Results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell.
Results from the accumulation of mutations in HA and NA in a single strain of flu virus.
can result in major epidemics or pandemics.
Results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell and can result in major epidemics or pandemics.
The virus infecting the cells of the skin.
the virus infecting the cells of the dermal layer beneath the skin.
an immunological reaction to the virus.
All of the choices
True
False
True
False
Rubella
Rubeola
coxsackievirus B
Varicella
Rubella
Adenovirus
herpes zoster.
Rubeola
Rubella
herpes-zoster
Reovirus
Coxsackievirus A
Chickenpox
German measles.
Shingles
Influenza A.
First trimester of pregnancy.
Second trimester of pregnancy.
third trimester of pregnancy.
Entire pregnancy.
antigenic drift.
Antigenic shift.
Frameshift mutations.
Both antigenic drift and antigenic shift
Both antigenic drift and frameshift mutations
Both antigenic shift and frameshift mutations
A
B
C
D
Penicillin
AZT
Amantadine
Acyclovir
Mumps
Measles
Chickenpox
Flavivirus infection.
Morbillis virus.
Paramyxovirus.
Adenovirus.
synctial virus.
Rhinitis
Tonsillitis
Bronchitis
All of the choices
Viral; mycoplasmal
Bacterial; viral
Mycoplasmal; viral
mycoplasmal; bacterial
it has obvious clinical features.
it has no known reservoir outside of humans.
A short period of infectivity.
The availability of effective antiviral agents that block replication.
All of the choices
Fevers of undifferentiated type with or without a rash
Encephalitis, often with a high fatality rate
hemorrhagic fevers
all of the choices
25
50
49
10
viral growth in cell cultures.
by a rise in neutralizing antibody in a patient’s serum.
PCR analysis from saliva samples.
culture on artificial media.
Semen
Blood
vaginal secretions
Mosquitoes
Domestic animals serve as a persistent reservoir.
immunity once obtained is not protective.
A lack of effective antiviral drugs.
The antigenic diversity of the rhinoviruses and the lack of long lasting immunity.
Sunlight
Stress
Sexual hormones
all of the choices
Congenital herpes.
Cervical cancer.
Miscarriages
All of these
The Delta agent.
The Dane particle.
Viral surface antigens.
Alanine transaminase.
Hepatitis C.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis D
Excluding contact with contaminated materials.
Passive immunotherapy within 7 days of exposure.
vaccination of high-risk groups.
all of the choices
Physical stress (fever, cold winds, trauma, hormonal changes)
Emotional stress
ultraviolet light
all of the choices
Contaminated blood and blood products
inhalation of droplets
bite from body louse
Contaminated shellfish
Vidarabine and acyclovir
Amantadine
AZT and ddC
Protease inhibitors such as ritonavir
Cures the disease.
Reduces the healing time.
Lyses the virus.
All of the choices.
They slow the progress of the disease.
They cure the disease.
They prevent entry of the virus into cells.
They result in lysis of virus particles.
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
Reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors
topoisomerase inhibitors
RNA polymerase II inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Body contact.
Fomites
Food and water
Respiratory secretions
fecal-oral contamination of food or drink.
sexual activity.
Contaminated blood.
inhalation of droplets.
Norovirus and the rotavirus group.
cytomegalovirus and hepatitis E.
the Delta agent.
Varicella zoster virus and rubeola virus.
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