Practice Questions For Inflammation

1.

After a mini-exam, you and a couple of friends spend a day in the sun on Beach #1 in Dominica. At the end of the day, one of your friends complains of sunburn. His back is very red, swollen, warm and painful to the touch. Which of the following is most likely to have caused the swelling?
- A.
  
  Histamine
- B.
  
  Kinins
- C.
  
  Leukotrienes
- D.
  
  Nitric oxide
- E.
  
  Thromboxane A2
Correct Answer
B. Kinins

Explanation
Kinins are a group of inflammatory mediators that are released in response to tissue injury or inflammation. They are known to cause swelling by increasing the permeability of blood vessels, allowing fluid to leak into the surrounding tissues. In this case, the friend's sunburn and the associated redness, warmth, and pain suggest inflammation, which is likely to be caused by the release of kinins.

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2.

Approximately 5 minutes after being bitten by a mosquito a 26-year-old medical student observes the lesion at the right. What causes the erythema?
- A.
  
  Hemorrhage
- B.
  
  Increased vascular permeability
- C.
  
  Lymphatic obstruction
- D.
  
  Vascular damage
- E.
  
  Vasodilation
Correct Answer
E. Vasodilation

Explanation
After being bitten by a mosquito, the body's immune response is activated, leading to the release of various chemicals, including histamine. Histamine causes the blood vessels in the area to dilate, resulting in increased blood flow to the site of the bite. This increased blood flow causes the redness and erythema observed by the medical student. Therefore, vasodilation is the cause of the erythema in this case.

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3.

A pathology report notes that an abscess was seen in the lung of your patient. The patient asks for a copy and explanation of this report. Which of the following best describes how you would describe it?
- A.
  
  A small area of pre-scar tissue containing new capillaries and fibroblasts
- B.
  
  A small area containing pus made up of apoptotic neutrophils with liquefactive necrosis
- C.
  
  An accumulation of mononuclear inflammatory cells and fibroblasts
- D.
  
  An accumulation of macrophages, epithelioid cells and giant cells surrounding a persistent inflammatory stimulus
Correct Answer
B. A small area containing pus made up of apoptotic neutrophils with liquefactive necrosis

Explanation
The correct answer describes an abscess as a small area containing pus made up of apoptotic neutrophils with liquefactive necrosis. This means that there is an accumulation of dead white blood cells (neutrophils) and fluid (pus) in a small area, with the tissue being liquefied due to the breakdown of cells. This is a characteristic feature of an abscess.

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4.

A five-year-old boy pinches his finger with pliers. The lesion seen in this photomicrograph develops What is the exudate?
- A.
  
  Fibrinopurulent
- B.
  
  Fibrinous
- C.
  
  Purulent
- D.
  
  Serous
- E.
  
  Suppurative
Correct Answer
D. Serous

Explanation
The lesion seen in the photomicrograph is likely to develop a serous exudate. Serous exudate is a thin, clear fluid that is typically seen in mild inflammation. It contains few cells and little to no fibrin or pus. This type of exudate is commonly seen in minor injuries or mild infections where there is minimal tissue damage.

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5.

A 65-year-old man presents with crushing chest pain. Physical examination and laboratory studies are compatible with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Which of the following is the most likely outcome of his infarction?
- A.
  
  Atrophy
- B.
  
  Inflammation
- C.
  
  Regeneration
- D.
  
  Repair
- E.
  
  Resolution
Correct Answer
D. Repair

Explanation
The most likely outcome of the patient's myocardial infarction is repair. After a myocardial infarction, there is damage to the heart tissue due to a lack of blood supply. The body responds by forming scar tissue in the damaged area, which helps to strengthen and stabilize the heart. This process is known as repair. Atrophy refers to a decrease in the size of an organ or tissue, which is not typically seen after a myocardial infarction. Inflammation may occur initially after the infarction but is not the final outcome. Regeneration refers to the regrowth of new healthy tissue, which is limited in the heart. Resolution refers to the complete healing of the tissue, which is not typically seen after a myocardial infarction.

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6.

A researcher is attempting to determine the sequence of events occurring inflammation. Which of the following events in acute inflammation occurs first?
- A.
  
  Chemotaxis
- B.
  
  Emigration
- C.
  
  Hemostasis
- D.
  
  Margination
- E.
  
  Phagocytosis
Correct Answer
C. Hemostasis

Explanation
Hemostasis is the first event to occur in acute inflammation. It involves the constriction of blood vessels to minimize blood loss and the formation of a blood clot to seal the damaged blood vessel. This initial response helps to control bleeding and prevent further damage. Chemotaxis, emigration, margination, and phagocytosis are subsequent events that occur after hemostasis in the inflammatory process.

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7.

A suppurative exudate contains necrotic debris in addition to neutrophils. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the necrosis.
- A.
  
  Activation of reactive oxygen species
- B.
  
  Extracellular calcium
- C.
  
  IL-1 liberation from macrophages
- D.
  
  Release of bacterial toxins
- E.
  
  Release of hydrolases from neutrophils
Correct Answer
E. Release of hydrolases from neutrophils

Explanation
The release of hydrolases from neutrophils is most likely responsible for the necrosis in a suppurative exudate. Hydrolases are enzymes that break down molecules, and their release from neutrophils can lead to tissue damage and necrosis.

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8.

•A 24-year-old black woman is found to have bilateral hilar adenopathy on a routine chest-ray. Based on this photomicrograph, which of the following is the best diagnosis?
- A.
  
  Brucellosis
- B.
  
  Sarcoidosis
- C.
  
  Staphlococcus
- D.
  
  Streptococcus
- E.
  
  Tuberculosis
Correct Answer
B. Sarcoidosis

Explanation
The photomicrograph shows noncaseating granulomas, which are characteristic of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterized by the formation of granulomas in various organs, including the lungs. It commonly presents with bilateral hilar adenopathy, as seen in this case. Brucellosis, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Tuberculosis do not typically present with noncaseating granulomas and are less likely diagnoses in this scenario.

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9.

This specimen is submitted to a pathologist. It is said to be from the subcutis of a 32-year-old woman. Which of the following is the best diagnosis?
- A.
  
  Acute inflammation
- B.
  
  Granulomatous inflammation
- C.
  
  Chronic inflammation
- D.
  
  Chronic-active inflammation
Correct Answer
C. Chronic inflammation

Explanation
The best diagnosis for the submitted specimen from the subcutis of a 32-year-old woman is chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages, as well as tissue destruction and repair. It is typically a response to persistent or repeated injury or infection. This diagnosis is supported by the information provided in the question, which states that the specimen is from the subcutis and does not mention any acute or granulomatous features.

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Practice Questions For Inflammation

After a mini-exam, you and a couple of friends spend a day in the sun on Beach #1 in Dominica. At the end of the day, one of your friends complains of sunburn. His back is very red, swollen, warm and painful to the touch. Which of the following is most likely to have caused the swelling?

Approximately 5 minutes after being bitten by a mosquito a 26-year-old medical student observes the lesion at the right. What causes the erythema?

A pathology report notes that an abscess was seen in the lung of your patient. The patient asks for a copy and explanation of this report. Which of the following best describes how you would describe it?

A five-year-old boy pinches his finger with pliers. The lesion seen in this photomicrograph develops What is the exudate?

A 65-year-old man presents with crushing chest pain. Physical examination and laboratory studies are compatible with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Which of the following is the most likely outcome of his infarction?

A researcher is attempting to determine the sequence of events occurring inflammation. Which of the following events in acute inflammation occurs first?

A suppurative exudate contains necrotic debris in addition to neutrophils. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the necrosis.

•A 24-year-old black woman is found to have bilateral hilar adenopathy on a routine chest-ray. Based on this photomicrograph, which of the following is the best diagnosis?

This specimen is submitted to a pathologist. It is said to be from the subcutis of a 32-year-old woman. Which of the following is the best diagnosis?

After a mini-exam, you and a couple of friends spend a day in the sun on Beach #1 in Dominica. At the end of the day, one of your friends complains of sunburn. His back is very red, swollen, warm and painful to the touch. Which of the following is most likely to have caused the swelling?

A suppurative exudate contains necrotic debris in addition to neutrophils. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the necrosis.