Human Physiology Review

1. Mitochondria

Produce energy

Make proteins

Digest cellular components

Make carbs

2. Hormones that have opposing actions are

Permissive

Antagonistic

Synergistic

Mutualistic

3. The rate of diffusion of a compound depends on

The magnitude of the concentration gradient

Permeability of the membrane to the compound

Surface area of the membrane

All of the above

4. Which of the following affect cardiac output

Stroke volume

Contraction strength

End diastolic volume

All of the above

5. Desensitization (down-regulation)

Occurs wen a hormone induces more of its own receptors

Results in a greater response of the target cell

Occurs after long exposure to high levels of hormones, lowering the response to the hormone

Describe the half-life of a hormone

6. The opening of the valves in the heart (AV and semilunar) is due mainly to

Pressure differences in the heart chambers

Heart rate

Cardiac output

Total peripheral resistance

7. The jelly-like fluid that is secreted by the alveolar cells to counteract the surface tension in the alveoli is called the

Macrophage

Bicarbonate Ion

Surfactant

Chlorine

8. PH is a measure of

Hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration

Hydrogen ion (H+) concentration

Water concentration

Enzyme concentration

9. Which of the following is NOT an organelle

Lysosome

Mitochondria

Cytosol

10. An ECG measures

Heart rate

Strength of cardiac muscle contraction

Electrical activity of the heart

Refractory periods of the heart

11. The Lymphatic System

Transports interstitial fluid back to the blood

Transports absorbed fat from the small intestine to the blood

Aids in Immune Defense

All of the above

12. ______ breaks down proteins, _______ breaks down lipids and _______ breaks down carbs

Protease, Lipases, Amylases

Amylases, Lipases, Proteases

Lipase, Amylase, Proteases

13. Substrates bind to enzymes at the

Active site

Inhibitive site

Inactive site

14. Which of the following is NOT a leukocyte

Basophil

Red Blood cell

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

15. Blood Platelets

Cant bind to intact endothelium

Release molecules that stimulate vasoconstriction

Are part of the platelet plug

All of the above

16. The functional unit of the kidney is the

Renal pyramid

Renal artery

Nephron

Glomerulus

17. The pulmonary circulation

Is the path of blood from the heart to the body

Is the path of blood from the heart to the liver

Is the path of blood from the heart to the lungs

Is the path of blood from the heart to the kidney

18. Which of the following affect the ease of ventilation (how easily one is able to bring air into and expel air out of the lungs, and how much and how long the air is held in the lungs.)

Compliance

Elasticity

Surface tension

All of the above

19. The nucleus of an atom contains which of the following

Prtons

Neutrons

Electrons

A and b

A and c

20. In what order does the filtrate (urine) travel through the nephron tubules

Collecting duct, Distal Tubule, Loop of henle, Proximal tubule

Proximal tubule, Loop of henle, Distle tubule, Collecting duct

Distal tubule, COllecting duct, Loop of henle, Proximal tubule

Proximal tubule, distal tubule, collecting duct, loop of henle

21. The ______ arteriole supples the glomerulus and the _____ arteriole drains the glomerulus

Afferent, efferent

Efferent, afferent

22. Phospholipids are found in

DNA

RNA

Cell membranes (plasma membrane)

Proteins

23. Symport

Is secondary active transport where a molecule moves in the same direction as Na+

Is secondary active transport where a molecule moves in the opposite direction of Na+

24. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the body

Veins have more oxygen than arteries

Oxygen is bound to copper molecule in the Hemoglobin

The partial pressure of oxygen is high in the tissues

25. Aldosterone

Acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct

Helps regulate Na+/K+ balance

Is secreted by the adrenal gland

All of the above

26. Bile aids in te digestion of

Lipids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

27. Acids

Donates protons

Accepts protons

28. The functional unit of skeletal muscle is

Myosin

Actin

Sarcomere

29. Cofactors

Bind to enzymes, changing their conformation, making it harder for substrates to bind

Are necessary for some enzymes to be able to bind their substrate properly

Have no effect on an enzyme's ability to bind substrates

30. G-proteins

Are part of 2nd messenger pathways in many cells

Contain 3 subunits whose components dissociate when a cell surface receptor is activated

Has an alpha subunit that dissociated and can activate an enzyme or open/close an ion channel

All of the above

31. ___________________ is the volume of blood in the ventricles at end of diastole

Stroke Volume

End-Diastolic Volume

End systolic volume

Cardiac Output

32. Positive feedback

Amplifies or increases changes in conditions

Is more rare than negative feedback

Is responsible for continual uterine muscle contractions during labor

All of the above

33. What is the precursor for all steroid hormones

Glucose

Amino acids

Cholesterol

34. Enzyme activity (or rate) is affected by which of the following

Chlorine concentration

Activation energy

Substrate concentration

Enzyme concentration

C and D

35. The plasma membrane of a cell is

Not selectively permeable

Is formed by a single layer of phospholipid

Has very little structural support from proteins.

Has a slightly negatively charged surface, which prevents charged molecules from passing directly through the membrane

36. Diffusion is best defined as

Active transport of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Passive movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration

Passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Active transport of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration

37. _______ blood pressure is low because of a large total cross sectional area over a many branches

Artery

Vein

Capillary

38. Blood pressure is conrtrolled/regulated by which of the following

Kidney

Baroreceptors

All of the above

39. The Pons

Has an apnuestic center that promotes inspiration

Controls the Medulla

A and B

40. A negative feedback loop consists of, in order the following parts

Sensor, effector, integrating center

Effector, sensor, integrating center

Integrating center, sensor, effector

Sensor, integrating center, effector

41. Which of the following solutions has the highest osmotic pressure

As 1 molar solution of glucose

As 2 molar solution of glucose

As 3 molar solution of glucose

As 4 molar solution of glucose

42. A molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme, thereby inhibiting its function, is called an

Molecular inhibitor

Competitive inhibitor

Steroid inhibitor

Non-competitive inhibitor

43. The backbone of all organic molecules in our body is

Oxygen

Carbon

Nitrogen

Calcium

44. In endocrine cell signaling

Cells secrete chemical regulators that travel through the bloodstream

Cells secrete regulatory molecules that diffuse to nearby target cells

A neuron sends a neurotransmitter to a neighboring cell via a synapse

45. The law of mass action states

A chemical reaction occurs when there are only reactants present

A chemical reaction occurs only when products are present

46. Amino acids are joined together by which type of bond

Ionic

Covalent

Hydrogen

Peptide

47. Which is necessary for the production of T4 by the thyroid gland

Na+

Iodide

K+

48. Osmotic pressure

Is the force that would have to be exerted to stop osmosis

Indicates how strongly water wants to diffuse

Is proportional to solute concentration

All of the above

49. If the enzyme concentration is fixed

The addition of substrate will increase the rate of product formation exponentially and indefinitely

The addition of substrate will decrease the rate of product formation exponentially and indefinitely

The addition of substrate will increase the rate of product formation exponentially until the saturation point is reached

The addition of substrate will decrease the rate of product formation exponentially until the saturation point is reached

50. Which secretes Melatonin

Pineal gland

Posterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary

Adrenal medulla

51. In muscles, calcium is stored in the

Transverse Tubules (T-tubules)

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Neuro-muscular junction (NMJ)

Motor unit

52. ADH

Stimulates water reabsorbtion from urine

Stimulates the insertion of aquaporins in the loop of henle

Is released in response to overhydration

Is released by the thyroid

53. Inspiratory Reserve Volume is

The total volume of air your lungs can hold

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing

The amount of air able to be exhaled after a normal exhalation

The amount of air able to be inhaled after a normal inhalation

54. Osmosis is best defined as

The active transport of water against its concentration gradient

The diffusion of water down its concentration gradient

The diffusion of water against its concentration gradient

The active transport of water down its concentration gradient

55. Cells placed into a hypotonic solution will

Swell

Shrivel

Remain the same size

None of the above

56. A _____________ consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Neuro-muscular junction (NMJ)

Transverse Tubule (T tubule)

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Motor unit

57. The layer of digestive tract from inner-most to outer-most is.

Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

Muscularis, submucosa, mucosa, serosa

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

58. Buffers are

Enzymes that speed up reactions

Molecules that resist changes in pH

Enzymes that amplify changes in pH

Molecules that slow down reactions

59. Ionic bonds

Occur when valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Form charged ions (anions and cations)

Are weaker than polar covalent bonds

All of the above are true

60. The purpose of the T Tubules in skeletal muscle is to

Store calcium

Conduct or transmit action potentials deep into the muscle fiber

Release acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction

Stores ATP

61. The ascending Loop of Henle is one of the only membranes in our body that is impermeable to

Salt

Water

62. The large intestine

Is where the majority of digestion takes place

Is a site for the absorption of water

Is where lipid digestion begins

None of the above

63. Which hormone regulates Calcium

Parathyroid hormone

Prolactin Hormone

Leutinizing Hormone

ACTH

64. In terms of Capillary exchange: Filtration will occur when

Blood pressure is greater than interstitial Osmotic Pressure

Blood pressure is less that Interstitial Osmotic Pressure

Blood pressure is equal to the interstitial osmotic pressure

None of the above

65. Surface tension forms because

66. The glomerular filtration rate is driven by

The size of the pores in fenestrated capillaries

The length of the individual nephron where filtration takes place

The size of the molecules in the blood that is being filtered

Blood pressure in the glomerulus

67. A person with the following symptoms (weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance, low metabolic rate) most likely has

Too little thyroid hormone (hypothyrodism)

Too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)

Too little parathyroid hormone (hypo)

Too much parathyroid hormone (hyper)

68. The Na+/K+ pump transports _______ out of the cell and ______ into the cell per cycle

3Na+/2K+

2K+/3Na+

3K+/2Na+

2Na+/3K+

69. Which of the following is directly related to the tension (force) that a muscle can achieve, and therefore the force that can be generated by the muscle.

Amount of ATP

Amount of calcium

Initial overlap between Actin and Myosin filaments

Initial overlap of troponin

70. Homeostasis is best defined as

The maintenance of a static internal environment regulated by negative feedback

The maintenance of dynamic internal environment regulated by negative feedback

The maintenance of dynamic internal environment regulated by positive feedback

71. Which of the following is false regarding gas exchange in Alveoli

Only 2 thin cells seperate the alveolar air form the blood

An enormous surface area and rich blood supply allow for maximum exchange

Gas exchange takes place by simple diffusion

Gas exchange takes place by active transport

72. What determines the concentration of urine, in other words, what does the concentration of the filtrate match

Interstitial osmotic concentration of liver tissue

THe amount of salt in the blood of the glomerulus

THe amount of salt in the brain

Interstitial osmotic concentration of kidney tissues

73. Which of the following is false regarding the Renin-ANgiostensin Aldosterone system

Stimulated by reduced blood flow, reduced blood pressure and low Na+ levels

Renin is released by the hypothalamus

The activation results in the eventual release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland

Teh net result is an increase in blood volume, blood pressure and blood flow

74. Which organ makes bile

Gallbladder

Liver

Stomach

Pancreas

75. The frank starling Law of the heart states

The amount of blood that returns to the heart is directly related to Cardiac rate

The amount of blood that returns to the heart is directly related to the strength of contraction

The amount of blood that returns to the heart is directly related to the number of HCN channels that open

The amount of blood that returns to the heart is directly related to the number of Na+ channels that open

76. Which of the following is FALSE regarding blood flow

Vasodilation decreases resistance and increases blood flow

Vasoconstriction increases resistance and decreases blood flow

Blood flows from regions of higher pressure to lower pressure

As the total peripheral resistance increases, blood flow increases

77. Enzymes that cleave proteins in the middle of the polypeptide chain are called

Exopeptidases

Endopeptidases

Oligopeptidases

Pancreatic peptidases

78. Which accessory digestive organ releases a juice containing water, bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes

Mouth

Pancreas

Stomach

Liver

79. Which secretes epinephrine

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

Pineal gland

Thymus gland

80. The majority of the water in our bodies is found

Inside cells (intracellular compartment)

Outside cells (extracellular compartment)

81. The activation of more and more motor units by the brain to increase the force generated by a muscle is called

Recruitment

Sliding filament theory

Neuro-muscular junction potentiation

Non-graded contractions

82. THe receptors for equilibrium in the ear are hair cells called

Stereocilia/kinocilia

Ciliated disks

Otoliths

Flagellum

83. Many enzymes are activated or de-activated by the addition or removal of

Phosphorus

Sodium

Potassium

Chlorine

84. Lateral inhibition is

The minimum distance at which 2 points of touch can be perceived as seperate

The transduction of environmental information into Action Potentials

The inhibition of lateral neurons by more central neurons

The maximum distance at which 2 points of touch can be perceived as seperate

85. Systolic pressure is

The maximum pressure during the resting state of the heart, and it is measured with the final korotkoff sound

The maximum pressure during the resting state of the heart and it is measured with the first korotkoff sound

The maximum pressure immediately after the ventricles contract, and it is measured with the final korotkoff sound

The maximum pressure immediately after the ventricles contract, and it is measured with the first korotkoff sound

86. Which is true regarding the Chloride shift

Occurs in the lungs, where hemoglobin picks up CO2

HCO3- diffuses from the RBC into the blood, and chlorine replaces it

H+ ions bumps Oxygen off to Hemoglobin

B and C

87. Which of the following is NOT a cutaneous touch receptor

Pacinian corpuscle

Kinocilium

Merkels disk

Meissner's corpuscle

88. The Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Is the site of K+ secretion

Releases Angiotensin 1

89. Secondary active transport

Is a form of simple active transport using K+ ions

Is a form of complex active transport of Na+ ions

Involves an initial simple active transport of Na+ ions against their concentration gradient

Involves an initial active transport of Na+ ions down their concentration gradient

90. Which of the following is FALSE regarding Type 1 (slow twitch) fibers

They use mostly anaerobic respiration

The fatigue very slowly

They contain lots of myoglobin for oxygen storage

They have a rich capillary supply

91. Veins

Have a lot of elastin, making them very elastic

Have high blood pressure

Contain a very small amount of the total blood volume iin the body and low pressure

None of the above

92. Which of the following is TRUE regarding HCL production in the stomach

It is secreted by Serosal cells

It is secreted by the mitochondria

THe H+ ions come from the dissociation of H2CO3

The HCL makes the gastric juice basic

93. The atomic number of an element represents

The mass of an element

The number of neutrons

The number of electrons

The number of protons

94. Glycoproteins ( a molecule that consists of a carbohydrate and a protein) are made/joined together in the

Golgi apparatus

Smooth edoplasmic reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus

95. _____________ receptors produce Action Potentials at constant intervals for as long as the stimulus is applied

Phasic

Tonic

Cutaneous

Special sense

96. In nearsightedness (myopia)

The image is focused in front of the retina because the eyeball is too long

The image is focused behind the retina because the eyeball is too short

The image is perfectly focused on the retina

97. The majority of the water and salts that initially enter the nephron tubules is reabsorbed in the ________________, which prevents us from dehydrating

Proximal tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal tubule

Collecting duct

98. Which of the following is able to passively diffuse through the plasma membrane

Small polar molecules

Large polar molecules

Non polar molecules

All of the above

99. Isotopes are two forms of the same elemtn that have

A different number of protons

A different number of neutrons

A different number of electrons

A different number of valence electrons

100. A saturated fat has a fatty acid chain in which

There are zero double bonds between carbon molecules

There are one or more double bonds between carbon molecules

101. The pituitary gland

Contains two lobes that communicate with each other through a capillary bed

Controls the hypothalamus and regulates hormonal release by the hypothalamus

Anterior lobe produces its own hormones and posterior lobe stores hormones made in the hypothalamus

It is not able to make its own hormones, it only stores hormones made by the hypothalamus

102. In a metabolic pathway, end product inhibition

Occurs when 1 product in a divergent pathway inhibits activity of the branch-point enzyme

Occurs when 1 product in a divergent pathway activates activity of the branch point enzyme

Is similar to positive feedback

Has nothing to do with metabolic pathway

103. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the pacemaker activity of the heart

The SA node is the pacemaker

The spontaneous depolarization is caused by an influx of Na+ ions

The influx of K+ ions occur through the HCN channel

Once threshold is reached, voltage gated calcium channels open, allowing for contraction

104. Which of the following is true regarding the adjustment of urine as it travels through the nephron

Water and salts are only re-absorbed into the blood stream, not secreted into the filtrate

Water and salts are only secreted into the filtrate, not re-absorbed into the blood stream

None of the above are true

105. The mucosa is

Is a thick, highly vascular layer of connective tissue

Is highly folded with many villi and microvilli

Is responsible for segmental contractions and peristaltic movement through the GI tract

Consists of areolar connective tissue

106. Which of the following causes the power stroke of the actin/myosin cross bridge

ATP binding to myosin, allowing for the flexion of the myosin head

ADP released from myosin, allowing for the flexion of the myosin head

Calcium released from myosin, allowing for the flexion of the myosin head

Clacium binding to myosin, allowing for the flexion of the myosin head

107. Muscle fatigue is due to

Too much Calcium being released

Too much oxygen

Accumulation of extracellular K+

Too much ATP

108. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the digestive activites of the stomach

It churns and mixes chyme, breaking food down into smaller more easily digestible pieces

It contains goblets, parietals and chief cells that secrete substances to aid in the breakdown of food pieces

Protein digestion starts in the stomach

Carbohydrates and Lipids are digested in the stomachh

109. Which of the following IS a characteristic of an enzyme

Increases the activation energy of a chemical reaction

Decreases the rate of chemical reactions

Majority are fatty acids

Have highly ordered 3-D structure essential to their function

110. A smooth sutained muscle contraction is known as

Twitch

Tetanus

Summation

Incomplete tetanus

111. The cells in the stomach that secrete HCL are

Goblet cells

Parietal cells

Chief cells

Serosal cells

112. Which of the following is FALSE regarding Respiratory Acidosis

Is caused by Hypoventilation

Is caused by Hyperventilation

Not enough CO2 is breathed out

Blood CO2 levels rise, and the amount of H+ ions in the blood increases

113. A molal solution is one in which

One mole of a substance is dissolved in 1 total liter of water

One mole of a substance is dissolved in 1kg of water

114. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Medulla

It controls the hypothalamus

It is controlled by the Pons

It has inspiratory neurons that drive inspiration by stimulating the spinal motor neurons that innervate respiratory muscles

It has expiratory neurons that inhibit the inspiratory neurons, allowing for expiration to occur.

115. Nuclear hormone receptors are transcription factors, which means

The hormone binds to a cell surface receptor, activating a 2nd messenger system

The hormone binds to a cell surface receptor, activating transcription

The hormone binds to a nuclear receptor, activating a 2nd messenger system

The hormone binds to a nuclear receptor, activating transcription

116. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a NON polar chemical signal/message

Ability to pass directly through the plasma membrane

Binds directly to receptors in the nucleus of a cell

Activate 2nd messenger cascade

Action results in transcription of proteins

117. In terms of equilibrium, the semicircular canals are responsible for

Angular acceleration

Horizontal acceleration

Vertical acceleration

Linear acceleration

118. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the troponin-tropomyosin system

Troponin binds to calcium

Tropomyosin blocks ATP binding sites on actin

Allows for the formation of cross bridges when in resting state

Troponin binds to ATP

119. The Bohr Effect states

As Ph increases, the affinity of Hemoglobin for oxygen decreases (Curve to Left)

As Ph decreases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases (Curve to Left)

As pH decreases, the affinity of Hemoglobin for oxygen dereases (Curve to Right)

As pH increases, the affinity of Hemoglobin for oxygen increases (Curve to Right)

120. A bond between two elements whose electrons are equally shared is called a

Ionic bond

Nonpolar covalent bond

Polar covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

121. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) represents

Systolic - Diastolic Pressure

Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

Systolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

Pulse Pressure + 1/3 Diastolic Pressure

122. Epinephrine and Nor-Epinephrine regulate cardiac rate by

Opening K+ channels, thereby slowing heart rate

Closing HCN channels, thereby slowing heart rate

Closing K+ channels, thereby increasing heart rate

Opening HCN channels, thereby increasing heart rate

123. Which of the following is not a junctional complex found between two adjacent epithelial cells

Tight junction

Gap junction

Adherens junction

Desmosome

124. Hemoglobin binds to ____ total oxygen molecules. and oxygen binds directly to an ____ molecule

4, iron

8, iron

4, carbon

8, carbon

125. In smooth muscle, myosin becomes activated and forms a cross birdge with actin when

Calcium binds to myosin

Calcium is removed from myosin

Phosphorus binds to myosin

Phosphorus is removed from myosin

126. Salty and sour tastanst

Have receptors on the cell surface of taste buds

Activate g-protein second messenger pathways

Pass directly through channels into the taste bud

Activate Ca+ second messenger pathways

127. Which of the following is TRUE regarding cone cells

Cones are used for black and white vision

3 types of cone cells (blue, green, red) are responsible for color vision

Cones are most active when it is dark

Cones are used for night vision

128. In carrier mediated transport, protein carriers exhibit all of the following except

Primary active transport

Facilitated diffusion

Secondary active transport

Osmosis

129. Which of the following is FALSE regarding DARK conditions

Rods and Cones release inhibitory neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize bipolar cells

Na+ channels remian open, allowing for an influx Na+ that keeps rod or cone cell depolarized

The bleaching reaction does NOT occur

GMP is bound to the Na+ channels

130. Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles through the

AV valves

SA node

Semilunar Valves

Myocardium