind for a short period of time, typically a few seconds. Unlike explicit memory, which involves conscious and intentional retrieval of information, working memory is more automatic and unconscious. Implicit memory, on the other hand, refers to the long-term storage and retrieval of information without conscious awareness. Therefore, the correct answer is working memory as it accurately describes the short-term storage of information being processed.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Which one of these is not a type of reading style?
- A.
Describer
- B.
Comprehender
- C.
Code swithcing
- D.
Performance-oriented
Correct Answer
C. Code swithcingExplanation
The given options describe different types of reading styles. "Describer" refers to someone who describes or explains the content they read. "Comprehender" refers to someone who focuses on understanding and interpreting the meaning of the text. "Performance-oriented" refers to someone who reads with the intention of performing or presenting the information. "Code switching" is not a type of reading style, but rather a linguistic term that describes the practice of alternating between different languages or dialects in a conversation or text.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Piaget's term for the understanding that when a person or object still exists when out of sight:
- A.
Object concept
- B.
Object permenance
- C.
Dual representation hypothesis
- D.
Syntax
Correct Answer
B. Object permenanceExplanation
Object permanence is Piaget's term for the understanding that objects or people continue to exist even when they are out of sight. It is the ability to mentally represent and remember objects that are no longer visible. This concept is considered a major milestone in cognitive development, as infants initially lack this understanding and believe that objects cease to exist when they are not in their immediate field of vision. The development of object permanence allows individuals to engage in more complex forms of play, problem-solving, and social interactions.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus is:
- A.
Dishabituation
- B.
Habituation
- C.
Visual preference
- D.
Novelty preference
Correct Answer
A. DishabituationExplanation
Dishabituation refers to an increase in responsiveness after the presentation of a new stimulus. It occurs when a previously habituated response is renewed due to the introduction of a novel or unexpected stimulus. This can be seen in various contexts, such as when a person becomes habituated to a repeated sound and then becomes responsive again when a different sound is introduced. Therefore, dishabituation is the correct answer in this case.Rate this question:
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