The Toughest Histology MCQ Test!

1. Which organelle is considered the powerhouse of the cell?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosome

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

The mitochondria is the site of ATP production for the cell. ATP is the energy currency of the cell. Mitochondria are nicknamed, the "powerhouse".

Explanation

The mitochondria is the site of ATP production for the cell. ATP is the energy currency of the cell. Mitochondria are nicknamed, the "powerhouse".

2. Which of the following is composed of cardiac muscle?

Biceps muscle

Tongue

Heart

Upper esophagus

Walls of the visceral organs

The heart is composed of cardiac muscle.

Explanation

The heart is composed of cardiac muscle.

3. How many types of cartilage are there?

1

2

3

4

5

There are three types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage.

Explanation

There are three types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage.

4. Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of elastic fibers?

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

All of the above

None of the above

Elastic cartilage has elastic fibers in the matrix.

Explanation

Elastic cartilage has elastic fibers in the matrix.

5. What is another term for the cell body of a neuron?

Tracts

Islets

Soma

Cortex

Nuclei

A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Islets of Langerhans are seen in the pancreas. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outer part of the brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.

Explanation

A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Islets of Langerhans are seen in the pancreas. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outer part of the brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.

6. Where is cardiac muscle found?

Myofilaments

Myosin

Muscle fibers

Myofibrils

Myocardium

Myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart. Thus, the myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle.

Explanation

Myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart. Thus, the myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle.

7. Where is thick skin found?

Over the knee

Sole of the feet

Breast

Lips

All of the above

Thick skin is found on the sole of the feet. This area of the body is subjected to constant pressure and friction, which requires a thicker and more protective layer of skin. The thick skin on the sole of the feet helps to prevent damage and provides support for walking and standing.

Explanation

Thick skin is found on the sole of the feet. This area of the body is subjected to constant pressure and friction, which requires a thicker and more protective layer of skin. The thick skin on the sole of the feet helps to prevent damage and provides support for walking and standing.

8. Which type of microscope has only one lens?

Simple microscope

Compound microscope

Phase contrast microscope

Dissection microscope

Transmission electron microscope

A simple microscope has only one lens. A compound microscope utilizes two lenses: an ocular lens and an objective lens. The compound microscope is also referred to as a "light microscope" or "bright field microscope". A phase contrast microscope is useful for examining living cells, because the specimen does not need to be stained. A dissection microscope uses low power magnification. Things appear three dimensional with a dissection microscope. A transmission electron microscope does not use light, but rather a beam of electrons.

Explanation

A simple microscope has only one lens. A compound microscope utilizes two lenses: an ocular lens and an objective lens. The compound microscope is also referred to as a "light microscope" or "bright field microscope". A phase contrast microscope is useful for examining living cells, because the specimen does not need to be stained. A dissection microscope uses low power magnification. Things appear three dimensional with a dissection microscope. A transmission electron microscope does not use light, but rather a beam of electrons.

9. What is dense bone?

Immature bone

Cancellous bone

Compact bone

Woven bone

Spongy bone

Compact bone is also called dense bone. Compact bone has the Haversian system.

Explanation

Compact bone is also called dense bone. Compact bone has the Haversian system.

10. Which of the following is an organelle?

Pigment

Glycogen

Lipid

Secretory granules

Mitochondria

Mitochondria is an organelle. Pigment, glycogen, lipid, and secretory granules are all considered inclusions. Organelles perform an activity; they have a job; they require energy. Inclusions are for storage. Inclusions do not perform an energy requiring job.

Explanation

Mitochondria is an organelle. Pigment, glycogen, lipid, and secretory granules are all considered inclusions. Organelles perform an activity; they have a job; they require energy. Inclusions are for storage. Inclusions do not perform an energy requiring job.

11. Where is the site of protein synthesis?

Ribosomes

Peroxisome

Microfilaments

Centrioles

Nucleoli

The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

Explanation

The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

12. Which cell is responsible for skin pigmentation?

Langerhans cell

Keratinocyte

Melanocyte

Merkel cell

Fibroblast

The melanocyte produces melanin, which is responsible for skin pigmentation.

Explanation

The melanocyte produces melanin, which is responsible for skin pigmentation.

13. What are the folds on the inner mitochodrial membrane called?

Plasmalemma

Glycocalyx

Protoplasm

Cristae

Ground substance

The cell boundary is defined by the cell membrane or plasmalemma. Glycocalyx is a polysacchride that can be found on the outer surface of the cell membranes. Collectively, the cytoplasm and nucleus form the protoplasm of a cell. The folds on the inner mitochodrial membrane are called cristae. The cytoplasm that surrounds organelles is the cytoplasmic ground substance or cytosol.

Explanation

The cell boundary is defined by the cell membrane or plasmalemma. Glycocalyx is a polysacchride that can be found on the outer surface of the cell membranes. Collectively, the cytoplasm and nucleus form the protoplasm of a cell. The folds on the inner mitochodrial membrane are called cristae. The cytoplasm that surrounds organelles is the cytoplasmic ground substance or cytosol.

14. What is a characteristic of the cells in the epidermis of the skin?

Microvilli

Stereocilia

Cilia

Keratinization

Microvilli and Stereocilia

Keratinization is seen in the epidermis. Cells in the stratum corneum are essentially just bags of keratin.

Explanation

Keratinization is seen in the epidermis. Cells in the stratum corneum are essentially just bags of keratin.

15. Where is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?

Stomach

Small intestine

Ascending colon

Descending colon

Stomach and Small intestine equally

The small intestine is the primary site for absorption of nutrients.

Explanation

The small intestine is the primary site for absorption of nutrients.

16. Which of the following stains is used for routine histological examination?

Wright's stain

Hematoxylin and eosin stain

Sudan stain

Silver impregnation

Masson's trichrome stain

A peripheral blood smear would be best visualized with Wright's stain. Hematoxylin and eosin stain is the most commonly used tissue stain for routine histological examination. Lipids are best displayed with a sudan stain. Silver impregnation, such as with a reticular stain, can be used to visualize reticular fibers. Collagen fibers can be differentiated from other fibers by staining with Masson's trichrome stain.

Explanation

A peripheral blood smear would be best visualized with Wright's stain. Hematoxylin and eosin stain is the most commonly used tissue stain for routine histological examination. Lipids are best displayed with a sudan stain. Silver impregnation, such as with a reticular stain, can be used to visualize reticular fibers. Collagen fibers can be differentiated from other fibers by staining with Masson's trichrome stain.

17. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosome

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Lysosomes are membrane bound sacs of digestive enzymes. They are nicknamed "suicide sacs".

Explanation

Lysosomes are membrane bound sacs of digestive enzymes. They are nicknamed "suicide sacs".

18. What are the gaps that occur within the myelin sheath?

Meninges

Myelinated nerve fibers

Cell bodies

Nodes of Ranvier

Neurofilaments

A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cell bodies. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath. Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons.

Explanation

A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cell bodies. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath. Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons.

19. Which is the most abundant fiber in connective tissue?

Collagen fiber

Elastic fiber

Reticular fiber

Purkinje fiber

Muscle fibers

There are three types of fibers found in connective tissue: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers. Collagen fibers are the most abundant fiber type in connective tissue.

Explanation

There are three types of fibers found in connective tissue: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers. Collagen fibers are the most abundant fiber type in connective tissue.

20. Which connective tissue cell type produces collagen?

Fibroblast

Connective tissue macrophage

Histiocyte

Plasma cell

Mast cell

Fibroblasts produce collagen. The fibroblast also produces the ground substance in connective tissue.

Explanation

Fibroblasts produce collagen. The fibroblast also produces the ground substance in connective tissue.

21. What type of epithelium appears stratified, but is not?

Epithelioid tissue

Mesothelium

Endothelium

Transitional

Pseudostratified

Pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that has cells which all touch the basement membrane. Pseudostratified epithelium is only one cell layer thick. Pseudostratified epithelium appears stratified, but it is not really stratified. Thus the name. The prefix "pseudo" means false, such as pseudonym or pseudo-science.

Explanation

Pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that has cells which all touch the basement membrane. Pseudostratified epithelium is only one cell layer thick. Pseudostratified epithelium appears stratified, but it is not really stratified. Thus the name. The prefix "pseudo" means false, such as pseudonym or pseudo-science.

22. What type of gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream?

Endocrine gland

Multicellular gland

Exocrine gland

All of the above

None of the above

An endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream, without a duct or tube. An exocrine gland secretes its product through a duct or tube.

Explanation

An endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream, without a duct or tube. An exocrine gland secretes its product through a duct or tube.

23. What is a characteristic of the cells in the epidermis of the skin?

Microvilli

Stereocilia

Cilia

Keratinization

Both a and b

Keratinization is seen in the epidermis. Cells in the stratum corneum are essentially just bags of keratin.

Explanation

Keratinization is seen in the epidermis. Cells in the stratum corneum are essentially just bags of keratin.

24. What is the cell body of a neuron called?

Ganglion

Soma

Astrocyte

Nissl

Terminal bouton

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be > associated with another neuron in a synapse.

Explanation

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be > associated with another neuron in a synapse.

25. Which of the following forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

Schwann cells

Basket cells

Ganglion

Neuroglia

Satellite cells

Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Basket cells are a type of neuron seen in the cerebellum. A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are the supporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

Explanation

Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Basket cells are a type of neuron seen in the cerebellum. A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are the supporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

26. Where do you place the slide when using a microscope?

Base

Nosepiece

Stage

Tube

Diaphragm

The base is the bottom of the microscope. The revolving nosepiece is also called a turret. The objective lens are attached to the nosepiece (or turret). The slide rests on the stage. The tube is the structure which connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses (it is shaped like a tube; thus, its name). The diaphragm controls the diameter of the cone of light.

Explanation

The base is the bottom of the microscope. The revolving nosepiece is also called a turret. The objective lens are attached to the nosepiece (or turret). The slide rests on the stage. The tube is the structure which connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses (it is shaped like a tube; thus, its name). The diaphragm controls the diameter of the cone of light.

27. Which of the following is an element of the central nervous system?

Receptors

Brachial plexus

Brain

Ganglia

Sciatic nerve

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. All other nervous system elements are considered to be in the peripheral nervous system. Thus the peripheral nervous system includes receptors, the brachial plexus, the sciatic nerve, and ganglia.

Explanation

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. All other nervous system elements are considered to be in the peripheral nervous system. Thus the peripheral nervous system includes receptors, the brachial plexus, the sciatic nerve, and ganglia.

28. Which of the following is NOT a fiber found in connective tissue?

Collagen fiber

Elastic fiber

Reticular fiber

Purkinje fiber

All of the above are fibers found in connective tissue

Purkinje fibers are seen in the heart. Purkinje fibers are specialized muscle fibers.

Explanation

Purkinje fibers are seen in the heart. Purkinje fibers are specialized muscle fibers.

29. What does connective tissue develop from?

Mesothelium

Mesenchyme

Mesangial cells

Mesentery

Wharton's jelly

Connective tissue develops from mesenchyme.

Explanation

Connective tissue develops from mesenchyme.

30. What is compact bone?

Dense bone

Woven bone

Immature bone

Cancellous bone

Spongy bone

Compact bone is also called dense bone. Compact bone has the Haversian system.

Explanation

Compact bone is also called dense bone. Compact bone has the Haversian system.

31. What is the connective tissue covering which surrounds cartilage?

Perimysium

Periosteum

Perichondrium

Perineurium

Endosteum

The perichondrium is the connective tissue which surrounds cartilage.

Explanation

The perichondrium is the connective tissue which surrounds cartilage.

32. What is the end of an axon called?

Ganglion

Perikaryon

Astrocyte

Nissl

Terminal bouton

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.

Explanation

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.

33. What is the connective tissue covering around the brain and spinal cord?

Meninges

Myelinated nerve fibers

Cell bodies

Nodes of Ranvier

Neurofilaments

A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cell bodies. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath. Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons.

Explanation

A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cell bodies. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath. Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons.

34. Which of the following is NOT a function of skin?

Vitamin D production

Protection from water loss

Sensory reception

Heat regulation

All are functions of skin

The skin is involved in the production of vitamin D from precursors with the aid of the sun. It protects the body from water loss. There are many sensory receptors in the skin: pain, pressure, fine touch. The skin is also involved in heat regulation. In addition, the skin protects the body.

Explanation

The skin is involved in the production of vitamin D from precursors with the aid of the sun. It protects the body from water loss. There are many sensory receptors in the skin: pain, pressure, fine touch. The skin is also involved in heat regulation. In addition, the skin protects the body.

35. What is the mature bone cell called?

Osteoclast

Osteon

Osteocyte

Osteoblast

Osteoid

The mature bone cell is called an osteocyte. It sits in a space, called a lacuna.

Explanation

The mature bone cell is called an osteocyte. It sits in a space, called a lacuna.

36. Which type of cartilage is found in the external ear?

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

All of the above

None of the above

Elastic cartilage is found in the external ear.

Note from Sarah Bellham: If you bend your ear forward, it bounces back into its proper position. This is due to the elastic cartilage.

Explanation

Elastic cartilage is found in the external ear.

Note from Sarah Bellham: If you bend your ear forward, it bounces back into its proper position. This is due to the elastic cartilage.

37. During the preparation of a routine H&E slide, what allows the tissue to be visualized?

Fixation

Embedding in paraffin

Staining

Slicing

Dehydration

There are several steps in the preparation of a slide for microscopic examination. First, the tissue is "fixed" with formalin. This preserves it. After the tissue is fixed, it is dehydrated (dehydration will occur twice during slide preparation). The tissue sample is then embedded in paraffin. This forms a solid block, so that it can be placed in a microtome. It is then thinly sliced using a microtome. A thin slice of the specimen is then placed on a slide. The paraffin is removed by dissolving it with a chemical. The tissue is then rehydrated. In order to view the tissue, it is stained. After it is stained, it is again dehydrated. A coverslip is the mounted on top of it. The specimen is then ready for viewing.

Explanation

There are several steps in the preparation of a slide for microscopic examination. First, the tissue is "fixed" with formalin. This preserves it. After the tissue is fixed, it is dehydrated (dehydration will occur twice during slide preparation). The tissue sample is then embedded in paraffin. This forms a solid block, so that it can be placed in a microtome. It is then thinly sliced using a microtome. A thin slice of the specimen is then placed on a slide. The paraffin is removed by dissolving it with a chemical. The tissue is then rehydrated. In order to view the tissue, it is stained. After it is stained, it is again dehydrated. A coverslip is the mounted on top of it. The specimen is then ready for viewing.

38. Where is thick skin found?

Lips

Over the knee

Palms

Breast

All of the above

Thick skin is found on the palms of the hand and the sole of the feet. Thin skin is found everywhere else.

Explanation

Thick skin is found on the palms of the hand and the sole of the feet. Thin skin is found everywhere else.

39. What is the primary component of red marrow?

Hematopoietic tissue

Fat

Cartilage

Fibrous tissue

Bone

Red marrow contains active hematopoietic tissue. Yellow marrow is primarily fat

Explanation

Red marrow contains active hematopoietic tissue. Yellow marrow is primarily fat

40. What process is nicknamed "cell drinking"?

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Active transport

Pinocytosis is "cell drinking".

Explanation

Pinocytosis is "cell drinking".

41. Which organelle is studded with ribosomes?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosome

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum is a system of tubules. If there are ribosomes on the tubules, it is termed "rough endoplasmic reticulum". Ribosomes produce proteins. When the ribosomes are attached to endoplasmic reticulum, the proteins produced by the ribosomes are exported. If there are no ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum, it is called "smooth endoplasmic reticulum". The role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is lipid metabolism.

Explanation

Endoplasmic reticulum is a system of tubules. If there are ribosomes on the tubules, it is termed "rough endoplasmic reticulum". Ribosomes produce proteins. When the ribosomes are attached to endoplasmic reticulum, the proteins produced by the ribosomes are exported. If there are no ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum, it is called "smooth endoplasmic reticulum". The role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is lipid metabolism.

42. Which of the following would be best suited to visualize lipid?

Wright's stain

Hematoxylin and eosin stain

Sudan stain

Silver impregnation

Masson's trichrome stain

Lipids are best displayed with a sudan stain

Explanation

Lipids are best displayed with a sudan stain

43. What forms the skeleton of the fetus?

Elastic cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Spongy bone

Compact bone

Hyaline cartilage forms the skeleton of the fetus. The cartilage forms a template of the bones. Endochondral ossification will occur during the childhood, replacing the hyaline cartilage with bone.

Explanation

Hyaline cartilage forms the skeleton of the fetus. The cartilage forms a template of the bones. Endochondral ossification will occur during the childhood, replacing the hyaline cartilage with bone.

44. What type of epithelium is one cell layer thick?

Simple

Stratified

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Epithelium that is classified by the number of cell layers and the cell shape. Epithelium that is one cell thick is classified as simple. Epithelium that is more than one cell layer thick is classified as stratified. If the cells are flat, the epithelium is termed squamous. If the cells are as tall as they are wide, it is cuboidal. If the cells are taller than they are wide, the epithelium is classified as columnar.

Explanation

Epithelium that is classified by the number of cell layers and the cell shape. Epithelium that is one cell thick is classified as simple. Epithelium that is more than one cell layer thick is classified as stratified. If the cells are flat, the epithelium is termed squamous. If the cells are as tall as they are wide, it is cuboidal. If the cells are taller than they are wide, the epithelium is classified as columnar.

45. What is the bottom of a microscope called?

Base

Nosepiece

Stage

Tube

Diaphragm

The base is the bottom of the microscope. The revolving nosepiece is also called a turret. The objective lens are attached to the nosepiece (or turret). The slide rests on the stage. The tube is the structure which connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses (it is shaped like a tube; thus, its name). The diaphragm controls the diameter of the cone of light.

Explanation

The base is the bottom of the microscope. The revolving nosepiece is also called a turret. The objective lens are attached to the nosepiece (or turret). The slide rests on the stage. The tube is the structure which connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses (it is shaped like a tube; thus, its name). The diaphragm controls the diameter of the cone of light.

46. Which type of cartilage forms the skeleton of the fetus?

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

All of the above

None of the above

Hyaline cartilage forms the skeleton of the fetus. The cartilage forms a template of the bones. Endochondral ossification will occur during the childhood, replacing the hyaline cartilage with bone.

Explanation

Hyaline cartilage forms the skeleton of the fetus. The cartilage forms a template of the bones. Endochondral ossification will occur during the childhood, replacing the hyaline cartilage with bone.

47. Which of the following would be best suited to visualize lipid?

Wright's stain

Hematoxylin and eosin stain

Sudan stain

Silver impregnation

Masson's trichrome stain

Sudan stain would be best suited to visualize lipids because it is a specific stain that binds to lipids, making them visible under a microscope. This stain is commonly used in histology to identify and study lipid-rich tissues or structures, such as adipose tissue. It allows for the visualization and differentiation of lipids based on their color or intensity of staining, providing valuable information about their distribution and composition.

Explanation

Sudan stain would be best suited to visualize lipids because it is a specific stain that binds to lipids, making them visible under a microscope. This stain is commonly used in histology to identify and study lipid-rich tissues or structures, such as adipose tissue. It allows for the visualization and differentiation of lipids based on their color or intensity of staining, providing valuable information about their distribution and composition.

48. What is the name of the tissue which surrounds muscle fascicles?

Perimysium

Periosteum

Perichondrium

Perineurium

Endosteum

The perimysium is the connective tissue sheath which surrounds muscle fascicles.

Explanation

The perimysium is the connective tissue sheath which surrounds muscle fascicles.

49. Which fiber type has more myoglobin?

Red fibers

White fibers

Intermediate fibers

All of the above

None of the above

Skeletal muscle fibers can be classified as red fibers, white fibers or intermediate fibers. Red fibers are smaller in diameter; white fibers are larger in diameter. Red fibers have more mitochondria than white fibers. Red fibers make up slow-twitch muscle; white fibers make up fast-twitch muscle. Red fibers are more resistant to fatigue than are white fibers. Red fibers have more myoglobin (oxygen binding pigment) than white fibers. White fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism.

Explanation

Skeletal muscle fibers can be classified as red fibers, white fibers or intermediate fibers. Red fibers are smaller in diameter; white fibers are larger in diameter. Red fibers have more mitochondria than white fibers. Red fibers make up slow-twitch muscle; white fibers make up fast-twitch muscle. Red fibers are more resistant to fatigue than are white fibers. Red fibers have more myoglobin (oxygen binding pigment) than white fibers. White fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism.

50. What forms the epiphyseal growth plate?

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Hyaline cartilage forms the epiphyseal growth plate.

Explanation

Hyaline cartilage forms the epiphyseal growth plate.

51. What is released at a synapse?

Motor unit

Motor neuron

Motor end plate

Neuromuscular spindle

Neurotransmitter

A single motor neuron and the aggregation of muscle fibers innervated by that single neuron is called the motor unit. A motor neuron is a neuron which innervates a muscle cell. The point of contact where a neuron contacts a muscle is the motor end plate. A neuromuscular spindle is a receptor which is sensitive to stretching of the muscle. A neurotransmitter is the chemical released by a nerve at a synapse.

Explanation

A single motor neuron and the aggregation of muscle fibers innervated by that single neuron is called the motor unit. A motor neuron is a neuron which innervates a muscle cell. The point of contact where a neuron contacts a muscle is the motor end plate. A neuromuscular spindle is a receptor which is sensitive to stretching of the muscle. A neurotransmitter is the chemical released by a nerve at a synapse.

52. What is the light band in muscle?

A band

I band

Z line

H band

M line

The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band. The I band is made of thin filaments. The Z line runs through the I band. The H band bisects the A band. The M line runs through the H band.

Explanation

The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band. The I band is made of thin filaments. The Z line runs through the I band. The H band bisects the A band. The M line runs through the H band.

53. What type of basic tissue type is bone?

Epithelium

Connective tissue

Muscle

Nervous

Bone

Of the four basic tissue types (epithelium, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue), connective tissue is the most diverse. Bone is a type of connective tissue

Explanation

Of the four basic tissue types (epithelium, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue), connective tissue is the most diverse. Bone is a type of connective tissue

54. Which type of papillae on the tongue is mushroom shaped?

Filiform papillae

Circumvallate papillae

Fungiform papillae

Foliate papillae

All of the above

The papillae on the tongue are located anteriorly to the sulcus terminalis. The tongue contains primarily three types of papillae: filiform papillae, circumvallate papillae and fungiform papillae. Fungiform papillae are mushroom shaped.

Explanation

The papillae on the tongue are located anteriorly to the sulcus terminalis. The tongue contains primarily three types of papillae: filiform papillae, circumvallate papillae and fungiform papillae. Fungiform papillae are mushroom shaped.

55. Which cell is a hepatic macrophage?

Kupffer cells

Histiocyte

Dust cell

Langerhans cell

Microglia

Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes. Many tissues have resident (fixed) macrophages. Fixed macrophages are given a unique name, depending on the tissue that they are located in. Kupffer cells are the hepatic macrophages. Histiocytes are macrophages seen in connective tissue. Dust cells are alveolar macrophage found in the respiratory tract. Langerhans cells are macrophages seen in the skin. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

Explanation

Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes. Many tissues have resident (fixed) macrophages. Fixed macrophages are given a unique name, depending on the tissue that they are located in. Kupffer cells are the hepatic macrophages. Histiocytes are macrophages seen in connective tissue. Dust cells are alveolar macrophage found in the respiratory tract. Langerhans cells are macrophages seen in the skin. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

56. Which cell is the mature bone cell?

Chondrocyte

Chondroblast

Osteocyte

Osteoclast

Bone lining cell

An osteocyte is a mature bone cell.

Explanation

An osteocyte is a mature bone cell.

57. Which type of neuron is also called an internuncial neuron?

Sensory neurons

Motor neurons

Interneurons

Sensory neurons and Motor neurons

All of the above

Interneurons are also called internuncial neurons.

Explanation

Interneurons are also called internuncial neurons.

58. What type of gland secretes its product through a duct or tube?

Endocrine gland

Multicellular gland

Exocrine gland

All of the above

None of the above

An endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream, without a duct or tube. An exocrine gland secretes its product through a duct or tube.

Explanation

An endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream, without a duct or tube. An exocrine gland secretes its product through a duct or tube.

59. What type of epithelium is more than one layer thick?

Simple

Stratified

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Epithelium that is classified by the number of cell layers and the cell shape. Epithelium that is one cell thick is classified as simple. Epithelium that is more than one cell layer thick is classified as stratified. If the cells are flat, the epithelium is termed squamous. If the cells are as tall as they are wide, it is cuboidal. If the cells are taller than they are wide, the epithelium is classified as columnar.

Explanation

Epithelium that is classified by the number of cell layers and the cell shape. Epithelium that is one cell thick is classified as simple. Epithelium that is more than one cell layer thick is classified as stratified. If the cells are flat, the epithelium is termed squamous. If the cells are as tall as they are wide, it is cuboidal. If the cells are taller than they are wide, the epithelium is classified as columnar.

60. What type of basic tissue type is cartilage?

Muscle

Nervous

Cartilage

Epithelium

Connective tissue

Of the four basic tissue types (epithelium, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue), connective tissue is the most diverse. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue.

Explanation

Of the four basic tissue types (epithelium, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue), connective tissue is the most diverse. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue.

61. What type of epithelial cells are taller than they are wide?

Simple

Stratified

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Epithelium that is classified by the number of cell layers and the cell shape. Epithelium that is one cell thick is classified as simple. Epithelium that is more than one cell layer thick is classified as stratified. If the cells are flat, the epithelium is termed squamous. If the cells are as tall as they are wide, it is cuboidal. If the cells are taller than they are wide, the epithelium is classified as columnar.

Explanation

Epithelium that is classified by the number of cell layers and the cell shape. Epithelium that is one cell thick is classified as simple. Epithelium that is more than one cell layer thick is classified as stratified. If the cells are flat, the epithelium is termed squamous. If the cells are as tall as they are wide, it is cuboidal. If the cells are taller than they are wide, the epithelium is classified as columnar.

62. Regarding the blood supply to cartilage:

Cartilage has minimal circulation

Cartilage has a duel circulation

Cartilage is highly vascular

Cartilage is avascular

There is nothing unique about the blood supply to cartilage

Cartilage is avascular. Nutrients reach cartilage by diffusion from the adjacent tissues.

Explanation

Cartilage is avascular. Nutrients reach cartilage by diffusion from the adjacent tissues.

63. Which type of cartilage forms the epiphyseal growth plate?

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

All of the above

None of the above

Hyaline cartilage forms the epiphyseal growth plate.

Explanation

Hyaline cartilage forms the epiphyseal growth plate.

64. What type of connective tissue is an undifferentiated tissue found in the embryo?

Mucous connective tissue

Mesenchyme

Loose irregular connective tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue

Dense regular connective tissue

Mesenchyme is embryonic connective tissue. It is an undifferentiated tissue found in the embryo.

Explanation

Mesenchyme is embryonic connective tissue. It is an undifferentiated tissue found in the embryo.

65. Which organelle contains detoxifying enzymes?

Ribosomes

Peroxisome

Microfilaments

Centrioles

Nucleoli

Peroxisomes contain enzymes for detoxification. One of the enzymes within peroxisomes is catalase. Catalase is involved in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

Explanation

Peroxisomes contain enzymes for detoxification. One of the enzymes within peroxisomes is catalase. Catalase is involved in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

66. What is a group of fibers traveling together?

Tracts

Islets

Soma

Cortex

Nuclei

A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Islets of Langerhans are seen in the pancreas. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outer part of the brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.

Explanation

A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Islets of Langerhans are seen in the pancreas. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outer part of the brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.

67. What is the covering of a bone?

Perimysium

Periosteum

Perichondrium

Perineurium

Endosteum

The periosteum is the connective tissue covering of a bone. The prefix "peri" means around, such as in the word "perimeter".

Explanation

The periosteum is the connective tissue covering of a bone. The prefix "peri" means around, such as in the word "perimeter".

68. What is the polysaccharide coating that is sometimes found on the cell membrane?

Plasmalemma

Glycocalyx

Protoplasm

Cristae

Ground substance

Glycocalyx is a polysacchride that can be found on the outer surface of the cell membranes.

Explanation

Glycocalyx is a polysacchride that can be found on the outer surface of the cell membranes.

69. Which type of cartilage forms the articular surface on bones?

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

All of the above

None of the above

Hyaline cartilage forms the articular surface on bones.

Explanation

Hyaline cartilage forms the articular surface on bones.

70. What structure contributes to the cells cytoskeleton?

Ribosomes

Peroxisome

Microfilaments

Centrioles

Nucleoli

Microfilaments are made of actin. They form the cells cytoskeleton.

Explanation

Microfilaments are made of actin. They form the cells cytoskeleton.

71. What is the maximum resolving power seen with a compound microscope?

2 millimeters

2 micrometers

2 angstroms

Resolving power is the ability to see two things as discrete images. With normal vision, there is a resolving power of about of 100 micrometers. A compound microscope has a resolving power of approximately .2 micrometers. In other words, two marks .2 micrometers apart can be seen as two distinct entities. Any closer than this, they are perceived as one object.

Explanation

Resolving power is the ability to see two things as discrete images. With normal vision, there is a resolving power of about of 100 micrometers. A compound microscope has a resolving power of approximately .2 micrometers. In other words, two marks .2 micrometers apart can be seen as two distinct entities. Any closer than this, they are perceived as one object.

72. Which type of cartilage is the most abundant?

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage equally

Elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage equally

Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage.

Explanation

Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage.

73. What do you call the simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood vessels?

Epithelioid tissue

Mesothelium

Endothelium

Transitional

Pseudostratified

Endothelium is simple squamous epithelium that lines the vascular system

Explanation

Endothelium is simple squamous epithelium that lines the vascular system

74. What is the outer gray matter of the brain called?

Tracts

Islets

Soma

Cortex

Nuclei

A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Islets of Langerhans are seen in the pancreas. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outer part of the brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.

Explanation

A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Islets of Langerhans are seen in the pancreas. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outer part of the brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.

75. Which of the following is an acid dye?

Azure II

Toluidine blue

Methylene blue

Eosin

Thionine

Eosin is an acid dye. It will bind to and stain basic structures (or negatively charged structures), such as cationic amino groups on proteins. It stains them pink. Cytoplasm, muscle, connective tissue, and decalcified bone matrix all stain pink with eosin. "H&E" stand for hematoxylin and eosin. Hematoxylin and eosin stain is used for routine tissue preparation frequently.

Azure II, Toluidine blue, Methylene blue, Thionine are all basic dyes.

Explanation

Eosin is an acid dye. It will bind to and stain basic structures (or negatively charged structures), such as cationic amino groups on proteins. It stains them pink. Cytoplasm, muscle, connective tissue, and decalcified bone matrix all stain pink with eosin. "H&E" stand for hematoxylin and eosin. Hematoxylin and eosin stain is used for routine tissue preparation frequently.

Azure II, Toluidine blue, Methylene blue, Thionine are all basic dyes.

76. What is the term for the general process that cells us to expunge material from the cell?

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Active transport

Endotyosis is the term for the process cells use to have substances enter them. Exoctyosis is the term for the process cells use to remove substances. Phagocytosis is "cell eating" and is used for the transport of particulate matter. Pinocytosis is "cell drinking". Active transport is a method which requires energy.

Explanation

Endotyosis is the term for the process cells use to have substances enter them. Exoctyosis is the term for the process cells use to remove substances. Phagocytosis is "cell eating" and is used for the transport of particulate matter. Pinocytosis is "cell drinking". Active transport is a method which requires energy.

77. What cell is involved in bone resorption?

Osteoclast

Osteon

Osteocyte

Osteoblast

Osteoid

An osteoclast is a multinucleated cell involved in the degradation of bone. It is a bone resorbing cell.

Explanation

An osteoclast is a multinucleated cell involved in the degradation of bone. It is a bone resorbing cell.

78. Which type of cartilage is characterized by a glassy matrix?

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

All of the above

None of the above

Hyaline cartilage is characterized by a glassy matrix.

Explanation

Hyaline cartilage is characterized by a glassy matrix.

79. What is the primary component of yellow marrow?

Hematopoietic tissue

Fat

Cartilage

Fibrous tissue

Bone

Red marrow contains active hematopoietic tissue. Yellow marrow is primarily fat.

Explanation

Red marrow contains active hematopoietic tissue. Yellow marrow is primarily fat.

80. What is actin?

Myofilament

Myosin

Muscle fibers

Myofibrils

Myocardium

Myofilaments are the contractile protein within a muscle cell. The myofilaments are actin and myosin.

Explanation

Myofilaments are the contractile protein within a muscle cell. The myofilaments are actin and myosin.

81. What forms the brush border?

Microvilli

Stereocilia

Cilia

Keratinization

Both a and b

Microvilli are the finger like projections seen on the surface of some cells. The appearance of microvilli form what is also called the brush border or striated border.

Explanation

Microvilli are the finger like projections seen on the surface of some cells. The appearance of microvilli form what is also called the brush border or striated border.

82. Which cell is a macrophage found in the central nervous system?

Kupffer cells

Histiocyte

Dust cell

Langerhans cell

Microglia

Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes. Many tissues have resident (fixed) macrophages. Fixed macrophages are given a unique name, depending on the tissue that they are located in. Kupffer cells are the hepatic macrophages. Histiocytes are macrophages seen in connective tissue. Dust cells are alveolar macrophage found in the respiratory tract. Langerhans cells are macrophages seen in the skin. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

Explanation

Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes. Many tissues have resident (fixed) macrophages. Fixed macrophages are given a unique name, depending on the tissue that they are located in. Kupffer cells are the hepatic macrophages. Histiocytes are macrophages seen in connective tissue. Dust cells are alveolar macrophage found in the respiratory tract. Langerhans cells are macrophages seen in the skin. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

83. What is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS called?

Ganglion

Perikaryon

Astrocyte

Nissl

Terminal bouton

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.

Explanation

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.

84. What type of epithelium is composed of flat cells?

Simple

Stratified

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Epithelium that is classified by the number of cell layers and the cell shape. Epithelium that is one cell thick is classified as simple. Epithelium that is more than one cell layer thick is classified as stratified. If the cells are flat, the epithelium is termed squamous. If the cells are as tall as they are wide, it is cuboidal. If the cells are taller than they are wide, the epithelium is classified as columnar.

Explanation

Epithelium that is classified by the number of cell layers and the cell shape. Epithelium that is one cell thick is classified as simple. Epithelium that is more than one cell layer thick is classified as stratified. If the cells are flat, the epithelium is termed squamous. If the cells are as tall as they are wide, it is cuboidal. If the cells are taller than they are wide, the epithelium is classified as columnar.

85. What are Sudan stains used primarily for?

Blood

Fat

Nervous tissue

Elastic fibers

Decalcified bone matrix

Sudan stains are used for staining of lipids and phospholipids. Examples of such stains are sudan black and sudan IV. Oil red O is another stain used for demonstrating fat.

Explanation

Sudan stains are used for staining of lipids and phospholipids. Examples of such stains are sudan black and sudan IV. Oil red O is another stain used for demonstrating fat.

86. What type of tissue lines most of the gastrointestinal tract?

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Transitional epithelium

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract is simple columnar epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple columnar epithelium is "simple" because it is one cell thick. "Columnar" cells are taller than they are wide and have an oval nucleus.

Explanation

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract is simple columnar epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple columnar epithelium is "simple" because it is one cell thick. "Columnar" cells are taller than they are wide and have an oval nucleus.

87. Which connective tissue cell type produces the ground substance in connective tissue?

Fibroblast

Myofibroblast

Histiocyte

Plasma cell

Mast cell

Fibroblasts produce collagen. The fibroblast also produces the ground substance in connective tissue.

Fibroblasts, histiocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells are routinely seen in loose connective tissue. Fibroblasts produce collagen. The fibroblast also produces the ground substance in connective tissue. Myofibroblasts contain properties of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. The histiocyte is a tissue macrophage. Plasma cells are derived from B lymphocytes. Mast cells secrete histamine. Mast cells also secrete heparin, SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, ECF-A (eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis.

Explanation

Fibroblasts produce collagen. The fibroblast also produces the ground substance in connective tissue.

Fibroblasts, histiocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells are routinely seen in loose connective tissue. Fibroblasts produce collagen. The fibroblast also produces the ground substance in connective tissue. Myofibroblasts contain properties of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. The histiocyte is a tissue macrophage. Plasma cells are derived from B lymphocytes. Mast cells secrete histamine. Mast cells also secrete heparin, SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, ECF-A (eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis.

88. Which of the following can be classified as "specialized connective tissue"?

Mesenchyme

Bone

Dense connective tissue

Mucous connective tissue

Loose connective tissue

Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and hemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

Explanation

Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and hemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

89. Which of the following can be classified as "embryonic connective tissue"?

Adipose tissue

Bone

Blood

Cartilage

Mesenchyme

Embryonic connective tissue includes mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue.

Explanation

Embryonic connective tissue includes mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue.

90. Where can hair be found?

Palms of hand

Soles of feet

Urogenital openings

Lips

Eyelid

Hair is present over most of the body. It is not found on the palms of the hand, soles of the feet, urogenital openings, and lips.

Explanation

Hair is present over most of the body. It is not found on the palms of the hand, soles of the feet, urogenital openings, and lips.

91. What cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?

Islets of Langerhans

Alpha cells

Beta cells

Delta cells

Gamma cells

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

Explanation

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

92. What region is made of thin filaments?

A band

I band

Z line

H band

M line

The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band. The I band is made of thin filaments. The Z line runs through the I band. The H band bisects the A band. The M line runs through the H band.

A sarcomere is the segment that runs from Z line to Z line.

Explanation

The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band. The I band is made of thin filaments. The Z line runs through the I band. The H band bisects the A band. The M line runs through the H band.

A sarcomere is the segment that runs from Z line to Z line.

93. Which of the following can be classified as "specialized connective tissue"?

Mesenchyme

Mucous connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

Blood

Loose connective tissue

Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and hemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.Embryonic connective tissue includes mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue.

Explanation

Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and hemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.Embryonic connective tissue includes mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue.

94. Which fiber type uses more aerobic metabolism?

Red fibers

White fibers

Intermediate fibers

All of the above

None of the above

Red fibers have more myoglobin (oxygen binding pigment) than white fibers. White fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism.

Explanation

Red fibers have more myoglobin (oxygen binding pigment) than white fibers. White fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism.

95. What is the name of the cellular mass for the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

Islets of Langerhans

Alpha cells

Beta cells

Delta cells

Acini

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

Explanation

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

96. What forms the articular surface on bones?

Spongy bone

Compact bone

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Hyaline cartilage forms the articular surface on bones.

Explanation

Hyaline cartilage forms the articular surface on bones.

97. Which cell type is responsible for bone breakdown?

Chondrocyte

Chondroblast

Osteocyte

Osteoclast

Bone lining cell

An osteoclast is a bone cell which is involved in resorption of bone.

Explanation

An osteoclast is a bone cell which is involved in resorption of bone.

98. Which of the following is found in the peripheral nervous system?

Astrocytes

Ependymal cells

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Schwann cells

Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia.

Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier.

Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal.

Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system.

Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Explanation

Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia.

Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier.

Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal.

Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system.

Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

99. What is the mature cell in cartilage called?

Chondrocyte

Chondroblast

Osteocyte

Osteoclast

Bone lining cell

The mature cell in cartilage is a chondrocyte.

Explanation

The mature cell in cartilage is a chondrocyte.

100. What type of epithelium forms the epidermis?

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Pseudostratified epithelium

The epidermis is formed by stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Stratified squamous epithelium is "stratified" because it is more than one cell layer thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the surface cells of the stratified squamous layer are flat. This is important to note as the cells at the basal layer are cuboidal or even columnar. It is still classified as "squamous" based on the cells of the surface layer.

Explanation

The epidermis is formed by stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Stratified squamous epithelium is "stratified" because it is more than one cell layer thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the surface cells of the stratified squamous layer are flat. This is important to note as the cells at the basal layer are cuboidal or even columnar. It is still classified as "squamous" based on the cells of the surface layer.

101. Which fiber type has a lot of mitochondria?

Red fibers

White fibers

Intermediate fibers

All of the above

None of the above

Red fibers have more mitochondria than white fibers.

Explanation

Red fibers have more mitochondria than white fibers.

102. A sarcomere is defined as the segment from _ to ?

A band

I band

Z line

H band

M line

A sarcomere is the segment that runs from Z line to Z line.

Explanation

A sarcomere is the segment that runs from Z line to Z line.

103. What is the a small clear space within a cell?

Space of Disse

Space of Mall

Vacuole

Lacuna

Howship's lacuna

A vacuole is a small clear space within an individual cell.

Explanation

A vacuole is a small clear space within an individual cell.

104. What is the classification of the pancreas?

Mixed

Endocrine

Exocrine

Both endocrine and exocrine

None of the above

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

Explanation

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

105. Lance Armstrong is the seven time winner of the Tour de France. The Tour de France is a bicycle race which covers between 3500 to 4000 kilometers. What type of muscle fiber probably predominates in his legs?

Red fibers

White fibers

Intermediate fibers

All of the above

None of the above

Red fiber and slow twitch muscle is for endurance.

Explanation

Red fiber and slow twitch muscle is for endurance.

106. What cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?

Islets of Langerhans

Alpha cells

Beta cells

Delta cells

Gamma cells

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

Explanation

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

107. What is spongy bone?

Immature bone

Compact bone

Cancellous bone

Dense bone

Woven bone

Spongy bone is also referred to as cancellous bone.

Explanation

Spongy bone is also referred to as cancellous bone.

108. What type of tissue lines the bladder

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Transitional epithelium

The lining of the bladder is transitional epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. There are domed shaped cells on the apical surface.

Explanation

The lining of the bladder is transitional epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. There are domed shaped cells on the apical surface.

109. What type of tissue lines blood vessels?

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Transitional epithelium

The lining of a blood vessel is simple squamous epithelium. This lining is called endothelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple squamous epithelium is "simple" because it is one cell thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the cells are flat.

Explanation

The lining of a blood vessel is simple squamous epithelium. This lining is called endothelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple squamous epithelium is "simple" because it is one cell thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the cells are flat.

110. What is areolar tissue?

Mucous connective tissue

Mesenchyme

Loose irregular connective tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue

Dense regular connective tissue

Loose irregular connective tissue is areolar tissue.

Explanation

Loose irregular connective tissue is areolar tissue.

111. What is the space that an osteocyte rests in?

Canaliculi

Sharpey's fibers

Trabeculae

Tome's process

Lacuna

Osteocytes are bone cells that are located within small spaces called lacunae. These lacunae provide a protective environment for the osteocytes and allow them to communicate with each other and exchange nutrients and waste products through tiny channels called canaliculi. Therefore, the correct answer is lacuna.

Explanation

Osteocytes are bone cells that are located within small spaces called lacunae. These lacunae provide a protective environment for the osteocytes and allow them to communicate with each other and exchange nutrients and waste products through tiny channels called canaliculi. Therefore, the correct answer is lacuna.

112. Collectively, what is the cytoplasm and nucleus called?

Plasmalemma

Glycocalyx

Protoplasm

Cristae

Ground substance

The cell boundary is defined by the cell membrane or plasmalemma. Glycocalyx is a polysacchride that can be found on the outer surface of the cell membranes. Collectively, the cytoplasm and nucleus form the protoplasm of a cell. The folds on the inner mitochodrial membrane are called cristae. The cytoplasm that surrounds organelles is the cytoplasmic ground substance or cytosol.

Explanation

The cell boundary is defined by the cell membrane or plasmalemma. Glycocalyx is a polysacchride that can be found on the outer surface of the cell membranes. Collectively, the cytoplasm and nucleus form the protoplasm of a cell. The folds on the inner mitochodrial membrane are called cristae. The cytoplasm that surrounds organelles is the cytoplasmic ground substance or cytosol.

113. Which of the following can be classified as "connective tissue proper"?

Bone

Blood

Adipose tissue

Loose irregular connective tissue

Cartilage

Connective tissue proper consists of loose irregular connective tissue and dense connective tissue (regular and irregular).

Explanation

Connective tissue proper consists of loose irregular connective tissue and dense connective tissue (regular and irregular).

114. What is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system called?

Schwann cells

Basket cells

Ganglion

Neuroglia

Satellite cells

Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Basket cells are a type of neuron seen in the cerebellum. A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are the supporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

Explanation

Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Basket cells are a type of neuron seen in the cerebellum. A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are the supporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

115. Which of the following is NOT a membranous organelle?

Lysosomes

Filaments

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum are all membranous organelles.

Explanation

Lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum are all membranous organelles.

116. Which of the following is NOT a membranous organelle?

Microtubules

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum are all membranous organelles.

Explanation

Lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum are all membranous organelles.

117. What is immature bone?

Dense bone

Woven bone

Cancellous bone

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Immature bone is woven bone. It is nonlamellar bone or bundle bone.

Explanation

Immature bone is woven bone. It is nonlamellar bone or bundle bone.

118. Which organ has a mucosa lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Rectum

The mucosa of the esophagus is mucosa lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Explanation

The mucosa of the esophagus is mucosa lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

119. Which of the following layers comprise the skin?

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

Epidermis and Dermis

Dermis and Hypodermis

The skin is composed of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis.

Explanation

The skin is composed of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis.

120. What type of epithelial cells are as tall as they are wide?

Simple

Stratified

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Epithelium that is classified by the number of cell layers and the cell shape. Epithelium that is one cell thick is classified as simple. Epithelium that is more than one cell layer thick is classified as stratified. If the cells are flat, the epithelium is termed squamous. If the cells are as tall as they are wide, it is cuboidal. If the cells are taller than they are wide, the epithelium is classified as columnar.

Explanation

Epithelium that is classified by the number of cell layers and the cell shape. Epithelium that is one cell thick is classified as simple. Epithelium that is more than one cell layer thick is classified as stratified. If the cells are flat, the epithelium is termed squamous. If the cells are as tall as they are wide, it is cuboidal. If the cells are taller than they are wide, the epithelium is classified as columnar.

121. What is a gland called if it has an unbranched duct?

Simple gland

Compound gland

Tubular

Alveolar

Tubuloalveolar

A simple gland has an unbranched duct.

Explanation

A simple gland has an unbranched duct.

122. Which of the following is an element of the central nervous system?

Receptors

Brachial plexus

Sciatic nerve

Ganglia

Spinal cord

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. All other nervous system elements are considered to be in the peripheral nervous system. Thus the peripheral nervous system includes receptors, the brachial plexus, the sciatic nerve, and ganglia.

Explanation

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. All other nervous system elements are considered to be in the peripheral nervous system. Thus the peripheral nervous system includes receptors, the brachial plexus, the sciatic nerve, and ganglia.

123. What are motor neurons?

Unipolar

Pseudounipolar

Bipolar

Multipolar

Unipolar and Pseudounipolar

Motor neurons are multipolar.

Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.

A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell.

Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

Explanation

Motor neurons are multipolar.

Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.

A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell.

Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

124. Which of the following are considered to be part of the meninges?

Dura mater

Arachnoid

Pia mater

Dura mater and Pia mater

All of the above

The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. There are three: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

The arachnoid is made of a delicate spider web like connective tissue.

The pia mater is the innermost meninx. It covers the brain intimately.

Note from Sarah Bellham: Arachnoid is derived from the Greek word for spider. It is used in the words arachnophobia, arachnids and arachnoid.

Explanation

The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. There are three: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

The arachnoid is made of a delicate spider web like connective tissue.

The pia mater is the innermost meninx. It covers the brain intimately.

Note from Sarah Bellham: Arachnoid is derived from the Greek word for spider. It is used in the words arachnophobia, arachnids and arachnoid.

125. What are finger like projections on the surface of some cells called?

Microvilli

Stereocilia

Cilia

Keratinization

Both a and b

Microvilli are the finger like projections seen on the surface of some cells. The appearance of microvilli form what is also called the brush border or striated border.

Explanation

Microvilli are the finger like projections seen on the surface of some cells. The appearance of microvilli form what is also called the brush border or striated border.

126. Where does cartilage come from?

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesenchyme

Connective tissue

None of the above

Cartilage arises from mesenchyme.

Explanation

Cartilage arises from mesenchyme.

127. Which of the following can be classified as "connective tissue proper"?

Adipose tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue

Bone

Blood

Cartilage

Connective tissue proper consists of loose irregular connective tissue and dense connective tissue (regular and irregular).

Explanation

Connective tissue proper consists of loose irregular connective tissue and dense connective tissue (regular and irregular).

128. What type of muscle has intercalated discs?

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Skeletal muscle and Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle

Intercalated discs are seen in cardiac muscle. Intercalated discs are specialized junctions between cardiac cells.

Explanation

Intercalated discs are seen in cardiac muscle. Intercalated discs are specialized junctions between cardiac cells.

129. What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell?

Epimysium

Sarcolemma

Endomysium

Sarcoplasm

Perimysium

The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

Explanation

The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

130. What is the limiting membrane of a cell?

Plasmalemma

Glycocalyx

Protoplasm

Cristae

Ground substance

The cell boundary is defined by the cell membrane or plasmalemma. Glycocalyx is a polysacchride that can be found on the outer surface of the cell membranes. Collectively, the cytoplasm and nucleus form the protoplasm of a cell. The folds on the inner mitochodrial membrane are called cristae. The cytoplasm that surrounds organelles is the cytoplasmic ground substance or cytosol.

Explanation

The cell boundary is defined by the cell membrane or plasmalemma. Glycocalyx is a polysacchride that can be found on the outer surface of the cell membranes. Collectively, the cytoplasm and nucleus form the protoplasm of a cell. The folds on the inner mitochodrial membrane are called cristae. The cytoplasm that surrounds organelles is the cytoplasmic ground substance or cytosol.

131. Which of the following is NOT primarily composed of connective tissue?

Bone marrow

Articular cartilage

Heart

Mesenchyme

Fat

The heart is a muscle. The main tissue type in the heart is cardiac muscle.
Please be aware that there is connective tissue in the heart. The blood in the heart, for example, is composed of connective tissue. The pericardium is also composed of connective tissue. However, the primary tissue composing the heart is cardiac muscle.

Explanation

The heart is a muscle. The main tissue type in the heart is cardiac muscle.
Please be aware that there is connective tissue in the heart. The blood in the heart, for example, is composed of connective tissue. The pericardium is also composed of connective tissue. However, the primary tissue composing the heart is cardiac muscle.

132. Where are Peyer's patches located?

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Rectum

Peyer's patches are large nodules of lymphatic tissue. They are seen in the small intestine.

Explanation

Peyer's patches are large nodules of lymphatic tissue. They are seen in the small intestine.

133. What is the term for the general process that cells us to bring things into the cell?

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Active transport

Endotyosis is the term for the process cells use to have substances enter them. Exoctyosis is the term for the process cells use to remove substances. Phagocytosis is "cell eating" and is used for the transport of particulate matter. Pinocytosis is "cell drinking". Active transport is a method which requires energy.

Explanation

Endotyosis is the term for the process cells use to have substances enter them. Exoctyosis is the term for the process cells use to remove substances. Phagocytosis is "cell eating" and is used for the transport of particulate matter. Pinocytosis is "cell drinking". Active transport is a method which requires energy.

134. What is another term for the Haversian system?

Osteoclast

Osteon

Osteocyte

Osteoblast

Osteoid

An osteon is the cylindrical structure with bone. An osteon is also called a Haversian system.

Explanation

An osteon is the cylindrical structure with bone. An osteon is also called a Haversian system.

135. All of the following are properties of neurons, except:

High metabolic rate

Longevity

Specialized for conduction

High mitotic rate

Limited ability for oxygen deprivation

Neurons do not divide; therefore they do not have a high mitotic rate.

Neurons have a high metabolic rate. They are unable to survive long without oxygen. They have an extremely long longevity, lasting a lifetime. Neurons are specialize for conduction. They send signals via a nervous impulse.

Explanation

Neurons do not divide; therefore they do not have a high mitotic rate.

Neurons have a high metabolic rate. They are unable to survive long without oxygen. They have an extremely long longevity, lasting a lifetime. Neurons are specialize for conduction. They send signals via a nervous impulse.

136. Which connective tissue cell type secretes histamine?

Fibroblast

Myofibroblast

Histiocyte

Plasma cell

Mast cell

Mast cells secrete histamine. The also secrete heparin, SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, ECF-A (eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis.

Explanation

Mast cells secrete histamine. The also secrete heparin, SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, ECF-A (eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis.

137. What are most neurons in the body?

Unipolar

Pseudounipolar

Bipolar

Multipolar

Unipolar and Pseudounipolar

Most neurons in the body (over 99%) are multipolar.

Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.

A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell.

Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

Explanation

Most neurons in the body (over 99%) are multipolar.

Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.

A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell.

Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

138. Which of the following is the CNS macrophage?

Astrocytes

Ependymal cells

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Schwann cells

Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia.

Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier.

Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal.

Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system.

Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Explanation

Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia.

Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier.

Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal.

Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system.

Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

139. Costal cartilage is composed of what type of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

All of the above

None of the above

Costal cartilage is the cartilage at the end of the ribs. It is hyaline cartilage.

Explanation

Costal cartilage is the cartilage at the end of the ribs. It is hyaline cartilage.

140. Which type of cartilage forms the intervertebral disc?

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

All of the above

None of the above

Fibrocartilage forms the intervertebral disc.

Explanation

Fibrocartilage forms the intervertebral disc.

141. Which fiber type uses more anaerobic metabolism?

Red fibers

White fibers

Intermediate fibers

All of the above

None of the above

White fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism.

Explanation

White fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism.

142. What is the dark band in muscle?

A band

I band

Z line

H band

M line

The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band.

Explanation

The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band.

143. Which of the following can be classified as "embryonic connective tissue"?

Cartilage

Mucous connective tissue

Adipose tissue

Bone

Blood

Embryonic connective tissue includes mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue.

Explanation

Embryonic connective tissue includes mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue.

144. Which fiber type is more resistant to fatigue?

Red fibers

White fibers

Intermediate fibers

All of the above

None of the above

Red fibers are more resistant to fatigue than are white fibers.

Explanation

Red fibers are more resistant to fatigue than are white fibers.

145. What cells of the pancreas secrete somatostatin?

Islets of Langerhans

Alpha cells

Beta cells

Delta cells

Gamma cells

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

Explanation

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

146. What are the basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum seen in neurons called?

Ganglion

Perikaryon

Astrocyte

Nissl

Terminal bouton

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.

Explanation

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.

147. What are the collagen fibers that extend into bone at an angle called?

Canaliculi

Sharpey's fibers

Trabeculae

Tome's process

Lacuna

Sharpey's fibers are collagen fibers that extend into a bone at an angle.

Explanation

Sharpey's fibers are collagen fibers that extend into a bone at an angle.

148. What is the lining of the inner bone on the side which abuts the medullary cavity?

Perimysium

Periosteum

Perichondrium

Perineurium

Endosteum

The endosteum is the lining of the inner bone (the side which abuts the medullary cavity). The prefix "endo" means within or inner, such as in "endosteum", "endocrine", "endoscope".

Explanation

The endosteum is the lining of the inner bone (the side which abuts the medullary cavity). The prefix "endo" means within or inner, such as in "endosteum", "endocrine", "endoscope".

149. What type of tissue lines most of the gastrointestinal tract?

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Transitional epithelium

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract is simple columnar epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple columnar epithelium is "simple" because it is one cell thick. "Columnar" cells are taller than they are wide and have an oval nucleus.

Explanation

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract is simple columnar epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple columnar epithelium is "simple" because it is one cell thick. "Columnar" cells are taller than they are wide and have an oval nucleus.

150. What is a gland called if it has an branched duct?

Simple gland

Compound gland

Tubular

Alveolar

Tubuloalveolar

A simple gland has an unbranched duct. A compound gland has a branched duct. If the secretory portion of a gland is tube shaped, it is called "tubular". If the secretory portion of a gland is flask shaped, it is called "alveolar" or "acinar". If the secretory portion of a gland is a tube shaped but at the terminus is flask shaped, it is called "tubuloalveolar".

Explanation

A simple gland has an unbranched duct. A compound gland has a branched duct. If the secretory portion of a gland is tube shaped, it is called "tubular". If the secretory portion of a gland is flask shaped, it is called "alveolar" or "acinar". If the secretory portion of a gland is a tube shaped but at the terminus is flask shaped, it is called "tubuloalveolar".

151. What do you call the space where a chondrocyte sits in?

Space of Disse

Space of Mall

Vacuole

Lacuna

Howship's Lacuna

A lacuna is a small space or depression. The space that the chondrocyte rests in is a lacuna.

Explanation

A lacuna is a small space or depression. The space that the chondrocyte rests in is a lacuna.

152. Which of the following would be best suited for peripheral blood smears?

Wright's stain

Hematoxylin and eosin stain

Sudan stain

Silver impregnation

Masson's trichrome stain

Wright's stain would be best suited for peripheral blood smears because it is a combination of eosin and methylene blue dyes that allows for differentiation of different types of blood cells. It stains the cytoplasm of red blood cells pink, the nuclei of white blood cells purple, and the granules in certain white blood cells blue or purple. This staining pattern allows for easy identification and differentiation of different blood cell types under a microscope.

Explanation

Wright's stain would be best suited for peripheral blood smears because it is a combination of eosin and methylene blue dyes that allows for differentiation of different types of blood cells. It stains the cytoplasm of red blood cells pink, the nuclei of white blood cells purple, and the granules in certain white blood cells blue or purple. This staining pattern allows for easy identification and differentiation of different blood cell types under a microscope.

153. Which of the following is supporting cell of the central nervous system?

Ganglion

Perikaryon

Astrocyte

Nissl

Terminal bouton

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.

Explanation

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.

154. Which connective tissue cell is a tissue macrophage?

Fibroblast

Myofibroblast

Histiocyte

Plasma cell

Mast cell

The histiocyte is a connective tissue macrophage.

Explanation

The histiocyte is a connective tissue macrophage.

155. Which of the following can be classified as "specialized connective tissue"?

Cartilage

Loose connective tissue

Mesenchyme

Dense connective tissue

Mucous connective tissue

Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and hemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

Explanation

Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and hemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

156. What are the small tunnels seen in bone?

Canaliculi

Sharpey's fibers

Trabeculae

Tome's process

Lacuna

Canaliculi are the little tunnels within bone.

Explanation

Canaliculi are the little tunnels within bone.

157. Which of the following is NOT considered an epidermal appendage?

Sweat gland

Hair

Hypodermis

Nails

Sebaceous glands

Sweat glands, hair, nails and sebaceous glands are all considered epidermal appendages. The hypodermis is not considered an epidermal appendage. The hypodermis is the loose connective tissue layer underneath the dermis.

Explanation

Sweat glands, hair, nails and sebaceous glands are all considered epidermal appendages. The hypodermis is not considered an epidermal appendage. The hypodermis is the loose connective tissue layer underneath the dermis.

158. What is also called a low resistance junction?

Tight junction

Gap junction

Junctional epithelium

Junctional complex

None of the above

A gap junction is a low resistance junction.

Explanation

A gap junction is a low resistance junction.

159. Which organelle produces protein for export?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosome

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum is a system of tubules. If there are ribosomes on the tubules, it is termed "rough endoplasmic reticulum". Ribosomes produce proteins. When the ribosomes are attached to endoplasmic reticulum, the proteins produced by the ribosomes are exported. If there are no ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum, it is called "smooth endoplasmic reticulum". The role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is lipid metabolism.

Explanation

Endoplasmic reticulum is a system of tubules. If there are ribosomes on the tubules, it is termed "rough endoplasmic reticulum". Ribosomes produce proteins. When the ribosomes are attached to endoplasmic reticulum, the proteins produced by the ribosomes are exported. If there are no ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum, it is called "smooth endoplasmic reticulum". The role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is lipid metabolism.

160. Which of the following is NOT a membranous organelle?

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Centrioles

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum are all membranous organelles.

Explanation

Lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum are all membranous organelles.

161. Where is the cerebrospinal fluid?

Between the dura mater and bone

Subdural space

Subarachnoid space

Between the pia mater and brain

None of the above

The cerebrospinal fluid is found in the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater.

Explanation

The cerebrospinal fluid is found in the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater.

162. Which of the following stain blue with H&E stain?

Cytoplasm

Collagen fibers

Nucleus

Elastic fibers

Decalcified bone matrix

"H&E" stands for hematoxylin and eosin. Hematoxylin can be thought of as a basic dye. It binds to acidic structures, staining them blue to purple. For example, it will bind and stain nucleic acids. Therefore, the nucleus stains blue.

Explanation

"H&E" stands for hematoxylin and eosin. Hematoxylin can be thought of as a basic dye. It binds to acidic structures, staining them blue to purple. For example, it will bind and stain nucleic acids. Therefore, the nucleus stains blue.

163. Which of the following is composed of skeletal muscle?

Tongue

Blood vessel

Walls of the visceral organs

Lower esophagus

Heart

Striated muscle can be sub-categorized into cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. The tongue, biceps muscle, and upper esophagus are made of striated muscle. The heart is composed of cardiac muscle.

Explanation

Striated muscle can be sub-categorized into cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. The tongue, biceps muscle, and upper esophagus are made of striated muscle. The heart is composed of cardiac muscle.

164. Which fiber type fatigues more readily?

Red fibers

White fibers

Intermediate fibers

All of the above

None of the above

Red fiber and slow twitch muscle is for endurance.

White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of power.

Explanation

Red fiber and slow twitch muscle is for endurance.

White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of power.

165. What are interneurons?

Unipolar

Pseudounipolar

Bipolar

Multipolar

Unipolar and Pseudounipolar

Interneurons are multipolar.

Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.

A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell.

Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

Explanation

Interneurons are multipolar.

Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.

A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell.

Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

166. Which of the following is the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

Islets of Langerhans

Alpha cells

Beta cells

Delta cells

Acini

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

Explanation

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

167. Which of the following lines the ventricles?

Astrocytes

Ependymal cells

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Schwann cells

Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia.

Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier.

Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal.

Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system.

Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Explanation

Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia.

Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier.

Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal.

Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system.

Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

168. What is the cylindrical structure in compact bone?

Osteoclast

Osteon

Osteocyte

Osteoblast

Osteoid

An osteon is the cylindrical structure with bone. An osteon is also called a Haversian system.

Explanation

An osteon is the cylindrical structure with bone. An osteon is also called a Haversian system.

169. Which of the following is the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

Islets of Langerhans

Alpha cells

Beta cells

Delta cells

Acini

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas

Explanation

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas

170. What type of epithelium forms the epidermis?

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Pseudostratified epithelium

The epidermis is formed by stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Stratified squamous epithelium is "stratified" because it is more than one cell layer thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the surface cells of the stratified squamous layer are flat. This is important to note as the cells at the basal layer are cuboidal or even columnar. It is still classified as "squamous" based on the cells of the surface layer.

Explanation

The epidermis is formed by stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Stratified squamous epithelium is "stratified" because it is more than one cell layer thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the surface cells of the stratified squamous layer are flat. This is important to note as the cells at the basal layer are cuboidal or even columnar. It is still classified as "squamous" based on the cells of the surface layer.

171. What is tissue which surrounds a nerve fascicle?

Perimysium

Periosteum

Perichondrium

Perineurium

Endosteum

The perineurium is the covering of nerve fascicles. The prefix "peri" means around, such as in the word "perimeter"

Explanation

The perineurium is the covering of nerve fascicles. The prefix "peri" means around, such as in the word "perimeter"

172. What are the pressure receptors in skin called?

Psammoma bodies

Corpora arenacea

Hassall's corpuscles

Prostatic concretions

Pacinian corpuscles

Psammoma bodies are collections of calcium. It is derived from the Greek word "psammos", which means sand.

Explanation

Psammoma bodies are collections of calcium. It is derived from the Greek word "psammos", which means sand.

173. Which meninx covers the brain intimately?

Dura mater

Arachnoid

Pia mater

Dura mater and Arachnoid

All of the above

The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. There are three: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

The arachnoid is made of a delicate spider web like connective tissue.

The pia mater is the innermost meninx. It covers the brain intimately.

Note from Sarah Bellham: Arachnoid is derived from the Greek word for spider. It is used in the words arachnophobia, arachnids and arachnoid.

Explanation

The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. There are three: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

The arachnoid is made of a delicate spider web like connective tissue.

The pia mater is the innermost meninx. It covers the brain intimately.

Note from Sarah Bellham: Arachnoid is derived from the Greek word for spider. It is used in the words arachnophobia, arachnids and arachnoid.

174. Which sensory receptor in the skin is NOT encapsulated?

Ruffini endings

Free nerve endings

Pacinian corpuscles

Meissner's corpuscles

Merkel cells

Ruffini endings, pacinian corpuscles, meissner's corpuscles, and merkel cells are all encapsulated sensory receptors.Free nerve endings are not encapsulated.

Explanation

Ruffini endings, pacinian corpuscles, meissner's corpuscles, and merkel cells are all encapsulated sensory receptors.Free nerve endings are not encapsulated.

175. On a microscope, what structure varies the diameter of the cone of light?

Base

Nosepiece

Stage

Tube

Diaphragm

The base is the bottom of the microscope. The revolving nosepiece is also called a turret. The objective lens are attached to the nosepiece (or turret). The slide rests on the stage. The tube is the structure which connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses (it is shaped like a tube; thus, its name). The diaphragm controls the diameter of the cone of light.

Explanation

The base is the bottom of the microscope. The revolving nosepiece is also called a turret. The objective lens are attached to the nosepiece (or turret). The slide rests on the stage. The tube is the structure which connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses (it is shaped like a tube; thus, its name). The diaphragm controls the diameter of the cone of light.

176. Which of the following is composed of smooth muscle?

Upper esophagus

Heart

Tongue

Biceps muscle

Walls of the visceral organs

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the visceral organs, such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under voluntary control and is responsible for involuntary movements, such as peristalsis in the digestive system or constriction of blood vessels. The other options listed, including the upper esophagus, heart, tongue, and biceps muscle, are composed of either skeletal or cardiac muscle, not smooth muscle.

Explanation

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the visceral organs, such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under voluntary control and is responsible for involuntary movements, such as peristalsis in the digestive system or constriction of blood vessels. The other options listed, including the upper esophagus, heart, tongue, and biceps muscle, are composed of either skeletal or cardiac muscle, not smooth muscle.

177. What cell is an immature bone cell?

Osteoclast

Osteon

Osteocyte

Osteoblast

Osteoid

An osteoblast is an immature bone cell. The osteoblast is the bone forming cell.

Explanation

An osteoblast is an immature bone cell. The osteoblast is the bone forming cell.

178. Which connective tissue cell type contains properties of smooth muscle cells?

Fibroblast

Myofibroblast

Histiocyte

Plasma cell

Mast cell

Myofibroblasts contain properties of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.

Explanation

Myofibroblasts contain properties of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.

179. Which layer of the epidermis has cells which have keratohyaline granules?

Stratum basale

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum corneum

The cells in the stratum granulosum contain keratohyaline granules.

Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: My favorite mnemonic for remembering the layers of the skin: "Californian Ladies Give Superb Backrubs"

Explanation

The cells in the stratum granulosum contain keratohyaline granules.

Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: My favorite mnemonic for remembering the layers of the skin: "Californian Ladies Give Superb Backrubs"

180. What type of epithelium is associated with goblet cells?

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Pseudostratified epithelium

Goblet cells are associated with simple columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple columnar epithelium is "simple" because it is one cell thick. "Columnar" cells are taller than they are wide and have an oval nucleus.

Explanation

Goblet cells are associated with simple columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple columnar epithelium is "simple" because it is one cell thick. "Columnar" cells are taller than they are wide and have an oval nucleus.

181. Which of the following is a unicellular gland?

Squamous cell

Goblet cell

Basal cell

Basket cell

Sertoli cell

A goblet cell is a unicellular gland.

Explanation

A goblet cell is a unicellular gland.

182. What type of tissue lines the upper esophagus?

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Transitional epithelium

The lining of the upper esophagus is stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Stratified squamous epithelium is "stratified" because it is more than one cell layer thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the surface cells of the layer are flat.

Explanation

The lining of the upper esophagus is stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Stratified squamous epithelium is "stratified" because it is more than one cell layer thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the surface cells of the layer are flat.

183. What forms the striated border?

Microvilli

Stereocilia

Cilia

Keratinization

Both a and b

Microvilli are the finger like projections seen on the surface of some cells. The appearance of microvilli form what is also called the brush border or striated border.

Explanation

Microvilli are the finger like projections seen on the surface of some cells. The appearance of microvilli form what is also called the brush border or striated border.

184. Where are Brunner's glands located?

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Rectum

Brunner's glands are glands in the submucosa of the small intestine. In the Duodenum.

Explanation

Brunner's glands are glands in the submucosa of the small intestine. In the Duodenum.

185. What sits in a lacuna?

Osteoclast

Osteon

Osteocyte

Osteoblast

Osteoid

The mature bone cell is called an osteocyte. It sits in a space, called a lacuna.

Explanation

The mature bone cell is called an osteocyte. It sits in a space, called a lacuna.

186. Which fiber type is make up fast-twitch muscle?

Red fibers

White fibers

Intermediate fibers

All of the above

None of the above

White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of power.

Explanation

White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of power.

187. What is the innermost layer of the GI tract called?

Mucosa

Sub mucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa

Adventitia

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.

Explanation

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.

188. What are the folds of the stomach called?

Ruffled border

Taeniae coli

Gastric glands

Rugae

Gastric pits

The folds of the stomach are called rugae. These are ridges or folds of the stomach lining that allow the stomach to expand and contract in order to accommodate varying amounts of food. The rugae also help to increase the surface area of the stomach, allowing for better absorption of nutrients.

Explanation

The folds of the stomach are called rugae. These are ridges or folds of the stomach lining that allow the stomach to expand and contract in order to accommodate varying amounts of food. The rugae also help to increase the surface area of the stomach, allowing for better absorption of nutrients.

189. A beauty treatment for the reduction of wrinkles is the injection of hyaluronic acid into the wrinkle. What is hyaluronic acid?

Dermatan sulfate

Proteoglycan

Glycosaminoglycan

Chondroitin sulfate

Keratan sulfate

The ground substance is amorphous material. It is composed of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans.

Explanation

The ground substance is amorphous material. It is composed of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans.

190. Which of the following can be classified as "specialized connective tissue"?

Loose connective tissue

Mesenchyme

Adipose tissue

Mucous connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and hemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

Explanation

Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and hemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

191. What type of tissue lines the esophagus?

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Transitional epithelium

The lining of the esophagus is stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Stratified squamous epithelium is "stratified" because it is more than one cell layer thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the surface cells of the layer are flat.

Explanation

The lining of the esophagus is stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Stratified squamous epithelium is "stratified" because it is more than one cell layer thick. "Squamous" refers to the fact that the surface cells of the layer are flat.

192. Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

Parietal cells

Oxyntic cells

Chief cells

Mucous neck cells

Parietal cells and Oxyntic cells

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is the precursor for pepsin.

Explanation

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is the precursor for pepsin.

193. Which fiber type is larger in diameter?

Red fibers

White fibers

Intermediate fibers

All of the above

None of the above

Skeletal muscle fibers can be classified as red fibers, white fibers or intermediate fibers. Red fibers are smaller in diameter; white fibers are larger in diameter. Red fibers have more mitochondria than white fibers. Red fibers make up slow-twitch muscle; white fibers make up fast-twitch muscle. Red fibers are more resistant to fatigue than are white fibers. Red fibers have more myoglobin (oxygen binding pigment) than white fibers. White fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism.

Red fiber and slow twitch muscle is for endurance.

White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of power.

Explanation

Skeletal muscle fibers can be classified as red fibers, white fibers or intermediate fibers. Red fibers are smaller in diameter; white fibers are larger in diameter. Red fibers have more mitochondria than white fibers. Red fibers make up slow-twitch muscle; white fibers make up fast-twitch muscle. Red fibers are more resistant to fatigue than are white fibers. Red fibers have more myoglobin (oxygen binding pigment) than white fibers. White fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism.

Red fiber and slow twitch muscle is for endurance.

White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of power.

194. Which of the following is NOT primarily composed of connective tissue?

Spinal cord

Pubic symphysis

Ligament

Areolar tissue

Organ capsule

Of the four basic tissue types (epithelium, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue), connective tissue is the most diverse. The pubic symphysis, ligaments, areolar tissue, and organ capsules are all composed of connective tissue. The spinal cord is composed of nervous tissue.

Explanation

Of the four basic tissue types (epithelium, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue), connective tissue is the most diverse. The pubic symphysis, ligaments, areolar tissue, and organ capsules are all composed of connective tissue. The spinal cord is composed of nervous tissue.

195. What is the innervation of an eccrine sweat gland?

Cholinergic; parasympathetic

Cholinergic; sympathetic

Adrenergic; parasympathetic

Adrenergic; sympathetic

Cholinergic; motor

Eccrine sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. The neurotransmitter for the eccrine sweat glands is acetylcholine. Thus it is cholinergic.

Note from Sarah Bellham: For most postganglionic sympathetic neurons, the neurotransmitter is norepinephrine. Eccrine sweat glands are an exception to this generalization, as the innervation for eccrine sweat glands is cholinergic sympathetic.

Explanation

Eccrine sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. The neurotransmitter for the eccrine sweat glands is acetylcholine. Thus it is cholinergic.

Note from Sarah Bellham: For most postganglionic sympathetic neurons, the neurotransmitter is norepinephrine. Eccrine sweat glands are an exception to this generalization, as the innervation for eccrine sweat glands is cholinergic sympathetic.

196. What is the point that a neuron contacts a muscle called?

Motor unit

Motor neuron

Motor end plate

Neuromuscular spindle

Neurotransmitter

The point of contact where a neuron contacts a muscle is the motor end plate.

Explanation

The point of contact where a neuron contacts a muscle is the motor end plate.

197. Which fiber type makes up slow-twitch muscle?

Red fibers

White fibers

Intermediate fibers

All of the above

None of the above

Red fibers make up slow-twitch muscle; white fibers make up fast-twitch muscle.

Explanation

Red fibers make up slow-twitch muscle; white fibers make up fast-twitch muscle.

198. What is cancellous bone?

Dense bone

Woven bone

Immature bone

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Spongy bone is also referred to as cancellous bone. The mineralized tissue is seen as spicules. Marrow spaces are also present.

Explanation

Spongy bone is also referred to as cancellous bone. The mineralized tissue is seen as spicules. Marrow spaces are also present.

199. Which connective tissue cell is derived from B lymphocytes?

Fibroblast

Myofibroblast

Histiocyte

Plasma cell

Mast cell

Plasma cells are derived from B lymphocytes.

Explanation

Plasma cells are derived from B lymphocytes.

200. What is myosin?

Muscle fibers

Myofibrils

Myocardium

Myofilament

Muscle cell

Myofilaments are the contractile protein within a muscle cell. The myofilaments are actin and myosin. The thin filaments are actin and the thick filaments are myosin.

Explanation

Myofilaments are the contractile protein within a muscle cell. The myofilaments are actin and myosin. The thin filaments are actin and the thick filaments are myosin.