IB Biology Chapter 4: Ecology
4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems
4.2 Energy flow
4.3 Carbon cycling
4.4 Climate change
Questions and Answers
- 1.
What are species?
- A.
Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring
- B.
Species are a population that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring
- C.
Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce offspring
- D.
Species are a group of the same organism that can produce offspring
Correct Answer
A. Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspringExplanation
Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring. This definition emphasizes the reproductive compatibility within a group of organisms. It highlights the importance of successful reproduction in defining a species, as the ability to produce fertile offspring is a key characteristic that distinguishes one species from another. This definition also acknowledges that interbreeding is not always guaranteed, but the potential for successful reproduction is present.Rate this question:
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- 2.
What is a population?
- A.
A population is a group of species who live in the same area
- B.
A population is a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time
- C.
A population is a group of species who live at the same time
- D.
A population is a group of organisms of the same species
Correct Answer
B. A population is a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same timeExplanation
The correct answer is "A population is a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time." This answer accurately defines a population as a group of organisms belonging to the same species that coexist in a specific geographic area. It highlights the key characteristics of a population, including the shared species identity, the spatial proximity of individuals within the same area, and the temporal aspect of individuals living at the same time.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Organisms that make their own carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and other simple substances are:
Correct Answer
autotrophic, Autotrophic, autotrophs, Autotrophs, autotroph, AutotrophExplanation
Autotrophic organisms are able to synthesize their own carbon compounds using carbon dioxide and other simple substances. This process is known as photosynthesis, where autotrophs convert sunlight into chemical energy. Autotrophs play a crucial role in the food chain as they are able to produce their own food, serving as a source of energy for other organisms. The variations in capitalization (autotrophic vs Autotrophic) and plural form (autotrophs vs Autotrophs) do not affect the meaning of the term, as they all refer to organisms that possess this ability.Rate this question:
- 4.
Some unicellular organisms use both methods of nutrition.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
They are mixotrophicRate this question:
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- 5.
Consumers are heterotrophs that feed on living organisms by:
Correct Answer
ingestion, IngestionExplanation
Consumers are organisms that obtain energy by consuming other living organisms. They do this through the process of ingestion, which involves taking in food and nutrients into their bodies. Ingestion is the correct answer because it accurately describes how consumers feed on living organisms.Rate this question:
- 6.
Unicellular consumers take the food in by ____ and digest it inside vacuoles.Multicellular consumers take food into their ____ by swallowing it.
- A.
Exocytosis, digestive system
- B.
Digestive system; endocytosis
- C.
Endocytosis; digestive system
- D.
Endocytosis; stomach
Correct Answer
C. Endocytosis; digestive systemExplanation
Unicellular consumers are single-celled organisms that take in food by endocytosis, which is the process of engulfing food particles into their cell membrane. Once inside the cell, the food is digested inside vacuoles. On the other hand, multicellular consumers, which are organisms made up of multiple cells, take food into their digestive system by swallowing it. The digestive system of multicellular consumers is responsible for breaking down the food and extracting nutrients for energy. Therefore, the correct answer is endocytosis; digestive system.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Detrivores digest dead organic matter and then ingest it internally and absorb the products of ingestion.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Detrivores -ingest- dead organic matter and then -digest- it internally and absorb the products of -digestion-Rate this question:
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- 8.
Saprotrophs are ____ that obtain organic nutrients from ____ by ____ digestion (check multiple boxes)
- A.
Heterotrophs
- B.
Autotrophs
- C.
Dead organic matter
- D.
Internal
- E.
External
- F.
Living organisms
Correct Answer(s)
A. Heterotrophs
C. Dead organic matter
E. ExternalExplanation
Saprotrophs are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from dead organic matter by external digestionRate this question:
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- 9.
What is a community?
- A.
A community is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting with each other
- B.
A community is formed by populations of the same species living together and interacting with each other
- C.
A community is formed by populations of different species living in different areas
- D.
A community is formed by populations of different biotic and abiotic factors
Correct Answer
A. A community is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting with each otherExplanation
A community is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting with each other. This means that within a community, there are multiple species coexisting in the same area and engaging in various interactions such as competition, predation, and mutualism. These interactions shape the dynamics and structure of the community, influencing the abundance and distribution of species within it. A community is not limited to populations of the same species or different species living in different areas, as stated in the other options.Rate this question:
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- 10.
When the null hypothesis is rejected, it automatically means the alternative hypothesis is true
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false. When the null hypothesis is rejected, it does not automatically mean that the alternative hypothesis is true. Rejecting the null hypothesis only suggests that there is sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis, but it does not prove it to be true. Other factors such as sample size, statistical power, and the possibility of Type I or Type II errors should be considered before making any conclusions about the alternative hypothesis.Rate this question:
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- 11.
What is an ecosystem?
- A.
All the living organisms and abiotic factors that do not interact with each other
- B.
The abiotic environment in an area
- C.
The community of organisms in an area
- D.
The community of organisms in an area and their non-living environment
Correct Answer
D. The community of organisms in an area and their non-living environmentExplanation
An ecosystem refers to the community of organisms in a specific area and their interactions with the non-living environment. It includes both living organisms and abiotic factors such as soil, water, and climate. This definition highlights the interconnectedness and interdependence of all components within an ecosystem, emphasizing the relationships between organisms and their environment.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Living organisms need a supply of chemical elements
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Living organisms require a constant supply of chemical elements for various essential biological processes. These elements are necessary for building and maintaining cells, tissues, and organs, as well as for carrying out metabolic reactions. They are also involved in the synthesis of important molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Without a sufficient supply of chemical elements, living organisms would not be able to survive and function properly. Therefore, the statement "Living organisms need a supply of chemical elements" is true.Rate this question:
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- 13.
What are the three requirements for sustainability in ecosystems?
- A.
Nutrient availability
- B.
Chemicals
- C.
Living organisms
- D.
Detoxification of waste products
- E.
Energy availability
- F.
Water supply
Correct Answer(s)
A. Nutrient availability
D. Detoxification of waste products
E. Energy availabilityExplanation
The three requirements for sustainability in ecosystems are nutrient availability, detoxification of waste products, and energy availability. Nutrients are essential for the growth and survival of organisms in an ecosystem, as they provide the necessary elements for biological processes. Detoxification of waste products is important to maintain a healthy environment, as it prevents the accumulation of harmful substances. Energy availability is crucial for sustaining life in an ecosystem, as it powers various biological activities. These three requirements work together to ensure the long-term stability and productivity of ecosystems.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Light energy is converted to chemical energy in carbon compounds by:
- A.
Photosynthesis
- B.
Heterotrophs
- C.
Consumers
- D.
Sunlight
Correct Answer
A. PhotosynthesisExplanation
Photosynthesis is the correct answer because it is the process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in the form of glucose or other organic compounds. This process involves the absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll in the plant's cells, which then uses this energy to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. Therefore, photosynthesis is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of carbon compounds.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Producers can release energy by:
- A.
Photosynthetic pigments
- B.
Cell respiration
- C.
Sunlight
- D.
Chemical compounds
Correct Answer
B. Cell respirationExplanation
Cell respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to release energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of cells and is essential for the survival and functioning of all living organisms. Through cell respiration, producers (such as plants) convert the energy stored in glucose into a usable form, which they can then use for growth, reproduction, and other metabolic activities. This process allows producers to release energy from the chemical compounds they obtain from their environment, enabling them to carry out life-sustaining processes.Rate this question:
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- 16.
What is a food chain?
- A.
A diagram that shows energy produced
- B.
A diagram that shows producers and consumers
- C.
A sequence of organisms, each of which feeds on the previous one.
- D.
A sequence of organisms, each of which feeds on the following one.
Correct Answer
C. A sequence of organisms, each of which feeds on the previous one.Explanation
A food chain is a sequence of organisms in an ecosystem, where each organism feeds on the previous one. This means that energy and nutrients are transferred from one organism to another as they consume each other. The correct answer accurately describes the concept of a food chain, emphasizing the flow of energy and the relationship between organisms in an ecosystem.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Oxidation reactions are ____ and the energy released is used in ____ reactions to make ATP
- A.
Exothermic; endothermic
- B.
Endothermic; exothermic
- C.
Endothermic; endothermic
- D.
Exothermic; chemical
Correct Answer
A. Exothermic; endothermicExplanation
Oxidation reactions are exothermic, meaning they release energy. This energy is then used in endothermic reactions to make ATP.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Living organisms cannot convert heat to other forms of energy
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Living organisms cannot convert heat to other forms of energy because of the second law of thermodynamics, which states that heat tends to disperse and become less concentrated. This means that heat energy cannot be completely converted into other forms of energy, such as mechanical or electrical energy, without the input of additional energy. While living organisms can use heat energy from their environment to perform certain functions, they cannot convert it into other forms of energy without the use of external energy sources. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Autotrophs absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This ____ the carbon dioxide concentration of the atmosphere.
Correct Answer
reduces, Reduces, reduce, ReduceExplanation
Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food using energy from the sun or inorganic substances. They have the ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis. This absorption of carbon dioxide by autotrophs leads to a decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Therefore, the correct answer is "reduces" or "Reduces" or "reduce" or "Reduce".Rate this question:
- 20.
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water. It can form:
- A.
Hydrogen H+
- B.
Carbonic acid H2CO3
- C.
Carbon dioxide CO2
- D.
Carbonate CO3 2-
Correct Answer
B. Carbonic acid H2CO3Explanation
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and can react with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This reaction occurs when carbon dioxide dissolves in water, and it results in the formation of carbonic acid, which is a weak acid. This is a reversible reaction, meaning that carbonic acid can also dissociate back into carbon dioxide and water. Therefore, carbonic acid is a possible product when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water.Rate this question:
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- 21.
What cells carry out aerobic cell respiration? (multiple answers correct)
- A.
Saprotrophs
- B.
Non-photosynthetic cells in producers
- C.
Animal cells
Correct Answer(s)
A. Saprotrophs
B. Non-photosynthetic cells in producers
C. Animal cellsExplanation
Aerobic cell respiration is a process that occurs in cells to produce energy in the presence of oxygen. Saprotrophs, non-photosynthetic cells in producers, and animal cells all carry out aerobic cell respiration. Saprotrophs are organisms that obtain nutrients from decaying organic matter and carry out aerobic respiration to break down the organic material and release energy. Non-photosynthetic cells in producers, such as the root cells of plants, also undergo aerobic respiration to generate energy. Animal cells, including those in humans and other animals, rely on aerobic respiration to produce energy for their cellular processes.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Archaeans carry out methanogenesis in ____ environments.
Correct Answer(s)
anaerobic, Anaerobic, anarobic, Anarobic, Anerobic, anerobicExplanation
Archaeans carry out methanogenesis in anaerobic environments. Methanogenesis is a process in which methane gas is produced by microorganisms. Anaerobic environments lack oxygen, which is necessary for the survival of many organisms. Archaeans are known to thrive in extreme environments, including anaerobic conditions, where they can produce methane as a byproduct of their metabolism. Therefore, anaerobic environments provide the ideal conditions for Archaeans to carry out methanogenesis.Rate this question:
- 23.
Peat forms when organic matter is _____ because of anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils.
Correct Answer(s)
not fully decomposed, not decomposed, not completely decomposedExplanation
Peat forms when organic matter is not fully decomposed, not decomposed, or not completely decomposed due to anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils. In such conditions, the lack of oxygen slows down the decomposition process, allowing partially decomposed organic matter to accumulate over time and form peat.Rate this question:
- 24.
The products of complete combustion are:(multiple answers correct)
- A.
Carbon dioxide
- B.
Water
- C.
Methane
- D.
Oxygen
Correct Answer(s)
A. Carbon dioxide
B. WaterExplanation
The products of complete combustion are carbon dioxide and water. Complete combustion occurs when a fuel is burned in an environment with sufficient oxygen. During this process, the fuel molecules react with oxygen molecules to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor. Methane and oxygen are not products of complete combustion, but rather the reactants involved in the combustion reaction.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Limestone rock is formed of:
Correct Answer(s)
calcium carbonate, calcum carbonate, calcium corbonate, calcium carbonatExplanation
Limestone rock is formed primarily of calcium carbonate. The variations in spelling in the answer options are likely due to typographical errors or mistakes. The correct spelling is "calcium carbonate."Rate this question:
- 26.
What is a pool?
- A.
A reserve of the element. It can only be organic.
- B.
A reserve of the element. It can only be inorganic.
- C.
A reserve of the element. It can be organic or inorganic.
- D.
The transfer of the element from one pool to another.
Correct Answer
C. A reserve of the element. It can be organic or inorganic.Explanation
A pool refers to a reserve of an element, which can exist in both organic and inorganic forms. This means that the pool can contain the element in its natural state or in a compound with other elements. The term "pool" does not specify the composition of the element, allowing for both organic and inorganic forms to be included in the reserve.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Carbon dioxide affects:(multiple answers correct)
- A.
The pH of water
- B.
Photosynthesis rates
- C.
The concentration of other greenhouse gases
- D.
Radiation from the sun
Correct Answer(s)
A. The pH of water
B. Photosynthesis ratesExplanation
Carbon dioxide affects the pH of water because when it dissolves in water, it forms carbonic acid, which lowers the pH. It also affects photosynthesis rates as it is a necessary component for plants to undergo photosynthesis. Additionally, carbon dioxide can impact the concentration of other greenhouse gases as it is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. However, it does not directly affect radiation from the sun.Rate this question:
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- 28.
The concentration of a gas depends on:
- A.
The rate at which it is released into the atmosphere and how much it is affected by other gases
- B.
The rate at which it is released into the atmosphere
- C.
How long on average it remains in the atmosphere
- D.
The rate at which it is released into the atmosphere and how long on average it remains there.
Correct Answer
D. The rate at which it is released into the atmosphere and how long on average it remains there.Explanation
The concentration of a gas depends on the rate at which it is released into the atmosphere and how long on average it remains there because both factors contribute to the accumulation of the gas in the atmosphere. If a gas is released into the atmosphere at a high rate and remains there for a long time, it will have a higher concentration. Conversely, if the release rate is low and the gas quickly dissipates, the concentration will be lower. Therefore, both the release rate and the residence time play a significant role in determining the concentration of a gas in the atmosphere.Rate this question:
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- 29.
If the concentration of any of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere changes, we can expect the size of its contribution the the greenhouse effect to change and global temperatures to rise or fall.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
If the concentration of any greenhouse gas in the atmosphere changes, it will affect the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to an increase in global temperatures. When the concentration of greenhouse gases increases, such as carbon dioxide or methane, more heat is trapped, causing global temperatures to rise. Conversely, if the concentration of greenhouse gases decreases, less heat is trapped, resulting in a decrease in global temperatures. Therefore, it is true that changes in greenhouse gas concentrations can lead to changes in the greenhouse effect and subsequently affect global temperatures.Rate this question:
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- 30.
What factors contribute to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations?
- A.
Greenhouse gases in general
- B.
Industrialisation
- C.
Burning fossil fuels
- D.
Population change
Correct Answer(s)
B. Industrialisation
C. Burning fossil fuelsExplanation
Industrialization and burning fossil fuels are major factors contributing to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Industrialization involves the growth of industries and increased production, which leads to higher emissions of carbon dioxide. Burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These activities have significantly increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change.Rate this question:
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- 31.
If carbonate ion concentrations drop it is ____ for reef-building corals to absorb them to make their skeletons.
Correct Answer(s)
more difficult, difficult, difficultier, less easy, harder, more hard, more challengingExplanation
When carbonate ion concentrations drop, it becomes more difficult for reef-building corals to absorb them to make their skeletons. This is because carbonate ions are essential for the formation of coral skeletons. If the concentration of these ions decreases, corals have a harder time incorporating them into their skeletal structures, making the process more difficult for them.Rate this question:
- 32.
Calculate the expected frequency for the following data: Species A presentSpecies A absentRow totalsSpecies B present57 ________9 ________66 Species B absent7 ________27 ________34 Column totals64 36100
Correct Answer(s)
(66x64)/100 = 42.24, 42, 42.24, 66x64/100=42, 66x64/100= 42.24, 66x64/100=42.24,(66x64)/100=42.24, 42.2
(66x36)/100 = 23.76, 23, 24, 23.76, 66x36/100=24, 66x36/100= 23.76, 66x36/100=23.76,(66x36)/100=23.76, 23.8
(34x36)/100 = 21.76, 21, 22, 21.76, 21.8, 34x36/100=22, 66x36/100= 21.76, 66x36/100=21.76, (66x36)/100=21.76
(34x36)/100 = 12.24, 12, 12.2, 34x36/100=12, 34x36/100= 12.24, 34x36/100=12.24, (34x36)/100=12.24Explanation
The expected frequency is calculated by multiplying the row total and column total and dividing it by the grand total. In this case, the row total for "Species A present" is 66 and the column total for "Species B present" is 64. Therefore, the expected frequency for this cell is (66 x 64) / 100 = 42.24.Rate this question:
- 33.
Evaluate the claim that human activities are not causing climate change.
Correct Answer(s)
Humans are emitting carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels and there is strong evidence that carbon dioxide causes warming so the claim is not supported by the evidence, humans are emitting, carbon dioxide, burning fossil fuels, strong evidence, causes warming, causes heat, carbon dioxide heat, not supported, evidence, claim is false, not true, warming, humans are causing climate changeExplanation
The answer explains that humans are emitting carbon dioxide through the burning of fossil fuels, and there is strong evidence that carbon dioxide causes warming. Therefore, the claim that human activities are not causing climate change is not supported by the evidence. The answer emphasizes the connection between human activities, carbon dioxide emissions, and the resulting warming, concluding that humans are indeed causing climate change.Rate this question:
- 34.
Name at least two aspects of climate that are influenced by an increase in global temperatures.
Correct Answer(s)
Increase in evaporation of water from the oceans, more rain, tropical storms and hurricanes are to be more frequent and more powerful, increase evaporation, more tropical storms, more hurricanes, more frequent, more powerful, more evaporation, increase tropical storms, increase hurricanesExplanation
An increase in global temperatures can lead to an increase in evaporation of water from the oceans. This increased evaporation can result in more rain, as the water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls back to the Earth's surface. Additionally, the warmer temperatures can contribute to the formation of more tropical storms and hurricanes. These storms are likely to be more frequent and more powerful due to the higher energy and moisture content in the atmosphere. Overall, the increase in evaporation, tropical storms, and hurricanes are all aspects of climate that can be influenced by a rise in global temperatures.Rate this question:
- 35.
Explain how global warming occurs.
Correct Answer(s)
70%-75%, of solar radiation reaches the Earth's surface and much of this is converted to heat, solar radiation, longer-wavelength radiation, longer-wavelength, long-wavelength, earth, 70%-80%, of longer-wavelength radiation re-emitted by the Earth's surface is captured by greenhouse gases, This energy is re-emitted, some towards the Earth, The result is global warming, re-emitted, energy, towards the earth, towards earthExplanation
Solar radiation, including longer-wavelength radiation, reaches the Earth's surface. A significant portion of this radiation is converted to heat. Around 70%-80% of the longer-wavelength radiation emitted by the Earth's surface is then captured by greenhouse gases. These greenhouse gases re-emit the energy, some of which is directed back towards the Earth. This process leads to global warming, as the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere traps more heat and raises the Earth's temperature.Rate this question:
- 36.
State how water vapour is formed and removed from the atmosphere.
Correct Answer(s)
Water vapour is formed by evaporation from the oceans and also transpiration in plants, evaporation, transpiration, plants, oceans, It is removed from the atmosphere by rainfall and snow, rainfall, snowExplanation
Water vapor is formed through the process of evaporation, which occurs when liquid water changes into a gas state due to heat. This process primarily takes place in the oceans, where the sun's energy causes the water to evaporate. Additionally, plants release water vapor through a process called transpiration, in which moisture is released from their leaves. On the other hand, water vapor is removed from the atmosphere through precipitation, such as rainfall and snowfall. When the water vapor in the atmosphere cools and condenses, it forms liquid or solid particles that fall back to the Earth's surface as rain or snow, effectively removing the water vapor from the atmosphere.Rate this question:
- 37.
Explain how coal, oil and natural gas are formed.
Correct Answer(s)
Coal is formed when deposits of peat are buried under other sediments, deposits of peat, sediments, coal is buried, coal is formed, Oil and natural gas are formed in the mud at the bottom of seas and lakes, oil is formed, natural gas is formed, mud, seas, lakes, oceans, mud, As more mud or other sediments are deposited the partially decomposed matter is compressed and heated, more mud, mud deposited, sediments deposited, partially decomposed matter, not fully decomposed matter, compressed and heatedExplanation
Coal is formed when deposits of peat, which is partially decomposed plant matter, are buried under other sediments. Over time, the peat is compressed and heated, resulting in the formation of coal. On the other hand, oil and natural gas are formed in the mud at the bottom of seas and lakes. As more mud and sediments are deposited, the partially decomposed organic matter in the mud is also compressed and heated, leading to the formation of oil and natural gas. Therefore, the formation of coal, oil, and natural gas involves the burial, compression, and heating of organic matter over long periods of time.Rate this question:
- 38.
Explain why atmospheric concentrations of methane are not high.
Correct Answer(s)
Methane molecules released into the atmosphere persist there on average for 12 years, because it is naturally oxidised in the stratosphere, methane molecues, 12 years, oxidised, oxidized, stratosphere, naturally oxidised, released into atmosphere, the atmosphereExplanation
Methane molecules released into the atmosphere persist for an average of 12 years because they undergo natural oxidation in the stratosphere. This process causes the methane molecules to be broken down and converted into other compounds, reducing their concentration in the atmosphere. Therefore, atmospheric concentrations of methane are not high due to this natural oxidation process.Rate this question:
- 39.
Explain why food chains are limited using the concept of energy flow along food chains.
Correct Answer(s)
Energy losses between trophic levels restrict the length of food chains and the biomass of higher trophic levels, energy losses, restrict the length of food chains, restrict length food chains, restrict biomass of higher trophic levels, biomass of trophic levels, 10%, ten percent, 10 percent, The energy added to biomass by each successive trophic level is less, energy added is less, successive trophic level, Most of the energy in food that is digested and absorbed by organisms in a trophic level is released by them in repsiration for use in cell activities, organisms absorb energy, organisms digest energy, cell respiration, use in cell activities, heat loss, lost as heat, It is therefore lost as heat, The organisms in a trophic level are not usually entirely consumed by organisms in the next trophic level, organisms not consumed, not entirely consumed, next trophic levelExplanation
Energy losses between trophic levels in a food chain occur due to various factors such as incomplete digestion, heat loss, and energy used for cellular activities. As energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, only a fraction of it is incorporated into the biomass of the consuming organisms. This means that the energy available for the next trophic level is reduced, resulting in a decrease in biomass and limited length of food chains. Additionally, not all organisms in a trophic level are entirely consumed by the next trophic level, further contributing to the restriction of food chain length.Rate this question:
- 40.
Name at least three forms of descriptive statistics________ ________.
Correct Answer(s)
mean, mode, median
standard deviation, range, error bars,Explanation
The question is asking for three forms of descriptive statistics. The given answer includes six examples: mean, mode, median, standard deviation, range, and error bars. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe data, and these six examples are commonly used to provide information about different aspects of a dataset. The mean represents the average value, the mode represents the most frequently occurring value, and the median represents the middle value. Standard deviation measures the spread of the data, range represents the difference between the maximum and minimum values, and error bars are used to indicate variability or uncertainty in the data.Rate this question:
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