Psychology: Memory Ch.6 + Learning Ch.7 Quiz

A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that is presented after a behavior and increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. It can be something desirable or rewarding, such as praise, a treat, or a pat on the back. This positive reinforcement encourages the individual to continue engaging in the behavior that led to the positive outcome. Therefore, the statement that an encouraging stimulus that increases the frequency of a behavior when it is presented is called a positive reinforcer is true.

Procedural memory refers to the type of memory that involves the retention and recall of skills and procedures that one has learned. This type of memory is responsible for remembering how to ride a bicycle, play an instrument, or type on a keyboard. It is different from other types of memory, such as episodic or semantic memory, which involve the recall of specific events or facts. Therefore, the statement that procedural memory consists of skills and procedures that one has learned is true.

An unpleasant stimulus that increases the frequency of behavior when it is removed is called a negative reinforcer. This means that when the unpleasant stimulus is taken away after a behavior, it strengthens the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.

Context-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon where the retrieval of information is enhanced when the individual is in the same or similar context as when the memory was formed. This means that if a person wants to retrieve a context-dependent memory, going back to the place where the memory was initially formed can aid in the retrieval process. Therefore, the statement "A person can retrieve a context dependent memory by going back to the place where the memory was formed" is true.

Short-term memory is a temporary storage system that can hold a limited amount of information for a short period. This is supported by research that suggests the average person can hold around 7 items, plus or minus 2, in their short-term memory at a time. Once the information is no longer actively attended to or rehearsed, it is likely to be forgotten. Therefore, it is correct to say that short-term memory can retain only a limited amount of information at one time.

Spontaneous Recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed without any further conditioning. This phenomenon suggests that even though a response may have been extinguished, the underlying association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is not completely forgotten. Instead, it can resurface under certain circumstances. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately describes the concept of Spontaneous Recovery.

Severe memory loss can be caused by various factors such as injury, shock, fatigue, illness, or repression. This condition is known as amnesia. Amnesia refers to the inability to recall past experiences, information, or events. It can be temporary or permanent, and it can affect both short-term and long-term memory. In cases of severe memory loss, individuals may struggle to remember important personal details, such as their own name or significant life events. Amnesia can have a significant impact on a person's daily life and may require medical intervention or therapy to manage.

Extinction refers to the process of the disappearance of a conditioned response. This occurs when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is no longer presented after a conditioned stimulus (CS). In other words, when the association between the CS and UCS is broken, the conditioned response gradually diminishes and eventually disappears. Therefore, the statement "Extinction is the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus" is true.

The question is asking for the number of kinds of memory. The answer is given in three different forms: 3, three, and Three. These forms all represent the same numerical value and indicate that there are three kinds of memory.

Observational learning refers to the process of learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. This type of learning occurs through observation, without the need for direct experience or reinforcement. By observing others, individuals can acquire new skills, knowledge, and behaviors. This type of learning is particularly common in social settings, where individuals learn from the actions and behaviors of those around them.

Hitting your head really hard can cause amnesia because a severe blow to the head can result in a traumatic brain injury. This type of injury can disrupt the normal functioning of the brain, including memory processes. Amnesia refers to a partial or total loss of memory, and it can occur as a result of a head injury. Therefore, it is true that hitting your head really hard can cause amnesia.

Long-term memory is the storage system in our brain that contains information we want to remember for an extended period of time. Unlike short-term memory, which holds information temporarily, long-term memory is responsible for retaining knowledge, experiences, and skills over a longer duration. It allows us to recall past events, facts, and personal experiences, and plays a crucial role in learning, decision-making, and problem-solving.

The correct answer is sensory memory. Sensory memory refers to the immediate and temporary storage of information that is received through the senses. It is the initial recording of sensory stimuli, such as visual or auditory information, before it is processed further. Flashbulb memory, on the other hand, refers to vivid and highly detailed memories of significant and emotionally charged events. Episodic memory is a type of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events and experiences.

When the brain translates incoming information into visual, acoustic, or semantic codes, it is referred to as encoding. This process involves converting sensory inputs into meaningful representations that can be stored and retrieved later. Encoding is a crucial step in the memory formation process, as it allows information to be transformed into a format that can be effectively stored and recalled by the brain.

Anterograde amnesia is a type of memory impairment that occurs after a trauma or injury to the brain. It specifically affects the ability to form new memories, while leaving the ability to recall past memories intact. This means that a person with anterograde amnesia will have difficulty remembering new information or events that occur after the trauma. Therefore, the statement that anterograde amnesia prevents a person from forming new memories following a trauma is true.

Counterconditioning is a therapy procedure that aims to replace a negative response to a stimulus with a positive response. It is based on classical conditioning, which involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a positive or negative stimulus to elicit a desired response. In counterconditioning, the negative response is gradually replaced with a positive response through repeated exposure to the stimulus paired with positive experiences. This helps individuals overcome their negative associations and develop more positive reactions. Therefore, the given statement is true.

A learned avoidance for a certain food refers to taste aversion. This occurs when an individual develops a strong dislike or avoidance towards a specific food due to a negative experience, such as feeling sick after consuming it. The association between the taste of the food and the negative experience leads to a conditioned response of avoidance.

Procedural memory refers to the type of memory that involves the skills or procedures that people have learned. It is responsible for remembering how to perform tasks and actions, such as riding a bike or playing an instrument. This type of memory is typically automatic and does not require conscious effort. It is stored in the brain's motor cortex and basal ganglia, and can be enhanced through practice and repetition. Therefore, the correct answer is "Procedural, procedural."

Episodic memory refers to the type of memory that involves the recollection of specific events or experiences that individuals have personally encountered or witnessed. It is the ability to remember specific details such as time, place, emotions, and context associated with these events. This type of memory allows individuals to recall personal experiences from their past and is different from other types of memory, such as semantic memory, which involves the recall of general knowledge and facts. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is "episodic" or "Episodic."

Chunking is a mental process for organizing information into meaningful units. It involves breaking down a large amount of information into smaller, more manageable chunks or groups. This helps in improving memory and cognitive processes by making it easier to remember and process information. By grouping related items together, chunking allows individuals to better understand and retain information, as well as retrieve it more efficiently when needed.

The given answer "maintenance" accurately describes the act of repeating information in order to retain it in memory. Maintenance rehearsal refers to the process of continuously rehearsing or repeating information to prevent forgetting. This type of rehearsal helps to keep the information active in the working memory, increasing the chances of it being stored in long-term memory.

A special kind of episodic memory is referred to as a flashbulb memory. Flashbulb memories are highly vivid and detailed recollections of emotionally significant events. These memories are often formed during unexpected and shocking events, such as natural disasters or personal traumas. Flashbulb memories are characterized by their clarity and the strong emotional impact they have on individuals. They are believed to be stored in long-term memory and can be recalled with great accuracy, although they may be subject to some distortions over time.

Infantile amnesia refers to the inability to recall memories from early childhood, usually before the age of three. This phenomenon is believed to occur due to the underdevelopment of the brain structures responsible for memory during infancy. As the brain continues to develop, older memories may be overwritten or lost, resulting in the inability to remember events from early childhood. Therefore, the correct answer is Infantile Amnesia.

Partial reinforcement is a type of conditioned learning in which only some of the responses are reinforced. This means that the reinforcement is not given every time the desired behavior is performed, but rather intermittently. Partial reinforcement is known to be more resistant to extinction compared to continuous reinforcement, as the individual does not become reliant on receiving reinforcement every time. Instead, they continue to engage in the behavior in the hopes of receiving reinforcement at some point.

Sensory memory refers to the initial recording of information that enters through a person's senses. It is the first stage of memory processing and involves the brief retention of sensory information, such as visual or auditory stimuli. This information is held for a very short period of time, typically less than a second, before either being transferred to short-term memory or forgotten. Therefore, the correct answer is "immediate" or "Immediate" as it accurately describes the temporary nature of sensory memory.

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Shaping is not the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other. Instead, shaping refers to the process of gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior. This is done by reinforcing small steps or approximations towards the desired behavior until the target behavior is achieved. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

A stimulus is not an observable reaction, but rather an external event or phenomenon that triggers a response in an organism. Observable reactions are the responses or behaviors exhibited by an organism in response to a stimulus. Therefore, the statement that an observable reaction is called a stimulus is false.

Flooding is a behavioral therapy technique where a person is exposed to a harmless stimulus until their fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished. It involves confronting the fear head-on and repeatedly exposing oneself to the feared situation or object until the fear response diminishes. By facing the fear directly, the person learns that the stimulus is not actually harmful, leading to the reduction or elimination of the fear response.

Latent learning is not the tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar characteristics. Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or motivation. It is learning that is not immediately expressed in behavior, but can be demonstrated when there is an incentive or motivation to do so. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Icons are mental pictures that we form of visual stimuli. They are representations or images that we create in our minds to remember or recall visual information. Icons help us to process and understand visual information more effectively. They are a form of mental representation that allows us to retain and manipulate visual images in our memory.

Eidetic memory refers to the ability to vividly recall specific details of a past event or experience. It is often described as having a photographic or highly detailed memory. Therefore, the statement that eidetic memory is a memory of a specific experienced event is true.

The statement suggests that addiction is a feature in the environment that is detected by an organism or leads to a change in behavior. However, this is not true. Addiction is not a feature in the environment, but rather a complex condition that involves changes in the brain. It is characterized by compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

A mnemonic is something that is used to help trigger a memory of something else. It can be a word, phrase, or image that aids in remembering information. Mnemonics are commonly used in education to help students remember facts or concepts by associating them with something more memorable. The capitalization of "Mnemonic" in the answer suggests that it is a proper noun, possibly referring to a specific mnemonic technique or system.