Immunology & Serology
Immunology & SerologyÂ
- 1.
One reason that pathogenic microorganisms have an advantage in the host they infect is because they
- A.
Have previously been encountered through natural exposure
- B.
Reproduce and evolve more rapidly than the host can eliminate them
- C.
Strengthen the hosts immune response
- D.
Reproduce and evolve more slowly than the host can eliminate them
- E.
Have previously been encountered through vaccination
Correct Answer
B. Reproduce and evolve more rapidly than the host can eliminate them -
- 2.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation
- A.
Pain
- B.
Increased vascular permeability and edema
- C.
Inactivation of macrophages
- D.
Influx of leukocytes
- E.
Vasodilation
Correct Answer
C. Inactivation of macrophages -
- 3.
Which of the following is NOT associated with mucosal surfaces
- A.
White pulp
- B.
M cells
- C.
Lysozyme
- D.
Beating cilia
- E.
Mucus=secreting goblet cells
Correct Answer
A. White pulp -
- 4.
Which of the following pairs is mismatched
- A.
Erythrocyte: oxygen transport
- B.
Natural killer cell: kills virus-infected cells
- C.
Macrophage: phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
- D.
Eosinophil: defense against parasites
- E.
Lymphocytes: innate immune response
Correct Answer
E. Lymphocytes: innate immune response -
- 5.
Examples of granulocytes include all of the following except
- A.
Neutrophil
- B.
Monocyte
- C.
Basophil
- D.
Eosinophil
- E.
All of the above are examples of granulocytes
Correct Answer
B. Monocyte -
- 6.
The most abundant type of leukocyte in human peripheral blood is
- A.
Eosinophil
- B.
Basophil
- C.
Monocyte
- D.
Neutrophil
- E.
Lymphocyte
Correct Answer
D. Neutrophil -
- 7.
Which of the following pairs of association is mismatched
- A.
Monocyte: macrophages
- B.
B cell: plasma cell
- C.
Myeloid progenitor: neutrophil
- D.
Large granular lymphocyte: T cell
- E.
Megakaryocyte: platelet
Correct Answer
D. Large granular lymphocyte: T cell -
- 8.
Which of the following statements is false
- A.
Megakaryocytes do not circulate and reside only in the bone marrow
- B.
The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to white blood cells but a different stem cell is the progenitor of red blood cells
- C.
Platelets participate in clotting reactions to prevent blood loss
- D.
During human development, hemotopoiesis takes place a different anatomical locations
- E.
Hematopoeitic stem cells are self-renewing
Correct Answer
B. The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to white blood cells but a different stem cell is the progenitor of red blood cells -
- 9.
Which of the following describes the flow of lymph through a lymph node draining an infected tissue
- A.
Artery to lymph node to efferent lymphatic vessel
- B.
Afferent lymphatic vessel to lymph node to efferent lymphatic vessel
- C.
Efferent lymphatic vessel to lymph node to afferent lymphatic vessel
- D.
Venule to lymph node to efferent lymphatic vessel
- E.
Afferent lymphatic vessel to lymph node to artery
Correct Answer
B. Afferent lymphatic vessel to lymph node to efferent lymphatic vessel -
- 10.
Which of the following is the predominant route by which pathogens are brought from a site of infection into a lymph node.
- A.
Efferent lymphatics
- B.
Vein
- C.
Artery
- D.
High endothelial venule
- E.
Afferent lymphatics
Correct Answer
E. Afferent lymphatics -
- 11.
Which of the following does NOT accuratley describe complement components
- A.
Soluble proteins
- B.
Made by the spleen
- C.
Located in extracellular spaces
- D.
Some function as proteases once activated
- E.
Activated by a cascade of enzymatic reactions
Correct Answer
B. Made by the spleen -
- 12.
Which of the following is the membrane-bound form of C3 convertase of the alternative pathway of complement activation
- A.
IC3
- B.
C3a
- C.
C3b
- D.
IC3Bb
- E.
C3bBb
Correct Answer
E. C3bBb -
- 13.
The plasma proteins that counteract the activity of factor P by inactivating C3 convertase through the cleavage of C3b are
- A.
Factor B and factor H
- B.
Factor H and factor I
- C.
Factor B and factor I
- D.
Decay-accelerating factor and factor H
- E.
Decay-accelerating factor and membrane cofactor protein
Correct Answer
B. Factor H and factor I -
- 14.
Which of the following polymerizes to form a transmembrane channel that compromises the integrity of cell membranes
- A.
C5
- B.
C6
- C.
C7
- D.
C8
- E.
C9
Correct Answer
E. C9 -
- 15.
The ligand for CR3 and CR4 formed by the cleavage of C3b by the combined action of factors H and I is called
- A.
C3bBb
- B.
C3a
- C.
C3b2Bb
- D.
IC3b
- E.
C5b
Correct Answer
D. IC3b -
- 16.
Which of the following does NOT describe the actions of the coagulation system
- A.
Blood clot formation
- B.
Enhancement of dissemination of microbes into lymphatics and bloodstream
- C.
Decrease in blood loss and fluid into interstitial spaces in tissue
- D.
Release of infammatory mediators by platelets
- E.
Wound healing
Correct Answer
B. Enhancement of dissemination of microbes into lymphatics and bloodstream -
- 17.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of C-reactive protein
- A.
Acts as an opsonin by binding to phosphocholine of pathogens
- B.
Synthesized by spleen
- C.
Induced by elevated IL-6
- D.
A member of the pentraxin family
- E.
Triggers the classical pathway of complement activation
Correct Answer
B. Synthesized by spleen -
- 18.
Which of the following TLR3 and TLR4 adaptor proteins participates in the activation pathway that culminates iin the synthesis of type1 interferons
- A.
C-reactive protein
- B.
MyD88
- C.
LPS-binding protein
- D.
TRIF and TRAM
- E.
NFKappaB
Correct Answer
D. TRIF and TRAM -
- 19.
Which of the following is NOT a charactersitc of septic shock
- A.
Organ failure
- B.
High mortality rate
- C.
Compromised blood supply to vital organs
- D.
Blood vessel constriction
- E.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Correct Answer
D. Blood vessel constriction -
- 20.
Which of the following best describes an endogenous pyrogen
- A.
Cytokines made by pathogens that decrease body temperature
- B.
Pathogen products that decrease body temperature
- C.
Pathogen products that increase body temperature
- D.
Cytokines made by the host that decrease body temperature
- E.
Cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature
Correct Answer
E. Cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature -
- 21.
Which of the following is mismatched
- A.
Immunoglobin light chain: VJ
- B.
T-cell receptor alpha chain: VJ
- C.
Immunoglobin heavy chain: VJ
- D.
T-cell recepot beta chain:VDJ
- E.
None of the above is mismatched
Correct Answer
C. Immunoglobin heavy chain: VJ -
- 22.
In most cases, adaptive immune responses rely on the initial activation of ________ in secondary lymphoid tissue
- A.
Macrophages
- B.
T cells
- C.
B cells
- D.
Dendritic cells
- E.
Epithelium
Correct Answer
B. T cells -
- 23.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of native antigen recognized by T cells
- A.
Peptides ranging between 8 and 25 amino acids in length
- B.
Not requiring degradation for recognition
- C.
Amino acid sequences not found in host proteins
- D.
Primary, and not secondary, structure of protein
- E.
Binding to major histocompatibility complex molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells
Correct Answer
B. Not requiring degradation for recognition -
- 24.
Which of the following statements regarding CD8 T cells is incorrect
- A.
When activated, CD8 T cells in turn activate B cells
- B.
CD8 is also known as the CD8 T-cell co-receptor
- C.
CD8 binds to MHC molecules at a site distinct from that bound by the T-cell receptor
- D.
CD8 cells kill pathogen-infected cells by inducing apoptosis
- E.
CD8 T cells are MHC class I-restricted
Correct Answer
A. When activated, CD8 T cells in turn activate B cells -
- 25.
Which of the following characteristics permits activated CD8 T cells to destroy any cell type harboring viable and replicating pathogens such as viruses
- A.
The pathogen is located in extracellular pathogens
- B.
CD8 T cells enable macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens
- C.
Pathogen-derived peptides bind MHC Class I molecules in endocytic vesicles found ubiquitously in most cell types
- D.
MHC class II molecules are expressed ubiquitoously by most nucleated cells
- E.
MHC class I molecules are expressed ubiquitously by most nucleated cells
Correct Answer
E. MHC class I molecules are expressed ubiquitously by most nucleated cells -
- 26.
The five isotypes of immunoglobulin differ from each other in there __________.
- A.
Light-chain constant regions
- B.
Heavy-chain constant regions
- C.
Light-chain variable regions
- D.
Heavy-chain variable regions
- E.
Heavy-chain variable and constant regions
Correct Answer
B. Heavy-chain constant regions -
- 27.
Circulaating B cell that has never before encountered antigen expresses ____ on the cell surface
- A.
IgM and IgD
- B.
IgM
- C.
IgD
- D.
IgM and IgG
- E.
IgG
- F.
IgE
Correct Answer
A. IgM and IgD -
- 28.
The antibody transported across mucosal epithelia is ___________.
- A.
IgA
- B.
IgD
- C.
IgE
- D.
IgG
- E.
IgM
Correct Answer
A. IgA -
- 29.
The mutational mechanism that results in the production of antibodies that bind antigen with higher affinity is called
- A.
Somatic recombination
- B.
Isotype switching
- C.
Somatic hypermutation
- D.
Clonal selection
- E.
Antigen processing
Correct Answer
C. Somatic hypermutation -
- 30.
The process of ______ results in change in the constant region of the heavy-chain of antibodies, causing a change in the effector functino and transport properties of antibodies
- A.
Complement fixation
- B.
Neutralization
- C.
Isotype switching
- D.
Somatic hypermutation
- E.
Somatic recombination
Correct Answer
C. Isotype switching -
- 31.
Which of the following does not describe B-cell receptors
- A.
B cell receptors are membrane bound and secreted
- B.
B cell receptors consist of a variable region and a constant region
- C.
B cell receptors lack specificity and can bind to a number of different antigen
- D.
B cell receptors possess specificity and can therefore bind only to unique epitopes
- E.
B cell receptors undergo affinity maturation as a consequence of somatic hypermutation
Correct Answer
C. B cell receptors lack specificity and can bind to a number of different antigen -
- 32.
The antigen-binding site of an immunoglobin is formed from
- A.
The V regions of light chains only
- B.
The V regions of heavy chains only
- C.
Paired V regions of a single heavy chain and a single light chain
- D.
Paired V regions of two light chains
- E.
Paired C regions of two heavy chains
Correct Answer
C. Paired V regions of a single heavy chain and a single light chain -
- 33.
The ________ contribute to antigen specificity of immunoglobulins, and ________ make up the conservative flanking regions.
- A.
Hypervariable loops; framework regions
- B.
Constant domains; variable domains
- C.
Heavy chains; light chains
- D.
Variable gene segments; joining gene segments
- E.
Antigenic determinants; complementarity determing regions
Correct Answer
A. Hypervariable loops; framework regions -
- 34.
The rearrangement of V, D, and J segments to form an immunoglobulin
- A.
Monoclonal antibody production
- B.
Isotype switching
- C.
Somatic hypermutation
- D.
Opsonization
- E.
Somatic recombination
Correct Answer
E. Somatic recombination -
- 35.
Nucleotide changes in variable regions of immunoglobulin genes affecting affinity for antigen
- A.
Monoclonal antibody production
- B.
Isotype switching
- C.
Somatic hypermutation
- D.
Opsonization
- E.
Somatic recombination
Correct Answer
C. Somatic hypermutation -
- 36.
The enzyme responsible for recombining V, D, and J segments during somatic recombination is called
- A.
V(D)J recombinase
- B.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
- C.
Exonuclease
- D.
DNA polymerase
- E.
DNA ligase
Correct Answer
A. V(D)J recombinase -
- 37.
Which immunoglobulins main function is to mediate sensitization of mast cells
- A.
IgA
- B.
IgD
- C.
IgE
- D.
IgG
- E.
IgM
Correct Answer
C. IgE -
- 38.
Which is immunoglobulin is transported efficiently across mucosal epithelium
- A.
IgA
- B.
IgD
- C.
IgE
- D.
IgG
- E.
IgM
Correct Answer
A. IgA -
- 39.
Identify which of the following is not associated with acitvation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) activity
- A.
Diversification of the V H sub domain but not the V L domain
- B.
Synthesized in proliferating B cells during active immune responses
- C.
Somatic hypermutation
- D.
Isotype switching
- E.
Cytosine conversion to uracil
Correct Answer
A. Diversification of the V H sub domain but not the V L domain -
- 40.
Which of the following does not describe B cell receptors
- A.
B cell receptors are membrane bound and secreted
- B.
B cell receptors consist of a variable region and a constant region
- C.
B cell receptors lack specificity and can bind to a number of different antigens
- D.
B cell receptors possess specificity and can therefore bind only to unique epitopes
- E.
B cell receptors undergo affinity maturation as a consequence of somatic hypermutation
Correct Answer
C. B cell receptors lack specificity and can bind to a number of different antigens -
- 41.
The antigen binding site of an immunoglobulin is formed from
- A.
The V regions of light chains only
- B.
The C regions of heavy chains only
- C.
Paired V regions of a single heavy chain and a single light chain
- D.
Paired V regions of two light chains
- E.
Paired C regions of two heavy chains
Correct Answer
C. Paired V regions of a single heavy chain and a single light chain -
- 42.
Change of immunoglobulin class but prevention of antigen specificty
- A.
Monoclonal antibody production
- B.
Isotype switching
- C.
Somatic hypermutation
- D.
Opsonization
- E.
Somatic recombination
Correct Answer
C. Somatic hypermutation -
- 43.
Which of the following characteristics is common to both T cell receptors and immuniglobulins
- A.
Somatic recombination of V,D, and J segments is responsible for the diversity of antigen-binding sites
- B.
Somatic hypermutation changes the affinity of antigen-binding sites and contribues to further diversification
- C.
Class switching enables a change in effector function
- D.
The antigen receptor is composed to two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains
- E.
Carbohydrate, lipid and protein antigens are recognized and stimulate a response
Correct Answer
A. Somatic recombination of V,D, and J segments is responsible for the diversity of antigen-binding sites -
- 44.
The antigen recognition site of T cell receptors is formed by the association of which of the following domains
- A.
V alpha and C alpha
- B.
V alpha and C beta
- C.
C alpha and C beta
- D.
V alpha and C beta
- E.
V alpha and V beta
Correct Answer
E. V alpha and V beta -
- 45.
In terms of V, D, and J segment arrangement, the T cell receptor alpha chain locus resembles the immunoglobulin _____ locus while the T cell receptor beta chain locus resembles the immunoglobulin ______ locus.
- A.
Lambda light chain; kappa light chain
- B.
Heavy chain; lambda light chain
- C.
Kappa light chain; heavy chain
- D.
Lambda light chain; heavy chain
- E.
Kappa light chain; lambda light chain
Correct Answer
C. Kappa light chain; heavy chain -
- 46.
In B cells transport of immunoglobulin to the membrane is dependent on association with two invariant proteins, IG alpha and IG beta. Which of the following invariant proteins provide this function for the T cell receptor in T cells.
- A.
CD3 gamma
- B.
CD3 delta
- C.
CD3 epsilon
- D.
Zeta
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the above -
- 47.
MHC Class II molecules are made up of two chains called ________. whose function is to bind peptides and present them to _______ T cells.
- A.
Alpha and beta; CD4
- B.
Alpha and beta 2-microglobulin; CD4
- C.
Alpha and beta; CD8
- D.
Alpha and beta 2-microglobulin; CD8
- E.
Alpha and beta; gamma delta T cells
Correct Answer
A. Alpha and beta; CD4 -
- 48.
The peptide binding groove of MHC class I molecules is composed of the following extracellular domains
- A.
Alpha 1, beta 1
- B.
Beta 1, beta 2
- C.
Alpha 2, beta 2
- D.
Alpha 2, alpha 2
- E.
Alpha 1, alpha 2
Correct Answer
E. Alpha 1, alpha 2 -
- 49.
Which of the following describes the sequence of events involved in processing of peptides that will be presented as antigen with MHC class I.
- A.
Plasma membrane -- TAP1/2 --- proteasome -- MHC class I -- endoplasmic reticulum
- B.
TAP 1/2 -- proteasome -- MHC class I -- endoplasmic reticulum -- plasma membrane
- C.
Proteasome -- TAP 1/2 -- MHC class I -- endoplasmic reticulum -- plasma membrane
- D.
Proteasome -- TAP 1/2 -- endoplasmic reticulum -- MHC class I -- plasma membrane
- E.
Endoplasmic reticulum -- proteasome -- MHC class I -- TAP 1/2 -- plasma membrane
Correct Answer
D. Proteasome -- TAP 1/2 -- endoplasmic reticulum -- MHC class I -- plasma membrane -
- 50.
Which of the following describes the sequence of events involved in the processing of peptides that will be presented as antigen with MHC class II.
- A.
Protease activity, removal of CLIP from MHC class II, binding of peptide to MHC class II, endocytosis, plasma membrane
- B.
Endocytosis, protease activity, removal of CLIP from MHC class II, binding of peptide to MHC class II, plasma membrane
- C.
Removal of CLIP from MHC class II, binding of peptide to MHC class II, protease activity, endocytosis, plasma membrane
- D.
Binding to peptide to MHC class II, endocytosis, removal of CLIP from MHC class II, protease activity, plasma membrane
- E.
Plasma membrane, endocytosis, protease activity, removal of CLIP from MHC class II, binding of peptide to MHC class II.
Correct Answer
B. Endocytosis, protease activity, removal of CLIP from MHC class II, binding of peptide to MHC class II, plasma membrane -
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