Microbiology Chapter 1

Microorganisms contain 50% of the biological carbon and 90% of the biological nitrogen on Earth  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

All living organisms can be placed into one of three __________, which include the Bacteria, Archaea, and the Eukarya.  

Archaea are prokaryotes that have unique cell membrane __________.  

Microbiologists study a variety of organisms, but all are considered members of either Bacteria or Archaea.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

All eukaryotes have a membrane-delimited nucleus.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Viruses are not generally studied by microbiologists because they are not classified as living organisms.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Viruses constitute the fourth domain of life in current biological classification schemes.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Protists contain all of the following forms of life except  

• A.

  Protozoa

• B.

  Fungi

• C.

  Slime molds

• D.

  Algae

Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called  

• A.

  Prokaryotes

• B.

  Eukaryotes

• C.

  Urkaryotes

• D.

  Nokaryotes

Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called  

• A.

  Prokaryotes

• B.

  Eukaryotes

• C.

  Urkaryotes

• D.

  Nokaryotes

The ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the Bacteria and the Archaea were begun by  

• A.

  Pasteur

• B.

  Woese

• C.

  Needham

• D.

  Watson

Definition of life includes all of the following except  

• A.

  Cells maintain internal order

• B.

  Cells use energy and have a metabolism

• C.

  Cells reproduce

• D.

  Cells lack response to external environment

Proteins function in modern cells as  

• A.

  Catalysts

• B.

  Hereditary information

• C.

  Structural elements

• D.

  Both A and C

RNA serves to convert the information stored in DNA to ________.  

• A.

  Carbohydrates

• B.

  Protein

• C.

  Lipids

• D.

  RNA

Catalytic proteins speed up the myriad of chemical reactions that occur in cells; these proteins are known as  

• A.

  Ribozymes

• B.

  Nucleic acids

• C.

  Enzymes

• D.

  Lipids

The earliest microbial fossils that have been found are dated from approximately 4.5 million years ago.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Which of the following distinguish the field of microbiology from other fields of biology?  

• A.

  The size of the organism studied

• B.

  The techniques used to study organisms regardless of their size

• C.

  Both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms

• D.

  Neither the size of the organism studied nor the techniques employed in the study of organisms regardless of their size

Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease?  

• A.

  Fracastoro

• B.

  Koch

• C.

  Pasteur

• D.

  Lister

Who of the following was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms?  

• A.

  Pasteur

• B.

  Lister

• C.

  Van Leeuwenhoek

• D.

  Tyndall

Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?  

• A.

  Pasteur

• B.

  Koch

• C.

  Semmelweiss

• D.

  Lister

The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called  

• A.

  Biogenesis

• B.

  Cell theory

• C.

  Spontaneous generation

• D.

  Germ theory

The concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms is called the  

• A.

  Cell theory

• B.

  Germ theory

• C.

  Causative theory

• D.

  Disease theory

Whose work on spontaneous generation first demonstrated the existence of a very heat resistant form of bacteria that are called endospores?  

• A.

  Schwann

• B.

  Redi

• C.

  Tyndall

• D.

  Pasteur

Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by  

• A.

  Pasteur

• B.

  Lister

• C.

  Jenner

• D.

  Kitasato

Studies by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrated that inactivated toxins can induce the synthesis of antitoxins in the blood of rabbits. These antitoxins (antibodies) are the basis of  

• A.

  Humoral immunity

• B.

  Cell-mediated immunity

• C.

  Antibiotic immunity

• D.

  Phagocyte-mediated immunity

The first surgical antiseptic to be used was  

• A.

  Iodine

• B.

  Ethanol

• C.

  Phenol

• D.

  None of the choices

Old cultures of bacteria that have lost their ability to cause disease are said to be  

• A.

  Impotent

• B.

  Virulent

• C.

  Pathogenic

• D.

  Attenuated

Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox?  

• A.

  Koch

• B.

  Pasteur

• C.

  Jenner

• D.

  Lister

Who is credited with developing a vaccine against chicken cholera?  

• A.

  Koch

• B.

  Pasteur

• C.

  Jenner

• D.

  Lister

Who of the following first discovered that some blood leukocytes could engulf disease causing bacteria?  

• A.

  Von Behring

• B.

  Meister

• C.

  Metchnikoff

• D.

  Ivanowski

The use of enrichment cultures and selective media was pioneered by  

• A.

  Beijerinck

• B.

  Jenner

• C.

  Pasteur

• D.

  Von Behring

Fanny Hesse first suggested that agar be used to solidify microbiological media.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

M. J. Berkeley demonstrated that the great potato blight of Ireland was caused by a fungus.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Invisible living creatures were thought to exist and cause disease long before they were ever observed.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Koch's postulates were instrumental in establishing that Mycobacterium leprae is the cause of leprosy.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Edward Jenner's work in preventing rabies led to the use of the term vaccination to describe a type of procedure used in the prevention of disease.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Although developed over 100 years ago, Koch's postulates continue to be used successfully in all known human infectious diseases.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

The criteria for establishing a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease were first proposed by Jacob Henle.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Viruses and bacteria were first cultured in the laboratory at about the same time.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Agar is used as a solidifying agent for microbiological media because it is not readily digested by most microorganisms.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Charles Chamberland developed porcelain filters that allowed other scientists to demonstrate that viruses are smaller than bacteria.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

The first disease to be identified as being caused by a virus was tobacco mosaic disease.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

John Tyndall demonstrated that microorganisms present in the air are carried on dust particles.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Agastino Bassi demonstrated that a type of silkworm disease was caused by a fungus and proposed that many diseases are caused by microorganisms.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

The usefulness of agar in solidifying microbiological growth media is limited because it does not remain solid at temperatures about 28oC.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Robert Koch developed a vaccine that could be used to prevent anthrax.  

• A.

  True

• B.

  False

Elie Metchnikoff discovered __________, which is a major feature of the host immune response.  

An Italian physician, __________, challenged the concept of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots do not arise from decaying meat but rather from developing fly eggs.  

__________ discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy.  

__________ was the first to isolate a root nodule bacterium capable of nitrogen fixation.