Asthma/COPD Pharmacology (Young)
(211).jpg "Asthma/COPD Pharmacology (Young) - Quiz")
There are two ways to manage asthma which include preventing the symptoms or treating the symptoms by using inhalers which for the two main reasons. The quiz below is set to test out what you have understood through your classes about dosage and drugs prescribed to an asthma patient. Give it a try!
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Drug treatment for asthma and COPD aim to do all of the following except:
- A.
Cure asthma/COPD
- B.
Relieve/prevent bronchoconstriction
- C.
Inhibit airway inflammation
- D.
Prevent airway remodeling
- E.
Manage asthma/COPD
Correct Answer
A. Cure asthma/COPDExplanation
Drug treatment for asthma and COPD aims to relieve/prevent bronchoconstriction, inhibit airway inflammation, prevent airway remodeling, and manage asthma/COPD. However, it does not aim to cure asthma/COPD. Asthma and COPD are chronic conditions that currently do not have a known cure. The goal of drug treatment is to control symptoms, improve lung function, and prevent exacerbations, but it cannot completely eliminate the underlying condition.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Stimulation of beta-2 sympathetic receptors can alleviate bronchoconstriction. Drugs that stimulate these receptors are called all of the following except:
- A.
Sympathomimetics
- B.
Adrenergics
- C.
Beta-2 agonist
- D.
Catecholamines
- E.
Alpha-1 antagonists
Correct Answer
E. Alpha-1 antagonistsExplanation
Alpha-1 antagonists are not drugs that stimulate beta-2 sympathetic receptors. Alpha-1 antagonists work by blocking the alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, which are involved in vasoconstriction. They are used to treat conditions like high blood pressure. On the other hand, sympathomimetics, adrenergics, and beta-2 agonists are all terms used to describe drugs that stimulate the beta-2 sympathetic receptors. Catecholamines are a type of sympathomimetic drug that includes substances like epinephrine and norepinephrine.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Beta-adrenergic stimulation by agonists stimulate AC to increase cAMP. The increase in cAMP correctly affects which of the following pathways?
- A.
PKA stimulating MLCK
- B.
PKA inhibiting MLCK
- C.
PLC stimulating MLC
- D.
PLC inhibiting MLC
- E.
All of the above pathways are affected by beta-adrenergic agonists
Correct Answer
B. PKA inhibiting MLCKExplanation
Beta-adrenergic stimulation by agonists increases the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In this case, the increase in cAMP leads to the activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA then inhibits myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), which is responsible for the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC). By inhibiting MLCK, PKA prevents the phosphorylation of MLC and thereby inhibits smooth muscle contraction. This explains why the correct answer is PKA inhibiting MLCK.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunits of PKA liberate 2 catalytic subunits. What is the mechanism of action of these catalytic subunits?
- A.
Phosphorylation of MLC to inhibit airway muscles
- B.
Phosphorylation of MLCK to inhibit airway muscles
- C.
Phosphorylation of PKA to inhibit MLCK
- D.
Phosphorylation of PKA to inhibit MLC
- E.
None of the above are the correct mechanism of action of these catalytic subunits
Correct Answer
B. Phosphorylation of MLCK to inhibit airway musclesExplanation
The catalytic subunits of PKA phosphorylate MLCK (Myosin Light Chain Kinase) to inhibit airway muscles. MLCK is responsible for phosphorylating myosin, which leads to muscle contraction. By phosphorylating MLCK, the catalytic subunits of PKA inhibit its activity, preventing the phosphorylation of myosin and ultimately leading to muscle relaxation. This mechanism of action is important in regulating airway smooth muscle tone and controlling bronchial constriction.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Primarily, beta-2 adrenergic agonist alleviate bronchoconstriction. Additional potential benefits include all of the following except:
- A.
Reduce plasma exudation
- B.
Increase ciliary action
- C.
Mast cell stabilization
- D.
Reduce bacterial adherence to epithelial cells
- E.
All of the above are additional benefits of beta-2-agonists
Correct Answer
E. All of the above are additional benefits of beta-2-agonistsExplanation
Beta-2 adrenergic agonists primarily alleviate bronchoconstriction. In addition to this, they have several additional benefits. They can reduce plasma exudation, increase ciliary action, stabilize mast cells, and reduce bacterial adherence to epithelial cells. Therefore, all of the given options are actually additional benefits of beta-2 agonists.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following pairs are the NON-selective beta-2-agonists?
- A.
Ephedrine and albuterol
- B.
Isoproterenol and pirbuterol
- C.
Ephedrine and isoproterenol
- D.
Albuterol and pirbuterol
- E.
Salmeterol and formoterol
Correct Answer
C. Ephedrine and isoproterenolExplanation
Ephedrine and isoproterenol are the non-selective beta-2-agonists because they bind to both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Albuterol and pirbuterol are selective beta-2-agonists, as they primarily target the beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Salmeterol and formoterol are also selective beta-2-agonists commonly used as long-acting bronchodilators for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Rate this question:
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- 7.
Beta-2-agonists, can be administered in all of the following mechanisms of action except:
- A.
Inhalation solutions
- B.
Long acting, oral agents
- C.
Intravenous agents
- D.
Inhaled dry powders
- E.
All of the above are routes of administration of beta-2-agonists
Correct Answer
E. All of the above are routes of administration of beta-2-agonistsExplanation
All of the options listed in the question are routes of administration for beta-2-agonists. This means that beta-2-agonists can be administered through inhalation solutions, long-acting oral agents, intravenous agents, and inhaled dry powders. Therefore, the correct answer is that all of the above are routes of administration of beta-2-agonists.Rate this question:
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- 8.
True or False: When using intravenous formulations of beta-2-agonists, a smaller dose is necessary compared to inhaled formulations.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
When using intravenous formulations of beta-2-agonists, a larger dose is necessary compared to inhaled formulations. This is because intravenous administration bypasses the lungs and delivers the medication directly into the bloodstream, requiring a higher dose to achieve the desired effect.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Side effects of beta-2-agonists include all of the following except:
- A.
Tremors
- B.
Headaches
- C.
Tachycardia
- D.
Bradycardia
- E.
Hypertension
Correct Answer
D. BradycardiaExplanation
Beta-2-agonists are medications that relax the muscles in the airways, making it easier to breathe. They are commonly used to treat conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). One of the side effects of beta-2-agonists is tremors, which are involuntary shaking movements. Headaches can also occur as a side effect. Tachycardia, or a rapid heart rate, is another potential side effect. However, bradycardia, which is a slow heart rate, is not typically associated with beta-2-agonists. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can also occur as a side effect.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Levalbuterol is the r-enantiomer of the racemic mixture of albuterol. This formulation is thought to exhibit _____ selectivity of the ____ receptor, contributing to fewer side effects.
- A.
Lower; B1
- B.
Lower; B2
- C.
Higher; B1
- D.
Higher; B2
- E.
None of the above pairs are correct
Correct Answer
D. Higher; B2Explanation
Levalbuterol is the R-enantiomer of albuterol, which means it is a specific form of the drug that has a higher affinity for the B2 receptor. This higher selectivity for the B2 receptor leads to fewer side effects compared to the racemic mixture of albuterol. Therefore, the correct answer is "higher; B2."Rate this question:
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- 11.
Long acting beta agonists have a unique structural feature that make them long-acting. What is this unique structural feature?
- A.
High number of hydrophilic OH groups
- B.
Presence of the highly water soluble nitrogen atom
- C.
Long hydrophobic carbon tails
- D.
High number of hydrophobic phenolic rings
- E.
All of the above contribute to the LABA activity
Correct Answer
C. Long hydrophobic carbon tailsExplanation
Long acting beta agonists (LABAs) have a unique structural feature of long hydrophobic carbon tails. This feature allows them to bind tightly to the beta-adrenergic receptors in the lungs, resulting in a prolonged duration of action. The hydrophobic nature of the carbon tails allows LABAs to remain in the lipid-rich cell membrane for an extended period, leading to sustained activation of the receptors and a longer-lasting bronchodilator effect. The other options, such as hydrophilic OH groups, highly water soluble nitrogen atom, and hydrophobic phenolic rings, may have their own roles in drug activity but do not specifically contribute to the long-acting property of LABAs.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The S.M.A.R.T exhibited asthma related deaths due to Salmeterol. Which one of the following reason is NOT attributed to these asthma related deaths?
- A.
Salmeterol masks underlying inflammation
- B.
Salmeterol was misused during an acute asthma attack
- C.
Salmeterol partial agonist nature interfered with SABA's during an acute attack
- D.
Salmeterol causes more sides effects, tachycardia and muscle tremor, that lead to death
- E.
All of the above are reasons why Salmeterol exhibited asthma related deaths.
Correct Answer
D. Salmeterol causes more sides effects, tachycardia and muscle tremor, that lead to deathExplanation
The correct answer is "Salmeterol causes more side effects, tachycardia and muscle tremor, that lead to death." This is because the question asks for the reason that is NOT attributed to the asthma-related deaths. The other options provided in the question are all valid reasons that can contribute to asthma-related deaths caused by Salmeterol.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which one of the following pairs are INCORRECTLY matched side effects and the receptors that cause them?
- A.
Muscle tremor: beta 2 receptors
- B.
Tachycardia: beta 1 receptors
- C.
Palpitations: beta 2 receptors
- D.
CNS effects (headache, nervousness): beta 2 receptors
- E.
All the above are correctly matched side effects and receptor pairs
Correct Answer
C. Palpitations: beta 2 receptorsExplanation
Palpitations are the sensation of a rapid or irregular heartbeat. Beta 2 receptors are primarily found in the smooth muscle of the bronchioles and blood vessels. While beta 2 receptors can cause relaxation of smooth muscles, they are not directly responsible for palpitations. Palpitations are more commonly associated with the activation of beta 1 receptors, which are located in the heart. These receptors increase heart rate and can lead to palpitations. Therefore, the pairing of palpitations with beta 2 receptors is incorrect.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Anticholinergics exhibit all of the following actions except:
- A.
Decrease vagal tone
- B.
Decrease transmission of airway ganglion
- C.
Decrease mucus production
- D.
Decrease neurokinin release and inflammation
- E.
All of the above are actions of anticholinergics
Correct Answer
E. All of the above are actions of anticholinergicsExplanation
Anticholinergics exhibit all of the listed actions, including decreasing vagal tone, decreasing transmission of airway ganglion, decreasing mucus production, and decreasing neurokinin release and inflammation. Therefore, the correct answer is that all of the above are actions of anticholinergics.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Anticholinergics act by antagonizing muscarinic acetylcholine receptors which ultimately ____ the Ca++ concentration and this ________ stimulation of MLCK.
- A.
Increase; increase
- B.
Increase; decrease
- C.
Decrease; increase
- D.
Decrease; decrease
Correct Answer
D. Decrease; decreaseExplanation
Anticholinergics act by blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which leads to a decrease in intracellular calcium concentration. This decrease in calcium concentration ultimately results in a decrease in stimulation of MLCK (myosin light chain kinase).Rate this question:
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- 16.
Anticholinergics are thought to be especially useful in the management of _____ than it is at managing _____ because it blocks muscarinic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle, prevents muscle contraction, decreases mucus production versus allows bronchodilation.
- A.
COPD; asthma
- B.
Asthma; COPD
Correct Answer
A. COPD; asthmaExplanation
Anticholinergics are believed to be more effective in managing COPD than asthma because they block muscarinic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle, preventing muscle contraction and reducing mucus production. This helps to alleviate the symptoms of COPD, such as bronchoconstriction and excessive mucus production. In asthma, on the other hand, bronchodilation is needed to relieve symptoms, which anticholinergics do not provide as effectively. Therefore, anticholinergics are considered more beneficial in the management of COPD compared to asthma.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Anticholinergics have a unique structural feature that is responsible for its minimum systemic effects. What is this unique structural feature?
- A.
Tropane ring structure
- B.
Aromatic ring
- C.
Long hydrocarbon tail
- D.
Quaternary ammonium
Correct Answer
D. Quaternary ammoniumExplanation
Quaternary ammonium is the unique structural feature of anticholinergics that is responsible for its minimum systemic effects. This feature refers to a positively charged nitrogen atom bonded to four alkyl or aryl groups. This structural arrangement allows the anticholinergic to have limited penetration into the central nervous system, reducing the risk of side effects such as sedation or confusion.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Tiotropium is considered a more potent agent than ipratropium for which of the following TWO reasons?
- A.
Less side effects
- B.
Tighter binding
- C.
More rapid onset
- D.
Slower dissociation from M3
Correct Answer(s)
B. Tighter binding
D. Slower dissociation from M3Explanation
Tiotropium is considered a more potent agent than ipratropium because it has tighter binding to the target receptor (M3) and slower dissociation from it. This means that tiotropium stays bound to the receptor for a longer time, leading to a more prolonged and effective action. The tighter binding and slower dissociation contribute to the increased potency of tiotropium compared to ipratropium.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Methylxanthines like theophylline inhibit MLCK via which of the following mechanisms?
- A.
Activation of the beta-2-receptors
- B.
Stimulation of AC to increase cAMP
- C.
Prevent the breakdown of cAMP
- D.
Stimulation of MLC
- E.
All of the above are actions of methylxanthines
Correct Answer
C. Prevent the breakdown of cAMPExplanation
Methylxanthines like theophylline prevent the breakdown of cAMP. cAMP is a secondary messenger that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including the regulation of MLCK (myosin light chain kinase). By inhibiting the breakdown of cAMP, methylxanthines increase the levels of cAMP in the cell, leading to the inhibition of MLCK. MLCK is responsible for the phosphorylation of myosin, which is necessary for muscle contraction. Therefore, by preventing the breakdown of cAMP, methylxanthines indirectly inhibit MLCK and ultimately relax smooth muscles.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Additional asthma/COPD benefits of methylxanthines include all of the following EXCEPT:
- A.
Antagonist of adenosine
- B.
Inhibitions of secretion of inflammatory mediators
- C.
Inhibition of PKA
- D.
Strengthens diaphragm
- E.
All of the above are additional benefits of methylxanthines
Correct Answer
C. Inhibition of PKAExplanation
Methylxanthines have several additional benefits for asthma/COPD, including being an antagonist of adenosine, inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory mediators, and strengthening the diaphragm. However, they do not inhibit PKA (protein kinase A), which is a key enzyme involved in many cellular processes. Therefore, the correct answer is "Inhibition of PKA."Rate this question:
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- 21.
Theophylline and aminophylline have very narrow therapeutic windows. Which of the following ranges of serum concentrations would you expect a patient to exhibit minor side effects such as N&V, nervousness, and insomnia?
- A.
1-5 mcg/ml
- B.
5-15 mcg/ml
- C.
15-25 mcg/ml
- D.
>25 mcg/ml
- E.
Methylxanthine derivatives do not have narrow therapeutic indices
Correct Answer
C. 15-25 mcg/mlExplanation
Theophylline and aminophylline have very narrow therapeutic windows, meaning that the range of serum concentrations at which they are effective is very close to the range at which they can cause side effects. In this case, a patient would be expected to exhibit minor side effects such as N&V, nervousness, and insomnia at serum concentrations of 15-25 mcg/ml. This range is higher than the previous options, indicating that a higher concentration of the drug is needed to cause these side effects.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Roflumilast and cilomilast are PDE inhibitors of which of the following specific isoform?
- A.
PDE3
- B.
PDE4
- C.
PDE5
- D.
Roflumilast and cilomilast are not specific PDE inhibitors
Correct Answer
B. PDE4Explanation
Roflumilast and cilomilast are specific phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors. PDE4 is an isoform of phosphodiesterase enzyme that is involved in the breakdown of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the cells. By inhibiting PDE4, roflumilast and cilomilast increase the levels of cAMP, which can have anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the correct answer is PDE4.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex starts with _____, which is dependent on the ______ enzymes for transport into the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- A.
Cholesterol; CYP11A1
- B.
Pregnenolone; protein kinase A
- C.
Progesterone; StAR
- D.
Cholesterol; StAR
- E.
Progesterone; CYP11A1
Correct Answer
D. Cholesterol; StARExplanation
The correct answer is Cholesterol; StAR. Hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex begins with cholesterol, which is transported into the inner mitochondrial membrane with the help of the StAR (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory) protein. StAR plays a crucial role in the transfer of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is converted into pregnenolone, the precursor for various adrenal hormones.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Diurnal production of cortisol exhibits all of the following patterns EXCEPT:
- A.
Responds to sleep-wake cycles
- B.
ACTH peaks in the morning
- C.
Decreases with caffeine and exercise
- D.
Cortisol peaks at 8 in the morning
- E.
Brief bursts throughout the day
Correct Answer
C. Decreases with caffeine and exerciseExplanation
Cortisol is a hormone that follows a diurnal pattern, meaning its production varies throughout the day. It typically rises in the morning, with its peak occurring around 8 AM. This aligns with the natural sleep-wake cycles of the body. Additionally, cortisol production can be triggered by bursts throughout the day in response to stress or other stimuli. However, cortisol levels do not decrease with caffeine and exercise. In fact, both caffeine and exercise can stimulate cortisol production. Therefore, the correct answer is "decreases with caffeine and exercise."Rate this question:
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- 25.
Treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids present a risk in changing the body's regulatory processes of making its own endogenous cortisol. Which of the following pairs are TWO properly matched treatment and effect?
- A.
Sustained elevation = induced hypertrophy
- B.
Sustained elevation = induced atrophy
- C.
Prolonged exposure = induced hypertrophy
- D.
Prolonged exposure = induced atrophy
Correct Answer(s)
A. Sustained elevation = induced hypertrophy
D. Prolonged exposure = induced atrophyExplanation
Exogenous glucocorticoids are synthetic forms of cortisol that are used as medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Sustained elevation of exogenous glucocorticoids can lead to induced hypertrophy, which refers to an increase in the size of cells or tissues. This is because glucocorticoids can stimulate protein synthesis and promote the growth of muscle fibers. On the other hand, prolonged exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids can lead to induced atrophy, which refers to a decrease in the size of cells or tissues. This is because glucocorticoids can inhibit protein synthesis and promote the breakdown of muscle fibers.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Cortisol's anti-inflammatory effects are due to inhibition of which of the following TWO enzymes?
- A.
PLA2
- B.
LOX
- C.
PGH2 synthase (COX 1 and 2)
- D.
PKA
- E.
MLCK
Correct Answer(s)
A. PLA2
C. PGH2 synthase (COX 1 and 2)Explanation
Cortisol's anti-inflammatory effects are due to the inhibition of two enzymes: PLA2 and PGH2 synthase (COX 1 and 2). PLA2 is an enzyme that releases arachidonic acid from cell membranes, which is a precursor for the production of inflammatory mediators. By inhibiting PLA2, cortisol reduces the availability of arachidonic acid and subsequently decreases the production of inflammatory mediators. PGH2 synthase, also known as cyclooxygenase (COX), is responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are potent mediators of inflammation. Cortisol inhibits both COX 1 and COX 2, further reducing the production of inflammatory prostaglandins.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Inhaled corticosteroids for the long-term treatment of COPD and asthma exhibit all of the following desired features EXCEPT:
- A.
High affinity for glucocorticoid receptor
- B.
Minimal systemic absorption
- C.
High serum protein binding
- D.
Rapid systemic inactivation
- E.
All of the above are desired features of ICS'
Correct Answer
E. All of the above are desired features of ICS'Explanation
The correct answer states that all of the mentioned features are desired in inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for the long-term treatment of COPD and asthma. This means that ICS should have a high affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor, minimal systemic absorption, high serum protein binding, and rapid systemic inactivation. These features are desired because they allow for targeted delivery to the lungs, reducing the risk of systemic side effects and maximizing the therapeutic effects of the medication.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following is an adverse effect of ICS that patients can minimize with proper inhaler use and education?
- A.
Dysphonia
- B.
Osteoporosis
- C.
Oropharyngeal candidiasis
- D.
Growth suppression
- E.
All of the side effects above can be avoided with proper ICS use
Correct Answer
C. Oropharyngeal candidiasisExplanation
Oropharyngeal candidiasis is a fungal infection that can occur in the mouth and throat as a side effect of using inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). It is characterized by white patches or lesions in the mouth and can cause discomfort and difficulty swallowing. However, with proper inhaler use and education, patients can minimize the risk of developing this side effect. This may include rinsing the mouth after each use of the inhaler and using a spacer device to ensure the medication is delivered directly to the lungs and not deposited in the mouth.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Studies using human and mouse cys-LT receptors proved which of the following leukotriene ligands to be the most important in the use of leukotriene inhibitors to treat asthma?
- A.
LTB4
- B.
LTC4
- C.
LTD4
- D.
LTE4
- E.
Leukotriene inhibitors blocks these ligands all with the same affinity
Correct Answer
C. LTD4Explanation
Studies using human and mouse cys-LT receptors have shown that LTD4 is the most important leukotriene ligand in the use of leukotriene inhibitors to treat asthma. This suggests that blocking LTD4 specifically can be more effective in managing asthma symptoms compared to blocking other leukotriene ligands such as LTB4, LTC4, or LTE4. The answer also indicates that leukotriene inhibitors do not block these ligands with the same affinity, further emphasizing the significance of targeting LTD4 specifically.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Montelukast and zafirlukast are two leukotriene inhibitors that block cysteinyl receptor, CysTR1 for the LTD4 ligand. What kind of receptor is the cysteinyl receptor and what ion does the inhibition affect that prevent muscle contraction and eosinophil chemotaxis?
- A.
G-coupled protein receptor: cAMP
- B.
G-coupled protein receptor; Ca++
- C.
Ion channel receptor; Na+
- D.
Ion channel receptor: K+
- E.
Ion channel receptor: Ca++
Correct Answer
B. G-coupled protein receptor; Ca++Explanation
The cysteinyl receptor is a G-coupled protein receptor, and the inhibition affects the ion Ca++. This inhibition of Ca++ prevents muscle contraction and eosinophil chemotaxis.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Omalizumab (Zolair) is a unique treatment of asthma that uses humanized monoclonal antibodies to target against _______ and the most worrisome side effect of this drug is _______.
- A.
IgA; agranulocytosis
- B.
IgE: agranulocytosis
- C.
IgA: anaphylaxis
- D.
IgE: anaphylaxis
Correct Answer
D. IgE: anaphylaxisExplanation
Omalizumab (Zolair) is a unique treatment of asthma that uses humanized monoclonal antibodies to target against IgE, which is an immunoglobulin involved in allergic reactions. The most worrisome side effect of this drug is anaphylaxis, a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever is an inflammatory process of the mucus membranes of the eyes, nose, and throat. These IgE mediated activation of mast cell are carried out by what primary and second mediators?
- A.
Primary: Histamine, Secondary: Cortisol
- B.
Primary: Syk critical kinase, Secondary: Cortisol
- C.
Primary: Histamine, Secondary: Leukotriene
- D.
Primary: Leukotriene, Secondary: INF-alpha
- E.
Primary: Histamine, Secondary: INF-alpha
Correct Answer
C. Primary: Histamine, Secondary: LeukotrieneExplanation
Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is caused by an inflammatory response triggered by the activation of mast cells. Histamine is a primary mediator released by mast cells during this process, causing symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and nasal congestion. Leukotrienes are secondary mediators that are also released by mast cells and contribute to the inflammatory response, leading to symptoms such as nasal congestion and inflammation. Therefore, the correct answer is Primary: Histamine, Secondary: Leukotriene.Rate this question:
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- 33.
The mast cell degranulation pathway versus the mast cell eicosanoid synthesis pathway share all the following steps EXCEPT:
- A.
FCERI crosslinking by IgE upon allergen exposure
- B.
Activation of the tyrosine kinase Lyn
- C.
Phosphorylated receptor serves as a docking site for Syk
- D.
Syk activated the PLC-gamma, cleaving PIP2 into IP3 and DAG
- E.
All of the above are shared between the two pathways
Correct Answer
D. Syk activated the PLC-gamma, cleaving PIP2 into IP3 and DAGExplanation
The mast cell degranulation pathway and the mast cell eicosanoid synthesis pathway share all the steps mentioned in the options except for Syk activating the PLC-gamma, cleaving PIP2 into IP3 and DAG.Rate this question:
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- 34.
H1 receptor antagonists that have a side effect profile that includes: short half lives and crossing of the blood-brain barrier would most likely describe which generation of anti-histamines?
- A.
1st generation
- B.
2nd generation
- C.
3rd generation
- D.
These side effects are caused by decongestants, not anti-histamines
Correct Answer
A. 1st generationExplanation
First-generation H1 receptor antagonists are known to have a side effect profile that includes short half-lives and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This means that these anti-histamines are quickly metabolized and eliminated from the body, and they are also able to enter the brain, which can lead to sedation and other central nervous system effects. Therefore, the given answer correctly identifies the side effect profile associated with first-generation anti-histamines.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Oral decongestants, like pseudoephedrine can be classified under which mechanism of action?
- A.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists
- B.
Glucocorticoid receptor agonist
- C.
Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist
- D.
H1 histamine receptor agonists
- E.
None of the above correctly describe the MOA of decongestants
Correct Answer
C. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonistExplanation
Oral decongestants, like pseudoephedrine, work by stimulating alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. This stimulation causes vasoconstriction, which reduces swelling in the nasal passages and helps to relieve congestion. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, glucocorticoid receptor agonists, and H1 histamine receptor agonists do not accurately describe the mechanism of action of decongestants.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Clinical trials have shown R112, a ______ inhibitor, to be effective in allergic rhinitis by blocking the mast cell activation pathway.
- A.
Syk
- B.
Lyn
- C.
H1-receptor
- D.
PLA
- E.
MLCK
Correct Answer
A. SykExplanation
R112 is shown to be effective in allergic rhinitis by blocking the mast cell activation pathway. This suggests that R112 is an inhibitor of Syk, as Syk is a key protein involved in mast cell activation. By inhibiting Syk, R112 can prevent mast cell activation and subsequently reduce the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.Rate this question:
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