A. secondary hypertension
B. chronic renal failure
C. acute renal failure
D. increased renin and aldosterone secretions
A. It affects only one of the kidneys.
B. It results in gradual degeneration and chronic renal failure.
C. The kidneys are displaced and the ureters are twisted.
D. The prognosis is good because there is adequate reserve for normal life.
A. polyuria with urine a fixed, low specific gravity
B. hypotension and increased urine output
C. development of decompensated acidosis
D. very low GFR and increased serum urea
A. prolonged circulatory shock
B. sudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins
C. crush injuries or burns
D. all of the above
A. cystitis with pyelonephritis in the right kidney
B. circulatory shock
C. persistent bilateral glomerulonephritis
D. obstruction of a ureter by a renal calculus
A. loss of tubule function
B. increased blood pressure
C. decreased aldosterone secretion
D. increased GFR
A. decreased parathyroid hormone secretion
B. insufficient calcium in the diet
C. excessive excretion of calcium ions in the urine
D. a deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia
A. the mucosa in the urinary tract is continuous
B. the urethra is short, wide, and adjacent to areas with resident flora
C. the pH of urine is more acidic in females
D. females have a higher incidence of congenital anomalies
A. increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate
B. urine with low specific gravity and dark color
C. albuminuria and hematuria
D. hyponatremia and hypokalemia
A. renal calculi
B. pyelonephritis
C. nephrosclerosis
D. benign prostatic hypertrophy
A. polycystic kidney
B. horseshoe kidney
C. hypoplasia of the kidney
D. vesicoureteral reflux
A. increased erythropoietin secretion
B. limited protein intake
C. compensatory increase in bone marrow activity
D. inability to absorb Vitamin B12 and iron
A. increased PCO2
B. increased bicarbonate ion
C. serum pH dropping below 7.35
D. serum buffer ratio of 20 bicarbonate ion to 1 carbonic acid
A. polycystic kidney disease
B. pyelonephritis in the right kidney
C. nephrosclerosis
D. bilateral acute glomerulonephritis
A. urine with pH of 5
B. increased serum urea and creatinine
C. urine with high specific gravity
D. increased blood pressure
A. encephalopathy
B. congestive heart failure
C. osteodystrophy
D. azotemia and acidosis
A. development of hypercalcemia
B. deficit of parathyroid hormone
C. failure of the kidney to activate vitamin D
D. excessive loss of phosphate ion
A. the kidney is displaced from its normal position
B. it is a genetic defect and asymptomatic until mid-life
C. the two functioning kidneys are fused together
D. one kidney provides more than adequate function
A. 7.35-7.45
B. 4.5- 8.0
C. 1.5-7.5
D. 1.0-7.0
A. oliguria
B. anuria
C. pyuria
D. polyuria
A. decreasing blood pressure
B. dilation of the afferent arterioles
C. decreased aldosterone secretion
D. increased angiotensin and systemic vasoconstriction
A. the antecedent infection
B. type III hypersensitivity reaction
C. ascending infection from the bladder
D. spread of infection from the tubules
A. increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries
B. glomerular congestion and decreased GFR
C. decreased blood pressure and edema
D. a, b
E. a, c
A. 2 only
B. 3 only
C. 1, 2
D. 2, 4
E. 1, 3, 4
A. predisposition to recurrent urinary tract infections
B. damage to afferent arterioles and renal ischemia
C. failure of tubules to respond to hormonal controls
D. glomerular congestion causes damaged capillaries
A. control of blood flow by the sympathetic nervous system
B. the secretion of renin and activation of angiotensin
C. local minor reflex adjustments in the arterioles to maintain normal blood flow
D. the control of systemic blood pressure by the kidneys
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