8 NW bits, 24 Host Bits
16 NW Bits, 16 Host Bits
24 NW Bits, 8 Host Bits
Class A
Class B
Class C
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class A
Class B
Class C
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
8 NW Bits, 24 Host Bits
16 NW Bits, 16 Host Bits
24 NW Bits, 8 Host Bits
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
TCP 20
TCP 21
TCP 22
TCP 23
TCP 25
TCP 80
TCP 110
TCP 443
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
R>
R#
R(config)#
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Finding an error
Doing something about the error
8 NW Bits, 24 Host Bits
16 NW Bits, 16 Host Bits
24 Network Bits, 8 Host Bits
Finding an error
Doing something about the error
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
R>
R#
R(config)#
0
1
5
90
100
110
115
120
170
200
Stores the router’s bootstrap startup program, operating system software, and power-on diagnostic test programs (POST).
The IOS images are held here. Flash is erasable and reprogrammable ROM. Flash memory content is retained by the router on reload.
Stores operational information such as routing tables and the running configuration file. contents are lost when the router is powered down or reloaded.
Holds the router’s startup configuration file. contents are not lost when the router is powered down or reloaded.
IP connectivity to destination exists
IP connectivity to destination does not exist
The local router has a route to the destination, but a downstream router does not.
0
1
5
90
100
110
115
120
170
200
TCP 20
TCP 21
TCP 22
TCP 23
TCP 25
TCP 80
TCP 110
TCP 443
DCE
DTE
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
TCP 20
TCP 21
TCP 22
TCP 23
TCP 25
TCP 80
TCP 110
TCP 443
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.3u
IEEE 802.3Z
IEEE 802.ab
Stores operational information such as routing tables and the running configuration file.
The IOS images are held here. Flash is erasable and reprogrammable ROM. content is retained by the router on reload.
Stores operational information such as routing tables and the running configuration file. contents are lost when the router is powered down or reloaded.
Holds the router’s startup configuration file. contents are not lost when the router is powered down or reloaded.
Stores the router’s bootstrap startup program, operating system software, and power-on diagnostic test programs (POST).
The IOS images are held here. Flash is erasable and reprogrammable ROM.
Stores operational information such as routing tables and the running configuration file.
Holds the router’s startup configuration file. contents are not lost when the router is powered down or reloaded.
Stores the router’s bootstrap startup program, operating system software, and power-on diagnostic test programs (POST).
The IOS images are held here. Flash is erasable and reprogrammable ROM. content is retained by the router on reload.
Stores operational information such as routing tables and the running configuration file. contents are lost when the router is powered down or reloaded.
Holds the router’s startup configuration file. contents are not lost when the router is powered down or reloaded.
Guaranteed delivery
Error detection via sequence and ACK numbers
Windowing
"connection-oriented"
"best-effort" delivery, but no guarantee of delivery
No error detection
No windowing
"connectionless"
UDP 67
UDP 68
UDP 69
UDP 161
UDP 16384 - 32767
TCP 20
TCP 21
TCP 22
TCP 23
TCP 25
TCP 80
TCP 110
TCP 443
Guaranteed delivery
Error detection via sequence and ACK numbers
Windowing
"Connection-oriented"
"best-effort" delivery, but no guarantee of delivery
No error detection
No windowing
"Connectionless"
UDP 67
UDP 68
UDP 69
UDP 161
UDP 16384 - 32767
UDP 67
UDP 68
UDP 69
UDP 161
UDP 16384 - 32767
IP connectivity to destination exists
IP connectivity to destination does not exist
The local router has a route to the destination, but a downstream router does not.
TCP 20
TCP 21
TCP 22
TCP 23
TCP 25
TCP 80
TCP 110
TCP 443
TCP 20
TCP 21
TCP 22
TCP 23
TCP 25
TCP 80
TCP 110
TCP 443
The default. Router looks for a startup configuration file in NVRAM and for a valid IOS image in flash.
NVRAM contents are bypassed, startup configuration is ignored.
Router boots into ROM monitor mode.
The default. Router looks for a startup configuration file in NVRAM and for a valid IOS image in flash.
NVRAM contents are bypassed, startup configuration is ignored.
Router boots into ROM monitor mode.
0
1
5
90
100
110
115
120
170
200
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