Child Development Practice Exm Chpt 2-4
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A practice exam for the book Infants and Children by Laura E. Berk. Covers Chapter 2-4.
- 1.
Humans share most of their DNA with:
- A.
Bacteria
- B.
Pigs
- C.
Primates
- D.
Reptiles
Correct Answer
B. PigsExplanation
Humans share most of their DNA with pigs. This is because pigs are mammals, just like humans, and therefore share a common ancestor. The genetic makeup of mammals is more similar compared to other organisms such as bacteria, reptiles, or primates. Although humans also share a significant amount of DNA with primates, the genetic similarity between humans and pigs is greater.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Between 1958 and the present, the percentage of North American couples that bear children declined from 78 percent to
- A.
62%
- B.
65%
- C.
70%
- D.
74%
Correct Answer
C. 70%Explanation
The correct answer is 70%. This means that between 1958 and the present, the percentage of North American couples that bear children decreased from 78% to 70%. This decline could be due to various factors such as changing societal norms, increased access to contraception, and a shift in priorities towards career and personal goals.Rate this question:
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- 3.
During Stage 1 of childbirth, the uterine contractions begin
- A.
2 to 3 minutes apart.
- B.
7 to 8 minutes apart.
- C.
10 to 20 minutes apart.
- D.
30 to 40 minutes apart.
Correct Answer
C. 10 to 20 minutes apart.Explanation
During Stage 1 of childbirth, the uterine contractions begin 10 to 20 minutes apart. This is because during this stage, the cervix begins to dilate and efface, allowing the baby to move down the birth canal. The contractions help to push the baby further down, and as labor progresses, the contractions become more frequent and intense. The 10 to 20 minute interval between contractions allows for enough time for the cervix to continue dilating and for the baby to descend further.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The essential function of meiosis is to
- A.
Ensure that each generation receives a constant quantity of genetic material.
- B.
Stimulate the production of zygotes.
- C.
Prevent damaged genes from crossing over to the next generation.
- D.
Regulate the process of mitosis.
Correct Answer
A. Ensure that each generation receives a constant quantity of genetic material.Explanation
Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. Its essential function is to ensure that each generation receives a constant quantity of genetic material. This is achieved through the process of homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over, and separation of homologous chromosomes during the two rounds of cell division in meiosis. By reducing the chromosome number in half, meiosis helps to maintain genetic diversity while ensuring that each offspring receives a complete set of chromosomes from both parents. This process is crucial for the proper development and functioning of organisms.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Of the following factors, which is a cause of declining family size in industrialized nations?
- A.
Earlier marriage.
- B.
Marital instability
- C.
Sexual abstinence
- D.
Governmental policy.
Correct Answer
B. Marital instabilityExplanation
Marital instability is a cause of declining family size in industrialized nations because when marriages become unstable and end in divorce or separation, it often leads to a decrease in the number of children being born or raised within a family. Marital instability can result in couples choosing not to have children or delaying having children until their relationship becomes more stable. Additionally, marital instability can also lead to a decrease in the overall number of marriages, further contributing to declining family size in industrialized nations.Rate this question:
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- 6.
During Stage 2 of childbirth, the mother
- A.
Feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles.
- B.
Pushes out the placenta.
- C.
Has contractions 8 to 10 minutes apart.
- D.
Transitions as her cervix opens completely.
Correct Answer
A. Feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles.Explanation
During Stage 2 of childbirth, the mother feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles. This is because the baby's head has descended into the birth canal and is putting pressure on the mother's pelvic floor. The urge to push helps to facilitate the baby's passage through the birth canal and out of the mother's body. This stage is often referred to as the "pushing stage" and can last anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Gametes that form in females carry
- A.
Either an X or a Y chromosome.
- B.
Only short chromosomes.
- C.
An X chromosome.
- D.
All the genetic material the human organism needs.
Correct Answer
C. An X chromosome.Explanation
Gametes that form in females carry an X chromosome. This is because females have two X chromosomes, and during meiosis, one of the X chromosomes is randomly selected to be included in the gamete. The other X chromosome is discarded. Therefore, all the gametes produced by females will carry an X chromosome.Rate this question:
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- 8.
According to the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, in general, the larger the family, the lower the mental test scores of the all the siblings, because
- A.
Mothers who are low in intelligence tend to give birth to more children.
- B.
The parents of such families are more likely to divorce.
- C.
Mothers tend to be too busy to foster their children’s education.
- D.
The homes of large families tend to be full of noise and other distractions.
Correct Answer
A. Mothers who are low in intelligence tend to give birth to more children.Explanation
The correct answer is that mothers who are low in intelligence tend to give birth to more children. This explanation suggests that the reason for the lower mental test scores among siblings in larger families is because the mothers who are low in intelligence tend to have more children. This implies that the genetic factor of low intelligence may be passed down to the children, leading to lower test scores.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The combination of small body and large head means that the infant
- A.
Received too little oxygen during the birthing process.
- B.
Has a well-developed brain that enables quick learning in the first few months.
- C.
Bruised the mother’s cervix.
- D.
Produced the proper amount of cortisol.
Correct Answer
B. Has a well-developed brain that enables quick learning in the first few months.Explanation
The combination of a small body and a large head in an infant suggests that the brain is well-developed, which enables quick learning in the first few months. This is because the brain plays a crucial role in cognitive development and learning abilities. A well-developed brain in the early stages of life allows infants to acquire new skills and knowledge rapidly.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The frequency of identical twins is
- A.
Much higher in industrialized nations.
- B.
Slightly lower in Asia than elsewhere.
- C.
The same around the world.
- D.
Steadily rising in North America.
Correct Answer
C. The same around the world.Explanation
The correct answer is "the same around the world." This suggests that the frequency of identical twins does not vary significantly across different regions or countries. This implies that factors such as genetics or environmental conditions do not have a significant impact on the occurrence of identical twins.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Male reproductive capacity gradually declines after age
- A.
15
- B.
20
- C.
25
- D.
30
Correct Answer
D. 30Explanation
As men age, their reproductive capacity gradually declines. This decline is due to various factors such as a decrease in testosterone levels, a decrease in sperm quality and quantity, and an increased risk of genetic abnormalities in offspring. By the age of 30, men may start to experience a decline in fertility, making it more difficult for them to conceive naturally. Therefore, the correct answer is 30.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The Apgar scale measures which of the following signs?
- A.
Mental alertness and hand-eye coordination
- B.
The speed with which the infant begins nursing
- C.
Breathing, blinking, and kicking
- D.
Heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color
Correct Answer
D. Heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and colorExplanation
The Apgar scale is a standardized assessment tool used to evaluate the physical condition of a newborn immediately after birth. It measures five vital signs: heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color. These signs provide important information about the baby's overall health and well-being.Rate this question:
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- 13.
The example of PKU illustrates the fact that
- A.
Conditions once thought to be due to dominant-recessive inheritance actually result from multiple genes.
- B.
Heterozygous individuals are not always carriers of recessive traits.
- C.
Hair color and facial features are reasonably accurate predictors of inherited disabilities.
- D.
Inherited recessive disorders do not always lead to untreatable conditions.
Correct Answer
D. Inherited recessive disorders do not always lead to untreatable conditions.Explanation
The example of PKU, a recessive inherited disorder, shows that not all recessive disorders lead to untreatable conditions. PKU can be managed through a strict diet that restricts the intake of phenylalanine, preventing the negative effects of the disorder. This challenges the assumption that recessive disorders always result in untreatable conditions, highlighting the importance of early detection and intervention in managing inherited disorders.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The largest cell in the human body is the
- A.
Fallopian tube.
- B.
Ovum.
- C.
Zygote.
- D.
Sperm.
Correct Answer
B. Ovum.Explanation
The ovum, also known as the egg cell, is the largest cell in the human body. It is produced by the female reproductive system and is necessary for reproduction. The fallopian tube is a part of the female reproductive system where fertilization occurs, but it is not a cell. The zygote is the result of fertilization between the ovum and sperm, but it is smaller than the ovum. Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is much smaller than the ovum. Therefore, the correct answer is ovum.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The purpose of the natural childbirth movement that arose during the 1950s and 1960s was to
- A.
Make hospital birth as comfortable and rewarding as possible.
- B.
Introduce European-style freestanding birth centers to North America.
- C.
Remove doctors entirely from the birthing experience.
- D.
Persuade women to have their babies at home.
Correct Answer
A. Make hospital birth as comfortable and rewarding as possible.Explanation
The purpose of the natural childbirth movement during the 1950s and 1960s was to make hospital birth as comfortable and rewarding as possible. This suggests that the movement aimed to improve the experience of giving birth in a hospital setting, potentially by advocating for pain management techniques, supportive environments, and empowering women in their birthing choices. The movement did not seek to introduce European-style freestanding birth centers, remove doctors from the birthing experience, or persuade women to have their babies at home.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The sickle cell carrier rate is believed to be higher in Canada than in the United States because
- A.
The risk of malaria is slightly higher in Canada.
- B.
More African Canadians are recent immigrants than African Americans.
- C.
Incomplete dominance patterns are more common throughout the entire Canadian population
- D.
More African Canadians live at higher altitudes than African Americans.
Correct Answer
B. More African Canadians are recent immigrants than African Americans.Explanation
The correct answer is "more African Canadians are recent immigrants than African Americans." This explanation suggests that the higher sickle cell carrier rate in Canada compared to the United States is due to the fact that there are more recent immigrants from Africa in Canada, who are more likely to carry the sickle cell trait.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Most conceptions result from intercourse
- A.
Within 6 hours before or after ovulation.
- B.
During the week of ovulation.
- C.
On the day of or during the 2 days preceding ovulation.
- D.
During the 2 hours before or after ovulation.
Correct Answer
C. On the day of or during the 2 days preceding ovulation.Explanation
Conception occurs when a sperm fertilizes an egg. Ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary, and it typically occurs around the middle of a woman's menstrual cycle. Sperm can survive in the female reproductive system for up to 5 days, while the egg is viable for about 24 hours after ovulation. Therefore, the most likely time for conception to occur is on the day of ovulation or during the two days preceding it, when both sperm and egg are present in the reproductive system.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Research indicates that mothers who are supported during labor
- A.
Are more likely to have an episiotomy.
- B.
Prefer lying flat on their backs with their feet in stirrups.
- C.
Are less likely to have cesarean births.
- D.
Tend to be more nervous and, therefore, experience more birth complications.
Correct Answer
C. Are less likely to have cesarean births.Explanation
Research indicates that mothers who are supported during labor are less likely to have cesarean births. This is because having support during labor, such as from a doula or a supportive partner, can help reduce anxiety and stress levels, which in turn can lead to a more positive birthing experience. When mothers feel supported, they may be more confident in their ability to give birth naturally, and this can decrease the likelihood of needing a cesarean section.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The concept of genetic imprinting helps to explain why
- A.
Children inherit certain parent-specific diseases.
- B.
The rate of sickle cell anemia is rising among North Americans of European descent.
- C.
Females are more likely to suffer the effects of X-linked inheritance.
- D.
Fragile X syndrome results in 2 to 3 percent of autism cases.
Correct Answer
A. Children inherit certain parent-specific diseases.Explanation
Genetic imprinting is a phenomenon in which certain genes are expressed differently depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father. This can result in the inheritance of parent-specific diseases, as certain genes may be turned on or off depending on their parental origin. Therefore, the concept of genetic imprinting helps to explain why children inherit certain parent-specific diseases.Rate this question:
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- 20.
During the period of the zygote, implantation occurs when the
- A.
Blastocyst burrows into the uterine lining.
- B.
Sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum.
- C.
Trophoblast forms the chorion.
- D.
Amnion encloses the developing organism.
Correct Answer
A. Blastocyst burrows into the uterine lining.Explanation
During the period of the zygote, implantation occurs when the blastocyst burrows into the uterine lining. This is the correct answer because implantation is the process by which the blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells formed after fertilization, attaches to the uterine wall. The blastocyst then burrows or implants itself into the uterine lining, where it will continue to develop and receive nutrients from the mother's body. This is a crucial step in the early stages of pregnancy and is necessary for the embryo to establish a connection with the mother's blood supply.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Most chromosomal defects result from
- A.
Radiation.
- B.
Mistakes during meiosis.
- C.
Somatic mutation.
- D.
Prader-Willi syndrome.
Correct Answer
B. Mistakes during meiosis.Explanation
Chromosomal defects are abnormalities or changes in the structure or number of chromosomes. Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes (eggs and sperm) and is responsible for the distribution of chromosomes. Mistakes during meiosis, such as errors in chromosome pairing, separation, or recombination, can lead to chromosomal defects. Radiation can also cause chromosomal defects, but it is not the most common cause. Somatic mutation refers to genetic changes that occur in non-reproductive cells and is not directly related to chromosomal defects. Prader-Willi syndrome is a specific genetic disorder, but it is not the most common cause of chromosomal defects.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Adding or subtracting from the usual number of X chromosomes results in
- A.
Down syndrome.
- B.
Facial abnormalities.
- C.
Incomplete dominance.
- D.
Particular intellectual deficits.
Correct Answer
D. Particular intellectual deficits.Explanation
Adding or subtracting from the usual number of X chromosomes can result in genetic disorders such as Turner syndrome or Klinefelter syndrome. These disorders are associated with particular intellectual deficits, meaning individuals with these conditions may experience difficulties with learning, problem-solving, and cognitive abilities. Therefore, the correct answer is particular intellectual deficits.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Candidates for genetic counseling typically are
- A.
Women who have had three or more pregnancies.
- B.
Men with XYY syndrome.
- C.
Women of advanced maternal age.
- D.
Individuals with Down syndrome.
Correct Answer
C. Women of advanced maternal age.Explanation
The correct answer is women of advanced maternal age. Genetic counseling is recommended for women who are over the age of 35 when they become pregnant, as they have a higher risk of having a child with chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome. This is because as women age, the quality of their eggs decreases, increasing the likelihood of genetic abnormalities in their offspring. Therefore, women of advanced maternal age are more likely to benefit from genetic counseling to assess their risk and make informed decisions about their pregnancies.Rate this question:
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- 24.
The overall success rate of in vitro fertilization is 30 percent, but
- A.
It often requires more ova than most women produce.
- B.
Success declines steadily with age.
- C.
That rate is far lower when the man has fertility problems.
- D.
It can increase the risk of X-linked disease.
Correct Answer
B. Success declines steadily with age.Explanation
As a woman ages, her fertility naturally declines. This is because the quality and quantity of her eggs decrease over time. Therefore, the success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) also declines steadily with age. This is because older women have a lower chance of producing healthy embryos that can result in a successful pregnancy. Younger women, on the other hand, have a higher chance of success with IVF as they have healthier eggs.Rate this question:
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- 25.
More people in North America and Western Europe are adopting from other countries because
- A.
The availability of healthy babies in those regions has declined.
- B.
Adoptable children in their own countries are often past infancy.
- C.
Adopted children tend to have fewer learning and emotional difficulties.
- D.
They can select children like themselves in personality and background.
Correct Answer
A. The availability of healthy babies in those regions has declined.Explanation
The correct answer is "the availability of healthy babies in those regions has declined." This explanation suggests that the reason why more people in North America and Western Europe are adopting from other countries is because there is a decrease in the number of healthy babies available for adoption in those regions. This implies that individuals are turning to international adoption as an alternative to find a healthy baby to adopt.Rate this question:
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- 26.
The family is the most powerful context of development because it
- A.
Constitutes a macrosystem.
- B.
Protects children from environmental stressors.
- C.
Introduces children to the physical world, creates unique bonds, and teaches fundamental skills and values.
- D.
Guards children from most indirect influences.
Correct Answer
C. Introduces children to the physical world, creates unique bonds, and teaches fundamental skills and values.Explanation
The family is considered the most powerful context of development because it plays a crucial role in introducing children to the physical world, creating unique bonds, and teaching them fundamental skills and values. Within the family, children learn about their surroundings, explore their environment, and develop their cognitive and social abilities. Additionally, the family provides a nurturing and supportive environment where children form close relationships and learn important life lessons. Through the family, children acquire essential skills, such as communication, problem-solving, and emotional regulation, as well as develop values and beliefs that shape their identity and behavior.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Compared to low-SES parents, high-SES parents tend to
- A.
Expect their children to be polite and obedient before all else.
- B.
Talk to and stimulate their infants and preschoolers more.
- C.
Encourage their female children more than their male children.
- D.
Pass on higher levels of stress to their children.
Correct Answer
B. Talk to and stimulate their infants and preschoolers more.Explanation
High-SES parents tend to talk to and stimulate their infants and preschoolers more compared to low-SES parents. This can be attributed to the fact that high-SES parents often have more resources and access to educational materials, which allows them to engage in more interactive and stimulating activities with their children. This increased interaction and stimulation can have a positive impact on the cognitive and language development of the children.Rate this question:
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- 28.
In North America, poverty is highest among
- A.
Native-American children.
- B.
Hispanic children.
- C.
African-American children
- D.
Canadian-Aboriginal children
Correct Answer
D. Canadian-Aboriginal childrenExplanation
The correct answer is Canadian-Aboriginal children. This is because poverty rates among Canadian-Aboriginal children are significantly higher compared to other groups in North America. Factors such as historical and ongoing discrimination, limited access to education and healthcare, and higher rates of unemployment contribute to the higher poverty rates among this specific group.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Most homeless families consist of
- A.
Women with children under age 5.
- B.
Ethnic minorities.
- C.
One or more members with mental illness.
- D.
People turned away from government-supported housing.
Correct Answer
A. Women with children under age 5.Explanation
The correct answer is women with children under age 5. This is because homeless families often consist of single mothers with young children who are more vulnerable and have limited resources to secure stable housing. The presence of young children adds to the urgency and complexity of their situation, making them more likely to experience homelessness.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Studies have shown that children whose families moved into low-poverty neighborhoods
- A.
Had trouble adjusting to their new surroundings.
- B.
Showed little change in their behavior.
- C.
Showed substantially better health and school achievement
- D.
Improved more in social interaction than in academic performance.
Correct Answer
C. Showed substantially better health and school achievementExplanation
The given correct answer suggests that studies have found that children whose families moved into low-poverty neighborhoods experienced significant improvements in both their health and school achievement. This implies that living in a low-poverty neighborhood had a positive impact on these children's overall well-being and academic performance.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Higher-SES parents tend to interact frequently with their children’s teachers because
- A.
They generally live in small towns.
- B.
Their backgrounds and values are often similar to those of the teachers.
- C.
Their children and the teachers’ children often go to the same schools.
- D.
They can more easily take time off work than lower-SES parents.
Correct Answer
B. Their backgrounds and values are often similar to those of the teachers.Explanation
Higher-SES parents tend to interact frequently with their children's teachers because their backgrounds and values are often similar to those of the teachers. This similarity in backgrounds and values creates a sense of familiarity and understanding between the parents and teachers, making it easier for them to communicate and collaborate effectively. Additionally, shared values and perspectives can lead to a greater level of trust and mutual respect, further encouraging frequent interactions between higher-SES parents and teachers.Rate this question:
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- 32.
U.S. opponents of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child maintain that it
- A.
Would shift the burden of child rearing from the family to the state.
- B.
Is insufficiently collectivist.
- C.
Does not go as far toward protecting children as U.S. policies already in place.
- D.
Forces the United States to adopt principles that few other nations observe.
Correct Answer
A. Would shift the burden of child rearing from the family to the state.Explanation
The opponents of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child argue that it would shift the responsibility of raising children from families to the state. They believe that the convention would give the government more control over parenting decisions and undermine the authority and autonomy of families. This perspective suggests that the convention would lead to a greater reliance on state intervention in child-rearing, potentially diminishing the role of parents in making decisions about their children's upbringing.Rate this question:
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- 33.
The results of welfare reform in Canada and the United States suggest that
- A.
The faster parents leave welfare for work, the faster their children’s lives will improve.
- B.
Work requirements should be more stringent.
- C.
Welfare reform promotes children’s development only when it results in a more adequate standard of living.
- D.
Both countries’ commitment to providing affordable child care helped to decrease their welfare roles.
Correct Answer
C. Welfare reform promotes children’s development only when it results in a more adequate standard of living.Explanation
The correct answer suggests that welfare reform will only benefit children's development if it leads to a higher standard of living. This implies that simply requiring parents to work may not be enough to improve the lives of their children. Instead, it is necessary to ensure that the welfare reform measures result in an improved standard of living for families.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Currently, most kinship studies find that heredity
- A.
Plays hardly any role in intelligence.
- B.
Has a strong influence on intelligence.
- C.
Cannot be conclusively linked to many traits.
- D.
Plays a moderate role in intelligence.
Correct Answer
D. Plays a moderate role in intelligence.Explanation
The given correct answer suggests that heredity plays a moderate role in intelligence. This means that while genetics can contribute to a person's intelligence, it is not the sole determining factor. Other factors such as environment, education, and personal experiences also play a significant role in shaping a person's intelligence. This explanation indicates that there is some influence of heredity on intelligence, but it is not the dominant factor.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Heritability estimates are controversial because they
- A.
Are too dependent on the extent to which twin pairs reflect genetic and environmental variation.
- B.
Can easily be misapplied to suggest dubious genetic bases for certain traits.
- C.
Employ simplistic statistical procedures.
- D.
Tell us nothing about personality traits.
Correct Answer
B. Can easily be misapplied to suggest dubious genetic bases for certain traits.Explanation
Heritability estimates are controversial because they can easily be misapplied to suggest dubious genetic bases for certain traits. This means that people may incorrectly attribute certain traits solely to genetics without considering the influence of environmental factors. It highlights the potential for misinterpretation and oversimplification of the complex interactions between genes and the environment in determining traits.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Reaction range highlights that
- A.
Strongly canalized behavior develops similarly in diverse environments.
- B.
Concordance rates are likely to exaggerate the role of heredity.
- C.
Different genetic-environmental combinations can make two people look the same.
- D.
Despite our highly varied genetic makeups, we tend to respond in similar ways to different environments.
Correct Answer
C. Different genetic-environmental combinations can make two people look the same.Explanation
The correct answer is different genetic-environmental combinations can make two people look the same. This suggests that even individuals with different genetic makeups can exhibit similar traits or behaviors when exposed to similar environmental factors. In other words, the interaction between genetics and the environment can result in similarities between individuals who may not share the same genes.Rate this question:
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- 37.
In older children, active genetic-environmental correlation becomes common because
- A.
As they gain more freedom, they seek environments that fit their genetic tendencies.
- B.
Their heredity evokes stronger responses that, in turn, prompt them to display certain behaviors even more.
- C.
Their hereditary traits become less strongly canalized.
- D.
They cease to engage in niche-picking.
Correct Answer
A. As they gain more freedom, they seek environments that fit their genetic tendencies.Explanation
As children grow older and gain more freedom, they have the ability to choose and seek out environments that align with their genetic tendencies. This active genetic-environmental correlation occurs because they have the autonomy to select activities, hobbies, and social groups that cater to their natural inclinations. This correlation is a result of their increasing independence and the opportunities they have to shape their own experiences based on their genetic predispositions.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Theorists who emphasize the effects of canalization and range of reaction would most likely believe that
- A.
Unfavorable genetic-environmental correlations can be uncoupled.
- B.
Active correlation has little bearing on genetic tendencies.
- C.
Heritability estimates are the most accurate predictors of intelligence.
- D.
Genetic-environmental correlation is driven largely by genetics.
Correct Answer
D. Genetic-environmental correlation is driven largely by genetics.Explanation
Theorists who emphasize the effects of canalization and range of reaction would most likely believe that genetic-environmental correlation is driven largely by genetics. This is because canalization refers to the genetic tendency to produce certain phenotypes regardless of environmental influences, while range of reaction suggests that genetic factors determine the limits within which an individual's traits can vary in response to different environments. Therefore, these theorists would argue that genetic factors play a significant role in shaping the correlation between genetics and environment.Rate this question:
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- 39.
In the second month of the period of the embryo, the
- A.
Organism develops the endoderm.
- B.
Neural tube and neurons develop.
- C.
Heart begins to pump blood.
- D.
Liver and spleen assume production of blood cells.
Correct Answer
D. Liver and spleen assume production of blood cells.Explanation
During the second month of the embryo's development, the liver and spleen take on the role of producing blood cells. This is an important step in the development of the circulatory system, as it ensures a steady supply of blood cells for the growing organism. The liver and spleen are responsible for the production and storage of blood cells until the bone marrow takes over this function later in development. This process is crucial for the embryo's overall growth and development.Rate this question:
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- 40.
During the last three months of pregnancy,
- A.
The genitals form so that the sex of the fetus becomes evident.
- B.
Grooves and convolutions form in the surface of the cerebral cortex.
- C.
The fetus tends to rest quietly because of decreasing space in the womb.
- D.
The lanugo grows over the fetus’s body.
Correct Answer
B. Grooves and convolutions form in the surface of the cerebral cortex.Explanation
During the last three months of pregnancy, the brain of the fetus undergoes significant development. One of the key changes that occur is the formation of grooves and convolutions in the surface of the cerebral cortex. These grooves and convolutions increase the surface area of the brain, allowing for more complex neural connections and higher cognitive functions. This development is crucial for the future intellectual and cognitive abilities of the individual. Therefore, the correct answer is that grooves and convolutions form in the surface of the cerebral cortex during the last three months of pregnancy.Rate this question:
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- 41.
During the eighth month of pregnancy, a layer of fat develops to assist with
- A.
Temperature regulation.
- B.
Antibody production.
- C.
Blood circulation.
- D.
Waste filtration.
Correct Answer
A. Temperature regulation.Explanation
During the eighth month of pregnancy, a layer of fat develops to assist with temperature regulation. This is because the mother's body needs to maintain a stable internal temperature to ensure the well-being of both herself and the developing fetus. The layer of fat acts as insulation, helping to keep the body warm and prevent heat loss. This is especially important as the body undergoes hormonal and physiological changes during pregnancy, which can affect temperature regulation. Antibody production, blood circulation, and waste filtration are all important processes during pregnancy, but they are not specifically related to the development of a layer of fat in the eighth month.Rate this question:
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- 42.
The effects of teratogens
- A.
Usually kill the fetus in the womb.
- B.
Mostly cause malformations of the limbs
- C.
Can be subtle and delayed for years.
- D.
Tend to concentrate during the first two weeks after conception.
Correct Answer
C. Can be subtle and delayed for years.Explanation
Teratogens are substances or factors that can cause abnormalities or defects in a developing fetus. The statement "can be subtle and delayed for years" suggests that the effects of teratogens may not be immediately apparent and can manifest later in life. This means that even if a fetus is exposed to teratogens during pregnancy, the negative effects may not be immediately noticeable and could potentially emerge years later.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Research indicates that high birth weight is associated with
- A.
Excessive weight gain in adulthood.
- B.
Lower maternal estrogen during pregnancy.
- C.
Greatly increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood.
- D.
Increases in digestive and lymphatic cancer in both men and women.
Correct Answer
D. Increases in digestive and lymphatic cancer in both men and women.Explanation
Research indicates that high birth weight is associated with increases in digestive and lymphatic cancer in both men and women. This suggests that individuals who were born with a higher birth weight have a higher risk of developing these types of cancer later in life. This could be due to various factors such as genetic predisposition or the influence of certain growth factors during fetal development. Further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms behind this association.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Throughout the first year, infants who were exposed to heroine and methadone are
- A.
Less attentive to the environment than nonexposed babies.
- B.
More likely to develop respiratory distress than nonexposed babies.
- C.
Likely to develop genital abnormalities during adolescence.
- D.
More prone to irritability and vomiting than nonexposed babies.
Correct Answer
C. Likely to develop genital abnormalities during adolescence. -
- 45.
Of the following, which factor accounts for continued prenatal exposure to the teratogenic drug Accutane?
- A.
Manufacturers have failed to provide adequate warnings.
- B.
The drug’s teratogenic effects have only recently been established.
- C.
The pregnancies were unplanned, and women who become pregnant without planning are often less responsive to teratogen counseling.
- D.
The pregnant women smoked while taking the drug.
Correct Answer
C. The pregnancies were unplanned, and women who become pregnant without planning are often less responsive to teratogen counseling. -
- 46.
Newborns of smoking mothers
- A.
Tend to have smaller head sizes than newborns of mothers who do not smoke.
- B.
Are less attentive to sounds.
- C.
Often have facial abnormalities.
- D.
Have abnormally high birth weights.
Correct Answer
B. Are less attentive to sounds.Explanation
Newborns of smoking mothers are less attentive to sounds. This could be due to the exposure of nicotine and other harmful chemicals present in cigarette smoke during fetal development. These substances can affect the development of the auditory system, leading to decreased auditory processing abilities in newborns.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Low levels of radiation, such as those resulting from medical X-rays, can increase the risk of
- A.
Adult diabetes.
- B.
A smooth or flattened philtrum.
- C.
Smaller head size.
- D.
Childhood cancer.
Correct Answer
D. Childhood cancer.Explanation
Low levels of radiation, such as those resulting from medical X-rays, have been found to increase the risk of childhood cancer. Studies have shown that exposure to radiation during childhood can lead to the development of cancer later in life. This is why precautions are taken to limit the amount of radiation exposure in medical procedures, especially in children.Rate this question:
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- 48.
In industrialized nations, how many commonly used chemicals are potentially dangerous to the developing organism?
- A.
Less than 20,000
- B.
About 50,000
- C.
More than 75,000
- D.
Nearly 1,000,000
Correct Answer
C. More than 75,000Explanation
The correct answer is "more than 75,000." This suggests that in industrialized nations, there are over 75,000 commonly used chemicals that have the potential to be dangerous to the developing organism.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Pregnant women may become infected with toxoplasmosis
- A.
From contact with the urine of infected dogs.
- B.
By eating raw or undercooked meat.
- C.
Through unprotected sex with an infected person.
- D.
Through drug abuse.
Correct Answer
B. By eating raw or undercooked meat.Explanation
Pregnant women may become infected with toxoplasmosis by eating raw or undercooked meat. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. This parasite can be found in raw or undercooked meat, especially pork, lamb, and venison. If a pregnant woman consumes contaminated meat, she can contract the infection, which can be harmful to both her and the developing fetus. It is important for pregnant women to cook meat thoroughly and practice good hygiene to prevent toxoplasmosis.Rate this question:
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- 50.
In addition to adequate quantities of food, which of the following nutritional factors is crucial to the health of newborns?
- A.
Vitamin-mineral enrichment
- B.
Reduced consumption of dairy products
- C.
Food that has been thoroughly irradiated
- D.
Foods that are low in folic acid
Correct Answer
A. Vitamin-mineral enrichmentExplanation
Newborns require adequate quantities of food for their health, but in addition to that, vitamin-mineral enrichment is crucial. This means that the food given to newborns should be fortified with essential vitamins and minerals to support their growth and development. These nutrients are important for various bodily functions and deficiencies can lead to health issues. Therefore, ensuring that newborns receive food with added vitamin-mineral enrichment is essential for their overall health.Rate this question:
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Quiz Review Timeline +
Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.
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Current Version
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Mar 22, 2023Quiz Edited by
ProProfs Editorial Team -
Oct 24, 2011Quiz Created by
Aeria_j
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