Chapter 6, Memory

1. The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.

Recall

Cued recall

Recognition

Serial position effect

2. An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood.

Context effect

Mood congruence

Serial position effect

Recall

3. A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices.

Recall

Cued recall

Recognition

Serial position effect

4. Which form of memory rehearsal is more effective?

Maintenance

Elaborative

5. Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-declarative memory

Elaborative memory

Episodic memory

Implicit memory

Explicit memory

6. Source confusion and false memories can result from the _______________ effect

Context

Misinformation

Serial position

7. The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.

Encoding

Storage

Iconic Memory

Echoic Memory

8. The average duration for short-term memory is _________________

20 seconds

1/4 second to 3 seconds

1 minute

9. The recall of very specific images or details sorrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate.

Context effect

Flashbulb memory

Cued recall

Recognition

10. People who have amnesia are unable to remember some or all of their past, especially episodic memories for recent events. People who have ____ amnesia, such as in the famous cause of H.M., have difficulty forming new memories.

Retrograde; anterograde

Anterograde; retrograde

11. In Braddely's model of working-memory, the visuospatial sketchpad...

Is specialized for spatial or visual material, such as rembering the layout of a room or city.

Controls attention, integrates information, and manages the activities of the other two components of working memory.

12. The ______________________ is a memory distortion phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information.

Source confusion

Misinformation effect

Proactive interference

Suppression

13. __________________ refers to the active, working memory system.

Short term

Sensory

Long term

Iconic

14. Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

Memory consolidation

Memory trace

15. Sensory memory has a ______________ capacity for information.

Small

Unlimited

Large

16. _______________ memory has a limited capacity for information.

Short-term

Long-term

Sensory

Iconic

17. __________________ memory has an unlimited capacity for information.

Short term

Sensory

Long term

Echoic

18. In Braddley's model of working-memory, the central exectutive component...

Controls attention, integrates information, and manages the activities of the other two components of working memory.

Is specialized for spatial or visual material, such as rembering the layout of a room or city.

19. Autobiographical memory is closely related to ________________ memory.

Procedural

Episodic

Semantic

Explicit

20. Multiple choice tests use ___________ as a measure of memorization.

Recall

Cued recall

Recognition

Serial position effect

21. A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called free recall.

Recall

Cued recall

Recognition

Serial position effect

22. Information retrieved from long-term memory is then moved to _______________ memory

Iconic

Sensory

Short term

Echoic

23. _________________ interference occurs when a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference

Retroactive interference

Proactive interference

Suppression

Repression

24. Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference.

Retroactive interference

Proactive interference

Suppression

Repression

25. Dementia is often caused by ________

Long term potentiation

Amnesia

Alzheimer's disease

The flu

26. The ______________________ is the tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information.

Context effect

Mood congruence

Flashbulb memory

Serial position effect

27. In Baddeley's model of working memory, the phonological loop component...

Is specialized for spatial or visual material, such as remebering the layout of a room or city.

Controls attention, integrates information, and manages the activities of the other two components of working memory.

28. In seriously depressed individuals, the _______________________ effect can actually pro-long depression. the depressed mood enhances memory retrieval of sad experiences, such as personal failures or losses. In turn, dwelling on negative memories can intensify or prolong the depression.

Flashbulb memory

Serial position

Mood congruence

Context

29. Psychologist who used 'nonsense syllables' to test memory; originated the scientific study of forgetting; plotted the first forgetting curve, which describes the basic pattern of forgetting learned information over time.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Eric Kandel

George Sperling

Richard F. Thompson

30. _ is motivated forgetting that occurs consciously, while ____ is motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously.

Repression; suppression

Suppression; repression

31. Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories.

Anterograde amnesia

Amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

Memory consolidation.

32. Information or knowledge that can be consciously recolleted; also called declarative memory.

Procedural memory

Semantic memory

Implicit memory

Explicit memory

33. _______________ rehearsal allows you to relate the information to other information you already know.

Maintenance

Elaborative

Chunking

Procedural

34. The context effect and mood congruence are associated with the ________________.

Serial position effect

Flashbulb memory

Encoding specificity principle

35. The combined work of Richard f. Thompson and his predecessor, Karl Lashley, suggests that memories_________________

Are localized

Are distributed

Are both localized and distributed

36. No longer just a utilitarian communication device, phones can be used to flirg, play games, or make a fashion statement. As the capabilities and function of phones have expanded, your _________ has changed to incorporate these new attributes.

Schema

Memory

Understanding

Perspective

37. A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons.

Memory consolidation

New information

Long-term potentiation

Memory trace

38. A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

Cued recall

Recall

Recognition

Serial position effect

39. Although failed to show that memories can be localized, psychologist ______ succeded in confirming Pavlov's speculations.

Richard F. Thompson; Karl Lashley

Karl Lashley; Richard F. Thompson

George Sperling; Eric Kandel

Eric Kandel; Richard F. Thompson

40. During the very brief time that the information is held in _________________ memory, you "select," or pay attention to, just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being registered.

Short-term

Sensory

Iconic

Echoic

41. H.M.'s case suggests that:

The hippocampus is involved in most short-term memory tasks.

The hippocampus is the storage site for already established long-term memories.

42. The ______________________ describes units of information in long-term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations.

Process of clustering

Semantic network model

Serial position effect

Cued recall

43. American psychologist who has conducted extensive research on the memory distortions that can occur in eyewitness testimony.

Elizabeth F. Loftus

Brenda Milner

Karly Lasley

Suzanne Corkin

44. The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring long-term memory codes.

Encoding

Clustering

Source monitoring

Memory consolidation

45. H.M. could not readily form new ____ or _ memories, which reflect the explicit memory system. But it turns out the H.M.can from new memories, which reflect the _______ memory system

Episodic;procedural;explicit;implicit

Explicit;procedural;implicit;episodic

Episodic; semantic; procedural; implicit

Episodic;semantic;implicit;explicit

46. The content of ____________ memories of individuals living in collectivistic cultures have been shown to significantly differ from those of non-collectivistic western cultures.

Semantic

Procedural

Autobiographcial

Implicit

47. Several studies have shown that vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred in childhood, an effect called___________________

The misinformation effect

False memory

Imagination inflation

Flashbulb memory

48. The brain changes associated with a particular stored memory is called a ______________

Memory trace

Memory formation

New info

Chemical reaction

49. Normal monkeys are afraid of snakes, but if the __________ is damaged, a monkey loses its fear of snakes and other natural predators. This part of the brain is also involved in encoding memories of sensory stimuli that are associated with rewards and punishments.

Amygdala

Cerebellum

Hippocampus

Frontal lobe

50. The part of the brain that seems to play a role in working memory.

Prefrontal cortex

Frontal lobes

Cerebellum

Medial temperal lobes

51. A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten.

False memory

Deja vu

Source monitoring

Source confusion

52. Fill-in-the Blank and matching questions are examples of _________ tests.

Cued-recall

Recall

Recognition

Serial position effect

53. Researcher who Aplysia, a kind of sea snail, to study neuronal changes that occur when a new memory is formed for a simple classically conditioned response.

Richard F. Thompson

Eric Kandel

Karl Lashley

George Sperling

54. The forgetting curves plotted by Hermann Ebbinghaus seem to contradict which theory of forgetting?

Interference Theory

Motivated forgetting

Decay Theory

Retrograde amnesia

55. A teacher who is having difficulty remembering the names of new students, because of her vivid memories of students' names from a previous semester, is experiencing:

Source confusion

Retroactive interference

Proactive interference

Decay

56. Absent mindedness is a phenomenon that often causes ______________ failure

Retrieval cue

Prospective memory

Recall

Encoding.

57. Neuropsychologist whose groundbreaking research on the role of brain structures and functions in cognitive processes helped establish neuropsychology as a field.

Karl Lashley

Elizabeth F. Loftus

Brenda Milner

Suzanne Corkin

58. The research psychologist known for experimentally demonstrating the duration of memory sensory.

Richard F. Thompson

Hermann Ebbinghaus

George Sperling

Eric Kandel

59. Similarily to the frontal lobes, what part of the brain is involved in encoding complex memories by forming links among the information stored in multiple brain regions?

Cerebellum

Medial temperal lobes

Amygdala

Hippocampus

60. Which of the following is NOT a proposed explanation for the phenomenon known as "deja vu"

A disruption in source monitoring

Encoding Failure

Decay Theory

61. Psychologists _ and ____________ studied the famous case of H.M.

Brenda Milner; Suzanne Corkin

Brenda Milner; Elizabeth F. Loftus

Suzanne Corkin; Elizabeth F. Loftus

Eric Kandel; Brenda Milner

62. Richard F. Thompson found that a classically conditioned behavior is associated with a small area of the brain called the _________________

Cerebellum

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Frontal lobes

63. __________ memory has a large capacity for information

Long term

Iconic

Sensory

Short term

64. Region of the brain involved in the retrieval and organization of information associated with autobiographical and episodic memories.

Hippocampus

Cerebellum

Frontal lobes

Prefrontal cortex

65. Physiological psychologist who attempted to find the specific brain location of particular memories.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

George Sperling

Eric Kandel

Karl Lashley

66. Neuropsychologist who has extensively investigated the neural basis of memory.

George Sperling

Elizabeth F. Loftus

Brenda Milner

Suzanne Corkin

67. Prospective coding failures are largely due to _______________ failure

Encoding

Short-term memory

Retrieval cue

Recall

Chapter 6, Memory

1. The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood.

3. A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices.

4. Which form of memory rehearsal is more effective?

5. Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-declarative memory

6. Source confusion and false memories can result from the _______________ effect

7. The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.

8. The average duration for short-term memory is _________________

9. The recall of very specific images or details sorrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate.

10. People who have ________ amnesia are unable to remember some or all of their past, especially episodic memories for recent events. People who have ____________ amnesia, such as in the famous cause of H.M., have difficulty forming new memories.

11. In Braddely's model of working-memory, the visuospatial sketchpad...

12. The ______________________ is a memory distortion phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information.

13. __________________ refers to the active, working memory system.

14. Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia

15. Sensory memory has a ______________ capacity for information.

16. _______________ memory has a limited capacity for information.

17. __________________ memory has an unlimited capacity for information.

18. In Braddley's model of working-memory, the central exectutive component...

19. Autobiographical memory is closely related to ________________ memory.

20. Multiple choice tests use ___________ as a measure of memorization.

21. A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called free recall.

22. Information retrieved from long-term memory is then moved to _______________ memory

23. _________________ interference occurs when a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference

24. Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference.

25. Dementia is often caused by ________

26. The ______________________ is the tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information.

27. In Baddeley's model of working memory, the phonological loop component...

28. In seriously depressed individuals, the _______________________ effect can actually pro-long depression. the depressed mood enhances memory retrieval of sad experiences, such as personal failures or losses. In turn, dwelling on negative memories can intensify or prolong the depression.

29. Psychologist who used 'nonsense syllables' to test memory; originated the scientific study of forgetting; plotted the first forgetting curve, which describes the basic pattern of forgetting learned information over time.

30. _____________ is motivated forgetting that occurs consciously, while ________________ is motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously.

31. Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories.

32. Information or knowledge that can be consciously recolleted; also called declarative memory.

33. _______________ rehearsal allows you to relate the information to other information you already know.

34. The context effect and mood congruence are associated with the ________________.

35. The combined work of Richard f. Thompson and his predecessor, Karl Lashley, suggests that memories_________________

36. No longer just a utilitarian communication device, phones can be used to flirg, play games, or make a fashion statement. As the capabilities and function of phones have expanded, your _________ has changed to incorporate these new attributes.

37. A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons.

38. A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

39. Although __________________ failed to show that memories can be localized, psychologist ________________________ succeded in confirming Pavlov's speculations.

40. During the very brief time that the information is held in _________________ memory, you "select," or pay attention to, just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being registered.

41. H.M.'s case suggests that:

42. The ______________________ describes units of information in long-term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations.

43. American psychologist who has conducted extensive research on the memory distortions that can occur in eyewitness testimony.

44. The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring long-term memory codes.

45. H.M. could not readily form new __________ or _____________ memories, which reflect the explicit memory system. But it turns out the H.M.can from new ______________ memories, which reflect the _______________ memory system

46. The content of ____________ memories of individuals living in collectivistic cultures have been shown to significantly differ from those of non-collectivistic western cultures.

47. Several studies have shown that vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred in childhood, an effect called___________________

48. The brain changes associated with a particular stored memory is called a ______________

49. Normal monkeys are afraid of snakes, but if the __________ is damaged, a monkey loses its fear of snakes and other natural predators. This part of the brain is also involved in encoding memories of sensory stimuli that are associated with rewards and punishments.

50. The part of the brain that seems to play a role in working memory.

51. A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten.

52. Fill-in-the Blank and matching questions are examples of _________ tests.

53. Researcher who Aplysia, a kind of sea snail, to study neuronal changes that occur when a new memory is formed for a simple classically conditioned response.

54. The forgetting curves plotted by Hermann Ebbinghaus seem to contradict which theory of forgetting?

55. A teacher who is having difficulty remembering the names of new students, because of her vivid memories of students' names from a previous semester, is experiencing:

56. Absent mindedness is a phenomenon that often causes ______________ failure

57. Neuropsychologist whose groundbreaking research on the role of brain structures and functions in cognitive processes helped establish neuropsychology as a field.

58. The research psychologist known for experimentally demonstrating the duration of memory sensory.

59. Similarily to the frontal lobes, what part of the brain is involved in encoding complex memories by forming links among the information stored in multiple brain regions?

60. Which of the following is NOT a proposed explanation for the phenomenon known as "deja vu"

61. Psychologists ___________ and ______________________ studied the famous case of H.M.

62. Richard F. Thompson found that a classically conditioned behavior is associated with a small area of the brain called the _________________

63. __________ memory has a large capacity for information

64. Region of the brain involved in the retrieval and organization of information associated with autobiographical and episodic memories.

65. Physiological psychologist who attempted to find the specific brain location of particular memories.

66. Neuropsychologist who has extensively investigated the neural basis of memory.

67. Prospective coding failures are largely due to _______________ failure

10. People who have amnesia are unable to remember some or all of their past, especially episodic memories for recent events. People who have ____ amnesia, such as in the famous cause of H.M., have difficulty forming new memories.

30. _ is motivated forgetting that occurs consciously, while ____ is motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously.

39. Although failed to show that memories can be localized, psychologist ______ succeded in confirming Pavlov's speculations.

45. H.M. could not readily form new ____ or _ memories, which reflect the explicit memory system. But it turns out the H.M.can from new memories, which reflect the _______ memory system

61. Psychologists _ and ____________ studied the famous case of H.M.